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Abstract: There are approximately 82million of tons asphaltites reserves in Şirnak, East Anatolia of Turkey. The present study was investigated to employ ashes of Sırnak BCW (burned coal waste) as an ion exchange in removal of important toxic metal, Lead (Pb), in high yields by adsorption. The ion exchange characteristics of lead onto BCW from aqueous solution were investigated with respect to the changes in pH of solution, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ion concentration, contact time and temperature of solution. For the adsorption of lead, the Langmuir isotherm model fitted to equilibrium data better than the Freundlich isotherm model. Thermodynamic functions, the change of free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) of adsorption were also calculated for lead. These parameters showed that the adsorption was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic at 293–333K. Experimental data were also evaluated in terms of kinetic characteristics of adsorption. The batch kinetic data were correlated to the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order models. The data fitted better to the pseudo-second order equation. The activation energy of systems was determined. Experimental data have shown that BCW that was used in unmodified form; as low cost, readily available ion exchange; can be used for removal of lead from industrial waste waters. Analysis was determined using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ion exchange is considered to be one of the most cost effective methods if low cost ion exchangers such as natural zeolites are used in waste water treatment. In this study, a zeolitic tuff rich in clinoptilolite from Gördes Manisa Turkey was examined to evaluate its ion exchange performance for the removal of copper, nickel and cobalt ions from metal (II) nitrate solutions at various concentrations by performing both batch and packed column experiments. A clinoptilolite tuff with purity around 60% was used in ion exchange experiments. Copper, nickel and cobalt exchange capacities of the tuff were determined as 8.3mg (0.26meq) Cu2+/g, 6.6mg (0.23meq) Ni2+/g and 4.5mg (0.15meq) Co2+/g, respectively. The equilibrium behavior of the system was best described by classical Langmuir model. The experimental breakthrough curves from the column experiments were fitted to solid diffusion control model. The study showed that efficient metal ion removal can be done by using the local clinoptilolite rich tuff. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, the efficiency of boron removal from Balcova geothermal water provided by the Izmir Geothermal Energy Company, Turkey, has been investigated using boron selective ion exchange resins Diaion CRB 02 and Dowex (XUS 43594.00) by batch and column methods. The results of the column studies have been evaluated in terms of type of resin and feed flow rate, and the effects of particle size and temperature have been investigated using the results obtained from batch kinetic studies. The data from the kinetic studies have been evaluated using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics models. In addition, the classical diffusion models have been used to evaluate the kinetic data obtained to understand the rate-controlling mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In regions where agricultural activities are highly intensive, nitrate concentrations in ground water are usually above the permissible level for nitrate in drinking water. There are several physicochemical and biological treatment processes typically used to remove nitrate contamination from ground water. In this study, an electrodialysis-ion exchange hybrid process was used for the removal of nitrate from ground water obtained from an agricultural area in the Western Anatolia religion in Turkey. Nitrate was effectively removed from the ground water. The effect of other ionic species such as chloride and sulfates on nitrate removal by electrodialysis has also been studied using deionized water that was dosed with selected anionic and cationic species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a chabazite-rich tuff (CHA) from the Bala deposit of Ankara region (Turkey) and its modified forms (CuCHA, AgCHA, FeCHA, and HCHA samples) were investigated at 273 and 298 K using volumetric apparatus up to 100 kPa. The chabazite samples were characterized by using thermal analysis (TG-DTG-DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy with detector X-ray energy dispersive (SEM-EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and N 2 adsorption methods. It was found that natural chabazite is composed of predominantly chabazite with small amounts of clinoptilolite and erionite. XRD showed that there are major structural changes to Fe- and H-exchanged chabazite samples. Capacity of chabazites for CH 4 ranged from 0.168 and 1.341 mmol/g. Among all the modified forms, it was observed that Ag form of chabazite zeolite had the greatest methane adsorption capacity at both temperatures.

The goal of this study was to determine the dynamics and yield of immobilization of the phosphate-accumulating bacterium Acinetobacter junii on mineral carriers. As mineral carriers natural clinoptilolite tuff from Turkey (T) and Serbia (S) and natural bentonite (TER), in original and magnesium (Mg)-exchanged form were used. The key feature which determined the extent of immobilization of A. junii was the type of carrier; the immobilization yield decreased in order T>TER>S. The number of immobilized cells was significantly higher for the Mg-exchanged carriers when compared to their original counterparts (95 and 75 x 10(8)CFU g(-1) for T, 74 and 58 x 10(8)CFU g(-1) for TER, 19 and 6 x 10(8)CFU g(-1) for S). The Mg-exchanged T and S displayed a prolonged biofilm growth up to 24h, while the original counterparts reached the mature biofilm after 12h of incubation. Both forms of TER reached the mature biofilm after 24h of incubation, due to swelling property of the material. The number of immobilized cells correlated significantly negatively with particle size of the carrier, indicating that particle size is another important feature which determined the extent of immobilization. The Mg-exchange of original carriers resulted in significant increase of the zeta potential. When all of the materials were compared, the increase of the zeta potential of carriers correlated negatively with the number of immobilized cells, suggesting that the zeta potential of material is not a crucial factor which determined the immobilization of cells.

It had previously been shown that ammonium selective natural zeolite clinoptilolite may be used successfully as an ion exchanger for ammonium removal and nitrogen control from domestic wastewater. The process had been reported to be acceptable either by itself alone or as an upgrade. In this work, the possibility of using clinoptilolite for ammonium removal from fertilizer production wastewater was investigated. The fertilizer plant under consideration was rather a non-typical one with a lower ammonium strength than what is normally expected, and a variable effluent concentration. Batch experiments were performed to assess the capacity of clinoptilolite towards ammonium removal from an industrial wastewater at two different pHs. Flow experiments for the characterization of system behavior under continuous feeding conditions at different contact times were conducted for breakthrough analysis. Both real and simulated fertilizer wastewater samples were investigated and the results have shown that the real one may successfully be represented by the simulated one. Experimental results have shown that surface capacities exceeding 14 mg ammonium g(-1) clinoptilolite could be attained, complete removal of ammonium may be achieved with empty bed contact times of 10 min or higher and ion exchange with clinoptilolite could be used successfully to comply with the effluent standards given for the fertilizer plant.

Liquid radioactive waste has been generated from the use of radioactive materials in industrial applications, research and medicine in Turkey. Natural zeolites (clinoptilolite) have been studied for the removal of several key radionuclides ((137)Cs, (60)Co, (90)Sr and (110m)Ag) from liquid radioactive waste. The aim of the present study is to investigate effectiveness of zeolite treatment on decontamination factor (DF) in a combined process (chemical precipitation and adsorption) at the laboratory tests and scale up to the waste treatment plant. In this study, sorption and precipitation techniques were adapted to decontamination of liquid low level waste (LLW). Effective decontamination was achieved when sorbents are used during the chemical precipitation. Natural zeolite samples were taken from different zeolite formations in Turkey. Comparison of the ion-exchange properties of zeolite minerals from different formations shows that Gordes clinoptilolite was the most suitable natural sorbent for radionuclides under dynamic treatment conditions and as an additive for chemical precipitation process. Clinoptilolite were shown to have a high selectivity for (137)Cs and (110m)Ag as sorbent. In the absence of potassium ions, native clinoptilolite removed (60)Co and (90)Sr very effectively from the liquid waste. In the end of this liquid waste treatment, decontamination factor was provided as 430 by using 0.5 mm clinoptilolite at 30 degrees C.