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The presence of communication within the family can be considered as a protective factor in preventing the development of mental health problems in school by acting as a buffer against mental health problems in adolescents. Thus, this study, which was designed to reveal the potential mechanisms between family communication and bi-dimensional student mental health (psychological well-being/distress) in Turkish adolescents, examined the serial mediator role of digital game addiction and school belongingness. The study sample consists of a total of 397 volunteering Turkish adolescents, including 206 girls (51.9%) and 191 boys (48.1%). The participants' ages range from 14 to 17 (M = 14.63 years, SD = 0.60). In this study, a cross-sectional and explanatory design based on structural equation modeling was used. The main findings of the study are as follows: (1) digital game addiction mediated the relationship between family communication and psychological well-being/distress, (2) school belongingness mediated the relationship between family communication and psychological well-being/distress, and (3) the relationship between family communication and psychological well-being/distress was serially mediated by both digital game addiction and school belongingness.

The concept of large-scale assessment has long been on the concern of the education system worldwide. PISA, which is one of the large-scale international assessment, has been administered in a number of countries worldwide since 2000. When PISA was first launched, there was an "unconditional acceptance" of this new application worldwide, whereas studies conducted in recent years show that all positive and negative effects of PISA are open to discussion and these discussions are increasing in number. Taking these as a starting point, the present research aimed to determine mother tongue teachers' views on PISA tests. Aiming to reveal how the changes created by the universal effect of PISA in language education are perceived and handled by teachers, this study was carried out with the relational survey method. The obtained categorical data were analyzed by frequency analysis and logistic regression. The study group consists of 98 teachers teaching mother tongue. In this research conducted to determine mother tongue teachers' views on PISA tests, teachers stated that PISA was effective in developing higher-order thinking skills in mother tongue lessons. In addition, according to teachers' opinions, PISA affects the assessment and evaluation process the most among the learning and teaching processes. According to the other findings, teachers stated that the question types in national tests changed based on PISA and they partially approved of this change. Also, they thought that PISA reading questions were incompatible with Turkey's education system, and they found Turkey's rise in the latest PISA reading skills ranking significant.

The aim of this research is to determine the opinions of Social Studies teachers about teaching students the skills in the curriculum. Obtaining the opinions of Social Studies teachers regarding the acquisition of the skills in the program will contribute to the improvement of the infrastructure and practices of the skills that are difficult to acquire. A qualitative research method was adopted to collect data in the study. Consistent with the research method, a phenomenological approach was followed. The study group of the research consists of a total of 16 Social Studies teachers who are work in middle schools, 11 of whom are female and 5 of whom are male. A form containing both closed and open-ended questions prepared by the researchers was used as a data collection tool in the study. These data were analyzed using the descriptive analysis method. According to the findings of the research, among these skills, the ability to recognize stereotypes and prejudice (N = 12) and empathy (N = 8) are among the most difficult skills to acquire; cooperation (N = 11) and social participation (N = 9) skills were found to be in the category of skills that are most easily acquired. As a result of the research, it was seen that the skills that the participants had the most difficulty in acquiring were the ability to recognize stereotypes and prejudices and the skill of empathy, whereas they did not have difficulty in gaining cooperation and social participation skills. At the end of the research, the factors affecting the acquisition of skills were interpreted in line with the findings and contexts were established.

School gardens, which play an important role in environmental education, provide an opportunity for students to develop environmental awareness and gain environmental responsibility. In this study, which draws attention to this, it is aimed to reveal the applicability of the workshops prepared in the school garden in order to improve the environmental sensitivity of the students. The research was carried out with 10 female and 10 male 4th grade students in a public primary school in the city center of Bartin in the 2021-2022 academic year. The research was carried out with the action research design, one of the qualitative research methods. The data of the research were obtained through a scale developed by Peker (2020) and a semi-structured interview form prepared by the researchers. Quantitative data obtained using descriptive statistics and dependent group t-test statistical procedures; qualitative data were analyzed with content analysis technique. As a result of the research, it has been determined that environmental education workshops are effective in increasing students' environmental awareness. Students stated that environmental education activities are fun, useful and instructive. As a result, it is seen that the workshops applied in the school garden increase the environmental awareness of the 4th grade students and the process has a positive effect on them. As a result of the research, it can be suggested that environmental awareness should be brought to students through school gardens and reflected in educational environments by organizing various activities that encourage positive attitudes.

The aim of the research is to investigate the effect of intrapersonal intelligence profiles of students studying at Faculty of Sport Sciences on their metacognitive awareness levels. General screening and relational screening models were used. The research group consisted of 308 students studying at Afyon Kocatepe University Faculty of Sport Sciences in the 2021-2022 academic year. In the research, Intrapersonal Intelligence part of the "Self-Assessment Inventory in Multiple Intelligence Domains" and "Metacognitive Awareness Inventory" were used as data collection tools. Frequency values, percentage values, one-way variance analysis "ANOVA" test, Independent Samples t-test, and "Tukey HSD test" were used for data analysis. In addition, Correlation and Regression tests were applied to determine the relationships between intrapersonal intelligence and metacognitive awareness levels. In conclusion, significant differences were found between the students' intrapersonal intelligence and metacognitive awareness levels and the procedural knowledge sub-dimension, according to the gender variable. According to the department variable, there were found significant differences between the sub-scales of planning, monitoring, and managing knowledge and the intrapersonal intelligence means, however there weren't seen significant differences according to the branch variable. In the correlation and regression tests, it was seen a positive and significant relationship between the level of intrapersonal intelligence and the sub-scales of metacognitive awareness.

