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The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) is one of the most widely consulted reference works that define international standards for the learning, teaching, and assessment of languages. Since its appearance in 2001, the CEFR has been translated into more than 40 languages, including Turkish, making it the second most-translated document of the Council of Europe (CoE) after the European Convention of Human Rights. The CEFR was complemented by the Companion Volume with New Descriptors in 2018. This provisional version was later replaced by the CEFR Companion Volume (CV) in 2020, which includes added descriptors for mediation, online interaction, plurilingual/pluricultural competence, and sign language competences, ensuring modality-inclusive formulations in adapted illustrative descriptors for sign languages and gender-neutrality in all descriptors. The CEFR CV has already been translated into French, Arabic, Italian, Spanish, and Turkish, and translations to several other languages are underway and expected to become available shortly. The Turkish translation was completed in October 2021 by a committed team of scholars with the initiative and coordination of the Turkish Ministry of National Education (MoNE) in cooperation with the CoE. The translation of the CEFR Companion Volume into Turkish is an excellent example of how hard work and perseverance pay off. The translation team and others who have contributed to the work have demonstrated a fine example of sheer dedication, patience, and multidisciplinary collaboration to create a reader-friendly text to guide anyone involved in language teaching and testing--from teachers, learners, and material developers to educational institutions, researchers, and employers. This paper uncovers the background story, events, and actions behind this text for users to better understand its intricacies, nuances, and complexities. It is anticipated that the "backstage information" shared here will provide insights for prospective translators of the CEFR CV into other languages.

It is significant to immerse tech-savvy English language learners in interactive learning environments in order to maximize their comprehension and verbal communication. This quasi-experimental study set out to elucidate the effect of a learning management system (LMS) on speaking fluency and listening skill development among intermediate students. A total of 50 Turkish-speaking students from two intact classes were assigned into a control and an experimental group that utilized an interactive platform for learning English in 8 weeks. The study adopted a pre and posttest design. The mean listening and speaking posttest scores of both groups were compared according to effect size, analysis of covariance, paired sample t-test, and independent samples t-test. In addition, students' perceptions regarding the impact of LMS on these two skills were investigated with a questionnaire and an interview. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups as the experimental group surpassed the control group in both speaking fluency and listening posttest. Participants also reported from the questionnaire and the interviews that they held positive evaluations of LMS as a result of elevating both language skills. The contribution of the study lies in providing an innovative solution to promote learners' speaking fluency and listening skill.

Learning and teaching of English language in foreign contexts is usually associated with possible economic gains that it may bring. However, there are other and possibly more immediate implications of such instruction, especially on the way young people interact in schools where English is the medium of instruction. Using Bourdieu's framework of capitals, the current study aims to explore how English language is perceived and used among young people from Turkish language backgrounds in a private school in the northern part of Cyprus where English is the medium of both instruction and communication. It also investigates whether students' attitudes towards this language have any impact on the building of communities and tolerance when it comes to cultural diversity in and outside the classroom. Analysis of the data, which was collected through in-class ethnographic observations and informal chats with young people, showed that students who possessed a higher amount of linguistic capital in English were also perceived as popular and academically superior by all of the participants in this particular school. While linguistic abilities in English played a significant part in determining the access rights to certain peer groups, students whose first language was Turkish tended to capitalize on this skill to support each other to achieve academic success. Thus, language appeared to be a dividing factor rather than a bridge, which affected the school's culture of tolerance negatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aims to assess subclinical atherosclerosis markers such as epicardial fat thickness, carotid intima media thickness (CIMT), and aortic stiffness index (ASI) in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients as well as to investigate the relationship between the subclinical atherosclerosis markers and disease activity/function/mobility indices. Patients and methods: Twenty-six AS patients (22 males, 4 females; mean age 43 years) and 26 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (21 males, 5 females; mean age 43 years) were included. Patients and controls with any reported cardiovascular disease or other comorbidities were excluded. Disease activity, functional capacity and spinal mobility were measured using the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index, respectively. All patients underwent complete transthoracic echocardiographic examination including epicardial fat thickness and ASI, and sonographic examination including CIMT. Results: There were no significant differences in demographical and cardiovascular characteristics between AS patients and healthy controls (p>0.05). Epicardial fat thickness (5.15±1.13 vs. 4.11±1.22; p=0.003), CIMT (0.70±0.16 vs. 0.60±0.10; p=0.012) and ASI (14.2±10.8 vs. 8.6±3.1; p=0.018) were significantly increased in patients with AS compared to the healthy controls. There was no significant correlation between the subclinical atherosclerosis markers and disease activity/function/mobility indices (p>0.05). Conclusion: A significantly increased epicardial fat thickness, CIMT, and ASI were observed in AS patients compared with healthy controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the relationship between baseline neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Consecutive patients diagnosed with STEMI (n = 691) who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (p-PCI) were included in the study. The CIN was defined as an increase in serum creatinine concentration ≥25% over baseline at 48 hours. Both NLR and C-reactive protein levels were significantly higher in the CIN group. There was a stronger correlation in patients with a known history of chronic kidney disease and in patients with a history of diabetes mellitus (DM). Advanced age, DM, low baseline glomerular filtration rate, reduced postprocedural ST resolution, high amount of contrast media, high NLR, and low left ventricular ejection fraction were independent predictors of CIN. The NLR may be used as a simple and reliable indicator of CIN in patients with STEMI who underwent p-PCI. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Medicine is the property of Ataturk University, School of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute Journal is the property of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using the available literature a model of personnel factors affecting the performance of a retail marketing chain was developed. This was tested by using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The data were collected by means of a questionnaire completed by employees and their superiors in a retail market chain in Ankara, Turkey. The results suggest that this model provides a framework for the future evaluation of retail sector performance factors and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Teknoloji is the property of Engineering Science & Technology, an International Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Teknoloji is the property of Engineering Science & Technology, an International Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study seeks to compare the management styles of local and foreign hotel chains operating in Turkey from a cultural dimensions perspective. It aims to build a link between cultural values and management styles. The data was collected through conducting survey with 596 mid-level and senior managers working in 101 foreign and 66 domestic hotel chains operating in Turkey. The empirical results confirm that there are similarities in all the supervision style, decision-making, communication pattern, control mechanism, interdepartmental relations and paternalistic orientation dimensions of Turkey/United States, France/United Kingdom and United States/United Kingdom-based hotel chains. Furthermore, the results also evidence that there are differences in the supervision style, communication pattern and paternalistic orientation dimensions of Turkey/France and Turkey/United Kingdom-based hotel chains. • We compared hotel chains of four countries operating in Turkey. • We examine differences in the management styles based on the country of origin and cultural differences. • Management styles of the hotel chains differ in Turkey-France, Turkey-UK and US-France comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Central Anatolia plays a key role to connect the theories about the subduction of African Plate along Hellenic and Cyprian Arcs and the collision of Arabia indenter along Bitlis-Zagros Thrust Zone. Taking place between the North Anatolian and East Anatolian mega shear zones, the neotectonics of seismically less active Central Anatolia is often regarded as tectonic escape or extrusion tectonics. Although, available GPS studies dating back to early 1990s reported coherent rotation, they were mostly focused on the seismically more active and more populated Western Anatolia and lack sufficient spatial resolution in quantifying second-order structures such as Tuz Gölü Fault Zone, Central Anatolia Fault Zone which comprises Ecemiş Fault and Erciyes Fault, Ezinepazarı Fault and their related basins and associated processes. Besides, the new dense GPS velocity field of Central Anatolia exhibits systematic local patterns of internal deformation which is inconsistent with either coherent rotation or translation. The velocity gradients computed along the rotation profiles of Central Anatolia show nearly westward and smooth increments which cannot be explained through a simple rotation/transport of Central Anatolia Basin. Moreover, estimating and removing an Euler rigid-body rotation rate which is computed from the sites lying in the middle part of Central Anatolia absorbs the velocity discrepancies between the Eastern and Western part of Central Anatolia down to a few millimetres and leaves out systematic residuals. Upon completion of Turkish National Fundamental GPS Network (TNFGN) in 1999, early revision surveys were carried out in Marmara region because of the 1999 Marmara earthquakes. Additional observations were carried out in Central Anatolia, resulting in a velocity field of unprecedented spatial density with average inter-station distance of 30–50km.We computed the horizontal velocity field with respect to a not-net rotation frame, to Eurasia, and to a computed Anatolia Euler Pole. Two distinct models of Anatolia neotectonics, microplate and continuum deformation were tested through the rigid-body Euler rotations, block modelling and strain analysis. The results show that the decomposition of the Eurasia-fixed velocity field into the rigid rotations and the residuals reveals systematic residuals up to 5mm/yr with respect to a computed best-fit Euler Pole located at 31.6820N±0.05, 31.6130E±0.02 and with a rotation rate of 1.3800/Myr±0.01. The relative velocities computed along rotation paths exhibit westward increasing linear gradients of 0.7–1.3mm per 100km depending on the latitude which is mechanically inconsistent with the assumptions of a coherent transport or a rigid rotation due to an extrusion in the east. Moreover, the strain analysis results show E-W extension rates up to 100nanostrain/yr along approximately N-S striking faults within the region from the west of Karliova to Isparta Angle, which is another indication of the partitioned extensional strain across the Central Anatolia. On the other hand, the compressional strains were also obtained near the eastern branch of Isparta Angle, Tuz Gölü and southern Anatolia. In this study, we provide new quantitative results about the fact that the deformation in Central Anatolia is not uniform and possibly driven by the extension through slab pull and/or suction in west-southwest and the compression in the south rather than a simple coherent rotation and/or translation/transport of Anatolia driven by an extrusion process in the east. We also propose that the tectonics of Central Anatolia comprises a dominant tensional driving force along Hellenic Arc in the southwest and a restraining belt along Cyprian Arc in the south. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and coronary collateral circulation (CCC) in patients with coronary chronic total occlusion., Subjects and Methods: Our study population consisted of 275 consecutive patients with chronic total occlusion. One hundred and thirty-eight patients with chronic total occlusion were included in the study. They were classified into 2 groups as follows: impaired CCC (group 1: Rentrop grades 0-1) and good CCC (group 2: Rentrop grades 2-3). The NLR was calculated from the complete blood count., Results: The NLR values of the patients with impaired CCC (4.5 ± 0.7) were significantly higher than of those with good CCC (2.7 ± 0.6, p < 0.001). In the multivariate logistic regression test, NLR (OR 33.36, 95% CI