This research was conducted to determine the attitudes of university students with different socio-economic structures towards information and communication technologies, using information and communication technologies (ICT), which are increasingly used in our daily life, by using a descriptive survey model and survey method. Günbatar (2014) and analyzed for validity and reliability, was used to determine the level of use of information and communication technologies by university students receiving Physical Education and Sports Education. The universe of the research consists of students studying at universities that provide sports education in Turkey. The sample consists of 166 students from Kafkas University, 172 students from Igdir University and 164 students from Ardahan University, students studying in Physical Education and Sports Teaching, Coaching Education and Sports Management departments of Physical Education and Sports Schools of universities located in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. This study aims to determine the beliefs, opinions, perceptions and attitudes of university students who receive Physical Education and Sports education toward the integration of technology into physical education with students who are currently studying in higher education. A literature review of information and communication technologies was made in the first part of the investigation. In the second part, the attitude scale was used. The data obtained were evaluated in the SPSS 22.0 package program. Kaiser-MeyerOlkin (KMO) test and Barlett test were conducted to evaluate the suitability of the attitudes of university students who receive sports education towards information and communication technologies for factor analysis. Analysis of Variance in the comparison of multiple groups (LSD was used in cases where variances were homogeneous, Dunnet C was used in cases where they were not). Internal Validity With Cronbach a coefficient, normality distribution of data with Kurtosis and Skewness coefficients, frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, one-way data analysis Anova and t-test were used for independent groups. The significance level of the statistical analysis was accepted as p < 0.05. The difference in the mean score of the General ICT Tendency sub-dimension according to the university of education was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). It was observed that there were significant differences in the dimensions of communication in the virtual environment between universities (p < 0.05). The difference in the Software Use sub-dimension mean score according to the university of education was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The difference in the mean score of the Virtual Environment Information Access subdimension according to the departments was statistically significant (p < 0.05). It is thought that this research will create a gain in terms of determining the attitudes of university students who receive sports education toward information and communication technologies.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between principal distributed leadership and teacher job satisfaction, with the mediating role of collective teacher efficacy. It also investigated the moderating role of teacher commitment in the link between collective teacher efficacy and teacher job satisfaction. Drawing data from a sample of 338 Turkish language teachers in secondary schools in Turkey, the current study employed a cross-sectional survey design. Moderated mediation structural equation modeling was utilized to analyze the data. Results provided a moderate direct association between distributed leadership and teacher job satisfaction and an indirect relationship mediated by collective teacher efficacy. Researchers also found the moderating role of teacher commitment in the relationship between collective teacher efficacy and teacher job satisfaction to be positive and significant. Results provide evidence from a non-Western developing context and Turkish language teachers, contributing to the global knowledge base by confirming the positive and direct link between distributed leadership and teacher job satisfaction while highlighting the significant mediating role of collective teacher efficacy between these two constructs and the moderating role of teacher commitment in reflecting this role in teacher job satisfaction. Implications for policymakers and practitioners are discussed.

This study aims to examine the writing performance of primary school fourth-grade students in relation to the student-level variables (writing, reading comprehension, self-regulation-based writing, writing motivation, and writing anxiety) and classroom-level (teacher) variables (knowledge of text-writing instruction and text-writing instruction self-efficacy beliefs). The data were collected from Zonguldak, Turkey in 2019-2020 academic year. The study used a correlation research method consisting of 734 fourth-grade students at primary school and 31 classroom teachers. The data collection tools included the Story Text and Informative Text Assessment Analytical Rubric, Writing Achievement Test, Reading Comprehension Test, Self-Regulation-Based Writing Scale, Writing Motivation Scale, Writing Anxiety Scale, and Text-Writing Instruction Form for Classroom Teachers, and Text-Writing Instruction Self-Efficacy Beliefs Scale. A two-level Hierarchical Linear Modelling (HLM) analysis was performed on the data. The results showed that students' writing knowledge, reading comprehension level, and self-regulation-based writing skills play a significant role in their writing performance. The student-level variables examined in this study account for the text-writing performance of students by 24%. The study presents the results based on the findings and recommendations based on the results.

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of environmental education given by creative drama method on 5-6 year old children on environmental awareness of children. The study, which has a mixed model in which qualitative and quantitative methods are used, has a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test control group. The study was carried out with a total of 26 children. The data were collected by using "Environmental Scale for Children" and by drawing pictures. As a result of the analyses of t-test, a significant difference in favour of the experimental group was found between the two groups (t= -7,676, p<0.05). It has been determined that environmental education given by drama method has a positive effect on children's environmental awareness. The content analysis method was used for the analysis of pictures drawn by children at the end of the sessions. It was found that children reflected the importance of trees/forests, living things relation, importance of air and water in their pictures.

The purpose of this study is to compare Turkish novice teacher induction system with China, New Zealand, and Germany in terms of assignment to teaching, duration of induction, and opportunities provided in programs. Those countries selected are known to have the best practices for induction training. Despite their differing policies regarding novice teacher training, they provide novice teachers with many exemplary aspects of support. The comparison shows that collaboration activities are formalized in three countries, except Türkiye. While novice teachers in Türkiye have the same workload as experienced teachers, novices in the other three countries have a reduced workload and have more free time for education. A mentoring program is being conducted in all countries, including Türkiye. Türkiye has weekly seminars on liberal education topics, while the other three countries have mostly branch-specific seminars. The paper concludes with a discussion of the educational implications of the induction programs.

The aim of this study was to determine the views of primary school teachers who gave language courses (mother tongue and foreign language) at the primary school level, about the use of information technologies, digital story preparation, and its use in lessons in the language teaching process. In the study, the phenomenology design, one of the qualitative research methods, was used. The participants were primary school teachers and English teachers who took part in the Digital Story Preparation training given within the scope of the European Union Comenius Regio. Among the 30 teachers who joined the training, 14 voluntarily participated in the study. At the end of the training, a written form prepared to consult the written views of the teachers was used as a data collection tool in the study. According to the research results, the teachers had positive attitudes and thoughts about the use of information technologies in the language teaching process and used them in the preparation, teaching-learning process, and evaluation stages of their lessons. However, their tendency to use ready-made e-learning content was found to be high. In addition, it was concluded that the practice-based Digital Story Preparation training they attended was beneficial and that the training contributed positively to their own professional development as well as to their thoughts and attitudes regarding technology integration into education.

Identity, as important focus of psychosocial development, are closely related to self silencing and gender roles. Identity development is different in two genders and studies on young women in terms of identity development is limited. Being a part of a formal education or not is also important in identity development as well. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to investigate the effects of gender roles and self-silencing on identity functions in women. Another purpose of this study is to examine whether the identity functions of women with and without university education differ. 269 young women from vocational training courses and 234 young women from universities participated in the research. Functions of Identity Scale, Silencing the Self Scale, Bem Sex Role Inventory, and demographic information form were utilized to women in a both individual and group session. According to Structural Equation Modelling results, gender roles were found directly and indirectly effective through self silencing on functions of identity. Direct relationships have shown that feminine gender characteristics increase self-silence while masculine gender features decrease self silencing. Self silencing also reduces identity functions. Self silencing mediated the relations between gender roles and functions of identity in young women. In addition, according to MANOVA results, functions of identity didn't differ significantly according to education. Finally, the findings were discussed in the context of gender roles and self-silencing in raising the level of identity functions of women considering education context.

In this cross-sectional survey, it was aimed to analyze pre-service teachers' comparative perceptions about face-to-face (F2F) and online courses. It was also intended to discover the predictors influencing their choice of educational modes. The sample consisted of 338 pre-service teachers, selected with the cluster random sampling method, studying at two universities in Turkey. Data were collected using a questionnaire developed by the researcher. Data regarding the sample's comparative perceptions of online and F2F courses were analyzed with descriptive statistics, while Multinomial Logistic Regression was used to analyze the predictors influencing the sample's education preference, which had three categories: online, F2F and hybrid education. Preliminary findings revealed that the sample preferred hybrid education more than online or F2F education. Further findings revealed that as participants' satisfaction with online courses increased, as did their autonomy and the instructional effectiveness of the online courses, students' proclivity to prefer online education over F2F education increased. Additionally, gender and university type influenced this sample's preferences between F2F and hybrid education significantly.

This paper is twofold. First, it examines the misconceptions held by students about atoms. Second, it determines the suggestions of the instructors (academics and teachers) to overcome these misconceptions. The study adopted a case study research method. A questionnaire was administered to 288 students and a semi-structured interview was conducted with 20 educators, including 10 teachers and 10 academics from the fields of physics and chemistry. A number of students were observed to have misconceptions about atoms, and they were unable to grasp the concept. This situation may have resulted from teaching students the theories of the atoms in a historically chronological order and ineffective methods of teaching. It was recommended that atomic models not be taught in primary school education, and that three new methods could be used in teaching this subject.

The COVID-19 pandemic process, in which some courses are given online, and some courses are given remotely, have undoubtedly deeply affected pre-service preschool teachers as well as other students. In this sense, the findings of studies that determine the views and perceptions of all stakeholders affected by the distance education system are still of great importance in terms of taking measures to change these perceptions. The focus of this study is on pre-service preschool teachers. The main difference that distinguishes the current study from other studies is that it aims to comprehensively understand the perspectives of pre-service preschool teachers by addressing their metaphorical perceptions and views on distance education. In this study, phenomenology design was used. The study group of the research consisted of 150 pre-service teachers studying at Afyon Kocatepe University-Türkiye, Department of Early Childhood Education in the fall semester of the 2020-2021 academic year. Content analysis technique was used to analyze the views and metaphorical perceptions of pre-service preschool teachers towards distance education in the COVID-19 pandemic process. As a result, while most of the pre-service teachers used negative metaphors to describe the compulsory distance education process due to the pandemic, fewer pre-service teachers used positive metaphors. Considering the results of the findings obtained in the study, it is recommended to increase the efficiency of education by including practices that increase intrinsic motivation in order to prevent the loss of motivation of faculty members and students in order to increase the efficiency in the distance education process.

According to 2022 data, approximately 4 million Syrians live in Türkiye, and it is known that %24.7 of them have various disabilities. Recent research has shown that the developmental disability is one of the most common types of disability among Syrian refugees in Türkiye. We aimed to investigate the lives of refugees with developmental disabilities, who are twice a minority. Among the Syrian refugees in Türkiye, 24.7% are individuals with special needs. It was reported that developmental disabilities and post-traumatic stress disorder are the most prevalent diagnoses across the refugees. The study aims to investigate the current status and educational needs of Syrian refugees with developmental disabilities and their parents, who live in refugee camps in Türkiye with a specific emphasis on their education life. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with young refugees with developmental disabilities and their parents in the study conducted with a phenomenological approach. The content analysis conducted on the study data revealed that these individuals migrated to Türkiye due to the Syrian war, and they did not want to return to their home country. Since they lived in camps in Türkiye, they have been isolated from social life. Participants stated that they mostly required special education and health facilities and socialization. The identified problems were analyzed, and certain recommendations are presented based on the study findings.

This research was conducted to determine the perceptions of pre-service teachers and middle school students towards mathematics teachers. For this purpose, the perceptions of both the pre-service teachers and students regarding six mathematics teachers were discussed comparatively. The research method is case study. The data of this study were collected through reflective letters of pre-service teachers (f=35) and students of these teachers (f=105) to six middle school mathematics teachers. The collected data were analyzed in the MAXQDA qualitative data analysis program. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that pre-service teachers and middle school students had positive and negative perceptions towards the mentor teacher in the categories of designing the learning-teaching process, attitude and classroom management. When the perceptions of middle school students towards their teachers were examined, it was seen that the positive attitude towards the teacher standed out. While the students mentioned less about classroom management, it was seen that pre-service teachers talked more about and they were able to evaluate teachers from different perspectives in the context of classroom management. However, it has seen that both pre-service teachers and students have more negative perceptions about the design of the learning-teaching process than positive perceptions. In addition, it was determined that the negative perceptions of the preservice teachers about the mentor teachers standed out, while the students' perceptions of their teachers were more positive. [This paper was presented at the International Conference on Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology (ICEMST) symposium, 2023.]

The present study aims to reveal the views of secondary school teachers in various fields about their job satisfaction and highlight the factors affecting their job satisfaction. The study was conducted in some public secondary schools in the central districts of Diyarbakir province in the fall semester of the 2022-2023 academic year. There were 25 teachers in the participant group, of whom 7 were female and 18 were male. The data in this study, in which a phenomenological design was used, were collected using the semi-structured interview technique. The data analysis, which employed two different methods, namely descriptive and content analysis, was completed with a computer-aided qualitative analysis program. As far as the results obtained in the study are concerned, it can be said that the teachers predominantly had negative views about their job satisfaction. The outstanding factors for teachers' job satisfaction were intrinsic motivation, physical conditions of the school, communication with the school administration, socio-economic level, and respect for the profession. In this sense, it is believed that strong communication established between the school administration and teachers, the improvement of the physical conditions in schools, and fair wage policies will contribute positively to the job satisfaction of teachers.

For K-12 teachers to improve effective teaching skills, cognitive presence (CP) integration into teaching and learning process is of utmost value. CP strategy training can serve as a facilitating component in supporting K-12 teachers' instructional capacity. This study presents findings of a teacher professional development training aiming CP strategy implementation at K-12 level. Following a mixed-method methodology, the present research was carried out with 53 teachers from four different campuses and grade levels, who were guided to implement CP strategies in their teaching context. The data sources were CP-integrated lesson plans, trainers' feedback on these lesson plans, teacher responses on a questionnaire. The data collection methods were utilizing an end-of-the-training questionnaire directed to teachers, lesson plan evaluation through a CP rubric, content analysis of trainer feedback on lesson plans and revised lesson plans. Results unveiled that this professional development training designed and implemented for K-12 teachers led to significantly positive changes in teachers' CP strategy integration into lesson plans regardless of levels, subjects or topics. This study could also provide important contributions to designing teacher professional development training for researchers, practitioners and teacher trainers, particularly in CP dimension.

This study aimed to examine the achievements of 2019 Turkish Language Curriculum regarding main idea teaching in terms of PISA 2018 Reading Skills Test. In this regard, the overlap of the achievements in 2019 Turkish Language Curriculum in Turkey and the proficiency levels in PISA 2018 Reading Test were examined in the context of main idea teaching. The study used the qualitative research approach. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data gathered from the documents. Considering the aims of this study, first, the reading skills proficiency levels presented in detail in PISA 2018 were discussed considering main idea skills. It was concluded that the skill of "identifying the main idea" was used directly at all levels of reading skills consisting of levels 1c, 1b, 1a, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in PISA 2018, and main idea skills were employed in understanding the text. In addition, Turkey's performance in the PISA 2018 Reading Skills Test was discussed considering the study's other sub-goals. Accordingly, it was concluded that students who participated in the PISA 2018 test were mostly successful at lower levels (levels 1, 2 and 3). The number of students at low levels was high, while the number of students with these skills decreased significantly at higher levels. The inclusion of main idea teaching in 2019 Turkish Language Curriculum was examined considering the final purpose of the study. In this context, several achievements were observed for the development of learning skills such as guessing the subject, determining the subject, determining the auxiliary ideas, determining the main idea, summarizing the subject and determining the title. However, the achievements of main idea in the 2019 Turkish Language Curriculum did not follow the order required in the reading comprehension process. In addition, the achievements of auxiliary ideas, which form the basis for determining the main idea of a text, were only available at the 7th and 8th grade levels, and any skills related to auxiliary ideas were not included at other grade levels. In this context, the main idea teaching should be handled in a detailed and systematic way in the context of theoretical structure and application processes, and the relevant curricula should be arranged accordingly.

The current study investigates the association between teacher demoralization and perceived school effectiveness. The sample consists of 267 teachers working in the province of Batman during the 2021-2022 academic year. They were reached through convenient sampling. Two data collection tools were used in the study. To measure teachers' demoralization level, the "Teacher Demoralization in Educational Policy Context Scale" and the school effectiveness level "Perceived School Effectiveness Scale" were adopted. The demoralization scale was a self-reported one, and school effectiveness was measured based on teacher perceptions. Since the data were normally distributed, parametric tests were employed. Within the descriptive statistics, means and standard deviations were calculated, and Pearson correlation coefficients, simple and multiple regression analysis were conducted to reveal the associations between variables. The findings revealed that teachers were moderately demoralized, and they perceived their schools as moderately effective. There was a significant moderate level of negative association between teacher demoralization and perceived school effectiveness. Teacher demoralization was a significant predictor of school effectiveness. We discussed the findings based on the previous literature. The researchers made some suggestions based on the findings and for further research.

Distance education has indeed seen widespread adoption, especially after the COVID-19 outbreak and in response to natural disasters like earthquakes. The aim of this study is to contribute, especially in the field of distance education, by revealing the views of university students. The qualitative research method of phenomenological research design was used in the study. The sample group consists of 15 (9 female, 6 male) undergraduate university students. A maximum diversity sampling method was used in purposeful sampling to establish the study sample. The data was collected through individual interviews with 15 students using a semi-structured interview form created by the researchers. The data were analysed using MAXQDA. As a result of the content analysis, the following main themes were identified: "aims regarding university education", "factors affecting academic motivation", "similarities and differences between distance education and face to face education", "experienced difficulties regarding the distance education process" and "recommendations for increasing the efficiency of distance education". Based on the research findings, it is thought that determining the positive and negative aspects of the distance education process will contribute to distance education applications. The results of the study can be evaluated by lecturers, researchers, and practitioners.

This research was planned to reveal whether school engagement is a mediator in the relationship between grit and academic life satisfaction in university students. 487 students, including 316 (65%) males and 171(35%) females, were recruited. The students were 18 to 33 years old, and the mean age was 20.62. The measures included the Academic Life Satisfaction Scale (ALSS), the Short Grit Scale (GRIT-S), the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-Student Form (UWES-SF), and a Personal Information Form (PIF). Data analysis included the structural equation model and Pearson's correlation analysis. A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between grit, school engagement, and academic life satisfaction. In addition, grit and academic life satisfaction were mediated by school engagement. We handled the results considering grit and school engagement in raising the academic life satisfaction of university students.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of argumentation-based teaching carried out with secondary school 7th grade students on students' scientific process skills. The sample of the study consists of 7th grade students in two different branches studying at a public school in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey in the 2018-2019 academic year. The study was carried out with the participation of 36 students, 18 in the experimental group and 18 in the control group, and lasted approximately 12 weeks. Mixed method was used as the research model in the study. In the quantitative part of the research, the semi-experimental pretest-posttest paired control group design was used, and in the qualitative part, the semi-structured interview form developed by the researcher was used. The "Scientific Process Skills Scale" was applied to the experimental and control groups as a pre-test and post-test. At the end of the process, the scores of the students from the related test were analyzed. As a result of the research, no significant difference was found between the scientific process skill levels of the experimental and control groups.

This study aimed to examine the satisfaction levels of pre-service social study teachers regarding distance education. Based on this purpose, survey and causal comparison models, which are among the quantitative research approaches, were preferred together. The study population consists of students in the Social Studies Teaching undergraduate program. The sample consisted of 238 pre-service Social Studies teachers studying in the Social Studies Teacher Education program at Inönü University, who were selected from the population using the simple random sampling method. The data of the study were obtained by using the "satisfaction scale" developed by Ilgaz (2008). The data collected with the satisfaction scale used to determine the satisfaction of pre-service social studies teachers with distance education were examined for normality before being analyzed. In this direction, skewness and kurtosis values were examined (Gürbüz & Sahin, 2017). It was determined that the skewness and kurtosis values obtained because of the analysis were within the "±1.5" range determined according to Tabachnick and Fidell (2013). The determined values show that the scale data meet the normal distribution criteria. Therefore, unrelated samples t-test and ANOVA, which are parametric tests, were used in the analysis because of the research, it was concluded that the satisfaction levels of pre-service teachers regarding distance education were high.

In this study, it is aimed to determine the commitment level of commitment to the teaching profession of teacher candidates enrolled in the 2021-2022 academic year pedagogical formation education certificate program. Moreover, it is also aimed to examine the situations of difference in the levels of commitment to the teaching profession of teacher candidates according to variables such as gender, field (social sciences, natural sciences, health sciences), university, high school, income level, family residence, mother's/father's profession, and mother's/father's education status. The study was designed according to the survey model. For this reason, data were obtained from a large population. While the population consists of 267 teacher candidates enrolled in the pedagogical formation program in 2022 at a university in the east of Turkey, the sample consists of 216 teacher candidates determined by the simple random sampling method. The data collection tool used in the study is the "Teaching Profession Engagement Scale-TPES." The study concludes that the professional commitment levels of pre-service teachers registered in the pedagogical formation program were high. Additionally, it is also revealed that the professional commitment of teacher candidates differs according to the variables (field, high school, mother's education level and mother's profession).

The main purpose of this research is to determine whether digital citizenship and basic technology proficiency levels of social studies teachers are predictors of each other by examining it in terms of various variables. The research group of the study consists of 94 social studies teachers working in public schools of the central district of Afyonkarahisar province between 2021 and 2022. In the study, the screening method was used among quantitative research methods. To determine the digital citizenship levels of teachers "Digital Citizenship" and to specify the basic technology proficiency levels, "Basic Technology Proficiency for Educators" was used. At the end of the study, it was concluded that the digital citizenship levels of social studies teachers were intermediate. It has been observed that there is a significant difference between the digital citizenship levels of social studies teachers and the gender and social network usage variables. There has been no significant difference between the age variable and digital citizenship level. Basic technology proficiency levels of social studies teachers were determined to be intermediate. It has been concluded that there is a significant difference between the basic technology proficiency levels of social studies teachers and the gender variable. There was no significant difference between age and social network usage variables and the level of basic technology proficiency. In the correlation analysis to determine the relationship between the digital citizenship levels of social studies teachers and the basic technology proficiency levels, it was found that there was a moderate, positive and statistically significant relationship.

It is aimed in this study to analyze the effects of the Montessori education method on children with Down syndrome and autism having special training who have received and not received Montessori education through the Eurofit test batteries selected for motor skills and physical fitness. A total of 20 male children with Down syndrome and autism in the age range of 12 to 16 and receiving and not receiving Montessori education at two different special education and rehabilitation centers in Kayseri were included in the study. The treatment group included a total of 10 children, 5 with Down syndrome and 5 with autism, and the control group of 10 children, 5 with Down syndrome and 5 with autism. While the volunteers included in the treatment group received Montessori education, those included in the control group received a traditional education. In the study, the volunteers performed the selected Eurofit tests including flamingo balance, plate tapping, sit and reach, handgrip and standing long jump tests. When the results of the Eurofit test batteries of the treatment and control groups were examined, plate tapping and standing long jump test results were found significant in the comparison of the pretest and posttest of the treatment group (p < 0.05). In the pretest and posttest comparison of the control group students, a significant difference was determined in the sit and reach test (p < 0.05). In the posttest comparison of the control and treatment groups, a statistically significant difference was determined between the pretest and posttest measurements of the plate tapping and between the pretest and posttest measurements of the standing long jump (p<0.05). In the pretest comparison of the control and treatment groups, no statistically significant difference was found between the pretest and posttest of flamingo balance, pretest and posttest of plate tapping, pretest and posttest of sit and reach, pretest and posttest of standing long jump and pretest and posttest of handgrip measurements of the control and treatment groups (p>0.05). Consequently, the use of Montessori education materials supports the big and small muscle groups of children with disabilities since most of them learn about an object through touch. In our study, when some activity and motor skills of the children with down syndrome and autism in the special rehabilitation school that uses the Montessori education method were analyzed, it was observed that there was an improvement in their physical activities and some motor skills according to the results of plate tapping, standing long jump and sit and reach tests. It is recommended that education programs can be prepared by using Montessori Approach as part of the education programs applied in preschool education institutions and that they can be used more widely together with traditional education programs.

This study explored the interplay between teacher mindsets and grit levels of Turkish pre-service teachers taking their year of study into account (i.e., first-year vs the fourth year), gender, and the subject taught in a Turkish higher education setting. Student teachers from various programmes at a public university in Turkey participated in the study (N = 321). The participants completed the Teacher Mindset Scale and Grit Scale online after receiving the approval of the university's ethics committee and signing the consent forms. The correlations between the components of teacher mindset and grit demonstrated that as growth teacher mindset scores increased, and effort scores also increased significantly. Furthermore, as fixed teacher mindset scores increased, interest scores decreased. First-year pre-service teachers had significantly higher fixed teacher mindset scores than the fourth year. In terms of grit, fourth-year pre-service teachers showed greater effort than the first year. There was no difference between female and male preservice teachers regarding fixed teacher mindset. However, female preservice teachers scored significantly higher on growth teacher mindset, interest, and effort scales. As for the subject taught, the Mathematics Education programme showed higher levels of fixed teacher mindset and the English Language Teaching programme showed lower levels of grit. Practical implications of our findings and limitations of the study are shared accordingly.

This study aimed to reveal the effects of secondary school students' cognitive absorption levels on their digital literacy. In line with this purpose, the correlational method was used in the study. The study group of the research consisted of 455 secondary school students. The data were collected from students studying in different state schools in Sakarya, Turkey in the 2019-2020 academic year. The data collection tools employed in the study are as follows: the personal information form developed by the researchers, "Cognitive Absorption Scale", and "Digital Literacy Scale". In the study, the relationship between the variables of digital literacy and cognitive absorption was investigated through simple correlation and multiple linear regression analyses. In the present study conducted in line with these indicators, the effect of the cognitive absorption levels of secondary school students on their digital literacy was investigated in terms of cognitive absorption factors (curiosity, pleasure, attention, and time). As a result of the analyses performed in the study, it was determined that the variables of curiosity in the first place, pleasure in the second place, and attention in the third place statistically significantly predicted students' digital literacy status. It was also found that the time variable had no effect on the digital literacy.

Teachers that identify with their organizations and find meaning at work can contribute to their students and schools from various aspects. However, there is limited evidence on teacher perceptions of organizational identification and meaningful work in the literature. The present research aims to determine the relationship between teachers' organizational identification and meaningful work perceptions. This quantitative research is in correlational design. The sample of the research consists of 330 teachers working in Kahramanmaras. The scales of meaningful work for educational organizations and organizational identification were used as data collection tools. In the analysis of the data, Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated, and regression analyses were performed. Research findings show that there is a positive, moderately significant relationship between organizational identification and meaningful work. Organizational identification is a significant predictor of meaningful work. Organizational identification has positive and moderately significant relationships with the subdimensions of meaningful work (meaning at work, transcendence at work, work relationships, meaning leadership at work, humility at work), and it is a significant predictor of these dimensions. Nevertheless, it shows no significant relationship with the dimension of search for meaning at work. Implications for identifying with organizations and meaningful work are discussed.

The effects of the constructivist-learning model on student outcomes are analyzed in this research study. For this purpose, the results of 19 meta-analysis research focusing on the effects of constructivist learning models on student outcomes are combined with the second-order meta-analysis method. The research included in the process had been carried out between the years 2015 and 2021. At the end of the research process, it is determined that the effect of constructivist learning models on student outcomes is medium level. On the other hand, it is determined that the effect of constructivist learning models on student thinking skills and academic success is high-level. Besides, it is found that the effect of constructivist learning models on student attitudes is medium level. At the end of the moderator analysis based on location, it is observed that the effects of constructivist learning models on student outcomes vary. Atelier studies can be carried out in education zones to develop teaching skills about the application of constructivist learning models. On the other hand, it is seen that studies on the issue mostly focus on academic success and attitude. Following this, the effects of constructivist learning models on the other student outcomes can be analyzed.

The main idea skill presents a structure that is the basis of all kinds of understanding and narration activities. In this respect, while it covers all language skills, it also lays the groundwork for all learning levels and lessons because people communicate through meaning transfer. Therefore, the importance of main idea teaching is not limited to academic skills, but has a potential that affects the whole life. Thus, the existence, number and quality of academic studies on the development and teaching of main idea skills from an early age is one of the issues that should be emphasized. The aim of this research is to examine the studies conducted in Turkey on main idea teaching from various perspectives. Document analysis method, one of the qualitative research approaches, was used in the research. In this context, 6 theses, 13 articles and 2 book chapters were analysed. Related studies were classified according to research types (thesis, article), thesis type (master, doctorate), language skills (listening, speaking, reading, writing, visual reading and visual presentation), research method, education level and data sources. According to the results of the research, it is seen that the studies on main idea teaching in Turkey are few in number, they focus on reading skills in the context of language skills, quantitative research methods are used predominantly, there is an orientation towards elementary school and university students in terms of education levels, and studies for students are dominant in terms of data source. According to the results, it can be said that the knowledge, skills and awareness of academic disciplines, policy makers and practitioners should increase in the framework of theory and practice.

This research aims to examine the privacy behaviors of university students on social networking sites. For this purpose, first of all, students' online privacy literacy (OPL) levels on social networking sites were determined. Then it was examined whether these levels differ according to students' gender, frequency of using social networking sites, and the frequency of changing their privacy settings. Also, the relationship between university students' OPL levels on social networking sites and their purposes of using social networking sites and the relationship between university students' OPL levels on social networking sites and social network privacy behaviors were examined. Correlational research and causal-comparative research models were used in the study. The research study group consists of 314 undergraduate students studying in different faculties of a state university. The data of the research were obtained online in the spring semester of 2019-2020. Personal information form, Privacy Settings Experience Questionnaire, Online Privacy Literacy Scale, and Social Privacy Behaviors Questionnaire were used as data collection tools in the research. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation were used to analyze the data obtained in the study. The results showed that university students have a high level of OPL. Besides, female students have higher OPL levels than male students, and their OPL levels are similar according to the social networking sites used and the frequency of changing the privacy settings on these sites. In addition, it was determined that there was a low level of positive correlation between students' use of social networking sites to follow the agenda and news, like posts or comment on posts, and their privacy behaviors on Facebook and OPL levels on social networking sites.

The present study aims to examine the mediator role of postpartum depression in the relationship between mothers' obsessive and compulsive behaviours regarding baby care and breastfeeding self-efficacy. The study has a correlational survey design. The regression analysis method was employed to test the mediator role. A significant negative correlation was identified between mothers' obsessive and compulsive behaviours regarding baby care and breastfeeding self-efficacy. A significant negative correlation was determined between breastfeeding self-efficacy and postpartum depression. A significant positive correlation was revealed between postpartum depression and mothers' obsessive and compulsive behaviours regarding baby care. Postpartum depression was determined to play a full mediator role in the relationship between mothers' obsessive and compulsive behaviours regarding baby care and breastfeeding self-efficacy. An increase in mothers' obsessive and compulsive behaviours regarding baby care will increase postpartum depression and adversely affect breastfeeding self-efficacy.

Smartphone addiction adversely affects adolescent psychological wellbeing. However, little is known about the role of academic procrastination and school burnout in this relationship. The main objective of the current study was to examine the associations between smartphone addiction and psychological wellbeing, a multiple mediation analysis that included academic procrastination and school burnout. The participants consisted of 409 adolescents whose ages ranged between 13 and 19 years (M[subscript age] = 16.024, SD = 1.674). Analyses revealed the serial mediating role of academic procrastination and school burnout between smartphone addiction and psychological wellbeing was accepted. Overall, these results suggested that the smartphone addiction is a risk factor for adolescents' psychological wellbeing and that academic procrastination and school burnout also increase this risk.

Ostracism and dark triad personality traits have been found to be linked with social media addiction. Despite the well-established relationship between the dark triad (i.e., narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy) and social media addiction, there is limited research on their mediating effect. In the present study, we tested a hypothetical model to examine the mediating effect of the dark triad on the relationship between ostracism and social media addiction. Data were collected from 497 Turkish adolescents (M = 14.98, SD = 0.93) who regularly use social media. Participants completed measures of ostracism, dark personality traits, and social media addiction. The results of the mediation analysis showed significant relationships among ostracism, social media addiction, and the dark triad. Specifically, the dark triad variables acted as mediators in the relationship between ostracism and social media addiction. The present study also highlights the importance of dark personality traits as a mediator of the relationship between ostracism and social media addiction. The implications of these results extend to the development of interventions aimed at mitigating social media addiction among adolescents. Ultimately, this study offers valuable insights into the contributing factors that underlie the detrimental effects of social media on the mental well-being of adolescents.

Intellectual disability (ID) persists from birth through adulthood and aging. Thus, the support provided to individuals with intellectual disabilities (IwID) in adulthood is essential to increase their self-determination and quality of life. This research aimed to determine how IwID may receive support for education, working life, accommodation, and leisure in adulthood in the Turkish context by increasing their and their families' quality of life without socially discriminating against them. Qualitative data were collected in two stages, combining semi-structured interviews and the Delphi study technique. Results prompted the recommendation that a legal basis for transition-to-adulthood planning be established in Turkey for a functional adult service model. Next, a model with specific standards by which multidisciplinary experts analyse education, work, leisure, and housing alternatives for preadulthood and adulthood should be developed and coordinated by the Turkish Ministry of National Education and the Ministry of Family. Implications for the future are further discussed.

The objective of this study is to investigate the environmental factors such as supports and barriers that have been faced by those children with SLD between the before and after COVID-19 lockdown and their involvement, participation frequency and desire for change. The participation features as well as the environmental factors at home, school and community settings of these children (n: 61; mean age: 9.37 ± 1.50 year) during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown were assessed by using the Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth (PEM-CY) instrument via Internet access. The differences in participation frequency, involvement, desire for change, and environmental factors (supports and barriers) for school and community settings between the pre and post COVID-19 pandemic lockdown were found to be p < 0.01. There were no statistical differences at home settings in terms of participation frequency and supports (p > 0.05). This study provides information about the participation levels of children with special needs during the COVID-19 pandemic and the environmental factors faced by these children. The results are expected to contribute to the rehabilitation program that may improve the participation levels of children with special needs, and determine where greater efforts are needed to support so as to raise their participation levels and improve environmental features after the quarantine process.

Gifted students differ from their peers in cognitive, social and emotional development. This study aims to compare gifted and typically developing students in terms of friendship quality and empathy level and examine the gender differences in a sample of Turkish students. In addition, the predictive role of empathy in friendship quality among gifted and typically developing students was investigated. The sample consisted of 97 gifted and 135 typically developing primary and secondary school students. Data were analysed by two-way analysis of variance and regression analysis. Results revealed that friendship quality was predicted by cognitive empathy in gifted and typically developing students. In addition, some gender differences emerged. The results are discussed in terms of the skills that need to be supported with preventive psychological counselling.

This study aims to explore the experiences of breastfeeding mothers during pregnancy in tandem breastfeeding. This research is a qualitative study conducted using the phenomenological research design. Data saturation was achieved after 11 participants were interviewed. The content analysis approach was used to analyze the data. Interview transcriptions were systematically examined, and the study findings were gathered under 4 main themes within the framework of tandem breastfeeding from the perspective of breastfeeding women. These main themes consist of decision to continue tandem breastfeeding, tandem information support/search, maternal experience in tandem breastfeeding, and recommendations for mothers. The participants mostly shared their experiences in the effects of tandem breastfeeding on child health, pregnancy, and breast milk. Both mothers' own beliefs and feelings and community beliefs affected their decision to continue tandem breastfeeding. Mothers who tandem breastfed in this study need information and support.

This study aims to reveal the bibliometric and contextual features and problems of postgraduate theses (master's and doctoral theses) made in the field of classroom teaching in Turkey between 2010-2019. The study was carried out with a content analysis method, one of the synthesis research methods. The scope of the study included 1083 postgraduate theses related to classroom teaching in the database of the Higher Education Council (HEC) National Thesis Center (NTC). In determining the theses to be included in the scope of the study, the following criteria were taken into account: the theses would be related to classroom teaching, and the publication date of the theses would be between 2010-2019. Data analysis in content analysis research is different from qualitative data analysis. In this study, which was carried out with content analysis, firstly, the theses were handled as the analysis unit. The basic features of the theses were digitized, and codes and categories were determined to examine the theses in depth. Of the 1083 doctoral theses examined, 956 were master's theses and 127 were doctoral theses. With 181 theses, the year with the most theses was 2019. The year with the fewest theses was 2017. With 181 theses, 2019 was the year with the most completed theses. The year with the fewest completed theses was 2017. Among the theses studied, it was found that the course "Turkish Language" was studied the most and the course "Leisure Activities" was studied the least. In addition, it was revealed that there were mistakes in method, sampling, data collection tool and content in some of the theses examined.

The purpose of this study is to assess the predictive power of the cognitive distortions related to academic success concerning the depression, stress and anxiety levels of adolescents. The sample of research consists of 411 people; 192 (46,7%) were female, 219 (53,3%) were male, with 203 (49,4%) of the group continuing their education at academic high school whereas 208 (50,6%) were vocational high school students. The study data was obtained by using the Personal Information Form, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-42) -- High School Form and Cognitive Distortions Scale related to Academic Achievement (CDS-AA). The t-test, ANOVA and simple linear regression analysis were used in analyzing the data. It was observed that cognitive distortions related to academic success, one of the research variables, did not differ according to gender, class level and receiving out-of-school academic support. On the other hand, it was seen that depression, anxiety and stress scores differed significantly in terms of gender, class level and receiving out-of-school academic support. Finally, it was observed that cognitive distortions related to academic achievement are a statistically significant predictor of depression, anxiety and stress.

In this study, health anxiety and optimism were determined as predictors of subjective happiness. A total of 301 individuals, 168 females (55.8%) and 133 males (44.2%) participated in the study carried out based on the correlational model. The research data were collected online due to the pandemic. In the study, Personal Information Form, Health Anxiety Scale, Optimism Scale and Subjective Happiness Scale were used as data collection tools. According to the findings obtained from the study, statistically significant and negative correlations were found between the health anxiety variable and the variables of subjective happiness and optimism. In addition to these results, statistically significant and positive correlations were determined between the optimism variable and subjective happiness variable. Mediation analyses were conducted in the study, and according to the results, it was revealed that optimism had a mediating role in the relationship between health anxiety and subjective happiness. As a result, the indirect effect of health anxiety on subjective happiness was found to be statistically significant. It is believed that the findings of the research will benefit experts who prepare intervention programs for individuals who experience intense anxiety during the pandemic process and who have low levels of subjective happiness.

Determining young athletes' sleep quality and social media addiction is important for their performance. For this reason, our study aims to examine elite athletes' sleep quality and social media addiction. There are three parts to the research. The first part consists of demographic information. In the second part, the social media addiction scale was used. This scale was developed by Firat and Barut (2018). In the third part, the athlete sleep behavior scale was used. The athlete sleep behavior scale was developed by Driller, Mah, and Halson (2018) and adapted into Turkish by Darendeli, Diker, and Cinar (2019). The research consists of 412 participants collected by convenience sampling method. In the study, MANOVA and correlation analysis were performed after Cronbach alpha, and Skewness-Kurtosis values were checked with the SPSS program. According to the results of the research, a negative relationship was found between habitual sleep quality and sleep disorder. This result shows that while increasing sleep disturbance decreases habitual sleep quality, decreasing sleep disturbance increases habitual sleep quality.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between cultural intelligence and global citizenship. The study group of the research consisted of 336 pre-service teachers, including pedagogical formation students, selected by a random sampling method from a state university in eastern Turkey, where the immigrant population is dense. Both the "Cultural Intelligence Scale" and "Global Citizenship Scale" were used as data collection tools. In order to statistically determine the levels of cultural intelligence and global citizenship by demographic variables, independent samples t-test and one-way ANOVA were employed by the researcher. Likewise, while the Pearson product-moment correlation analysis was implemented to examine the relationships among the variables, multiple regression analysis was used to determine the predictive coefficients between the variables. Based on the research findings, cultural intelligence was positively correlated with global citizenship. The behavioral dimension of cultural intelligence was the best predictor of global competence. Cultural intelligence levels of pre-service teachers seem to have a significant impact on shaping their process of becoming global citizens. If a person could be able to change his or her body language, spoken language, expressions, and behaviors when encountering any person or people from different ethnic groups and identities, this would mean that s/he is using the behavioral component of cultural intelligence. In this respect, cultural intelligence facilitates being a global citizen and increases adaptation. Therefore, the dimension of cultural intelligence evidently appears to be an essential factor for global citizenship.

The purpose of this study is to determine the self-efficacy perceptions of undergraduate students studying at the Music Department on individual instruments, and to examine whether students' self-efficacy perception on instrument performance differed significantly according to various variables such as year, gender, the type of high school graduated from, the main instrument being studied, how much they practiced on their instrument, the individual instrument practice time, the instrument course grade, and the university being attended. The survey model, one of the quantitative research methods, was used in the research. The study group consisted of 102 students studying at the Music Department of Kirsehir Ahi Evran University's Neset Ertas Faculty of Fine Arts (n=45) and the Music and Performing Arts Department of Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University's Faculty of Fine Arts (n=57). For data collection, the Personal Information Form and the Instrument Performance Self-Efficacy Belief Scale developed by Girgin (2015) were used in the study. The twenty-item five-point Likert type scale has three sub-dimensions, namely self-efficacy, self-inefficacy, and psychological indicators. While analyzing the data, descriptive statistics and parametric tests, t-test and One Way Anova Test were used. The study results revealed that students' self-efficacy perceptions on instrument performance were "undecided" in the total scale, and "disagree" in the self-inefficacy subdimension. Students' self-efficacy perceptions differed significantly according to the variables of individual instrument practice time and the instrument course grade, and there was a significant difference in the psychological indicators subdimension according to the gender variable in favor of the males. Furthermore, there was no significant difference according to the variables of year, the type of high school graduated from, the main instrument being studied, and the university being attended. Recommendations were given based on the study results.

In recent years, Dweck (2014) and Duckworth (2016) introduced two important concepts in student learning: mindsets and grit. These variables can drastically change the way individuals handle a learning situation, the degree of effort and persistence they display, and eventually, their level of achievement. Recent literature on self-theories recommends using domain-specific rather than domain-general instruments to explain school achievement. Furthermore, child samples are relatively understudied compared to adolescent and youth samples in terms of self-theories and achievement relations. This study focuses on math mindsets, academic grit, and their relation to math achievement at the primary school level. Math mindsets scale, academic grit scale, and a math achievement test were used as data collection instruments. Data were collected from purposively selected 225 4th grade students in Istanbul, Turkey. A cross-sectional causal model has been tested through structural equation modeling (SEM). There was not a direct effect of growth math mindset but a significant negative effect of fixed math mindset on math achievement. The indirect effect of growth math mindset on math achievement mediated by academic grit was positive and significant; the indirect effect of fixed math mindset was non-significant. Finally, the effect of academic grit on math achievement was positive and significant. The SEM model explained 36% of the variance in math achievement and 64% of academic grit. School-based interventions are recommended to promote a growth math mindset and academic grit. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed in detail.

This case study aims to examine the difficulties, and the ways to cope with these difficulties or the solution proposals for coping faced by middle school mathematics teachers during the Emergency Remote Education (ERE). The participants consisted of four online focus groups with eighteen mathematics teachers working in middle schools in Turkey. The data was collected semi-structured interviews. The data was analyzed the thematic approach. According to the findings, the teachers faced difficulties caused by students, teachers, infrastructure, schedule and curriculum, parents, and nature of mathematics. The difficulties were virtual classroom management, participation, and interest/motivation (caused by student), communication/interaction, measurement and evaluation, ICT competencies, and privacy (caused by teacher), device and internet deficiencies (caused by Infrastructure), supporting roles and supervising roles (caused by parents), Schedule and curriculum, and Nature of mathematics. Teachers were able to cope with difficulties by banning/restricting, contacting parents, paying attention to the arrangement of scheduled hours, making additional courses, sending additional lesson documents, and organizing different learning activities, rules, face-to-face homework checks, and face-to-face exams, adhering to the lesson time in the schedule determined by the school administration. The limitations of the study and implications for future research were discussed.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between blind patriotism, constructive patriotism, global citizenship and critical thinking in pre-service teachers. The study group includes 372 teacher candidates studying at a state university in the Central Anatolian region of Turkey. Data collection tools used in the study were the Patriotic Attitude Scale, the Universal Citizenship Scale, and the Critical Thinking Tendency Scale. The research findings suggest that there are negative relationships between constructive patriotism and blind patriotism, between blind patriotism and critical thinking, and between universal citizenship and blind patriotism. In other words, as blind patriotism scores increase, the level of universal citizenship, critical thinking and constructive patriotism decreases. The research results also reveal that there is a positive and significant relationship between constructive patriotism, critical thinking and universal citizenship. That is, as the critical thinking tendencies of pre-service teachers increase, constructive patriotism and universal citizenship scores increase. A society having critical thinking tendencies would be more democratic, and more correct decisions could be made on political, social, economic and societal issues. It therefore distances people from blind patriotism and makes it easier for them to become constructive global citizens.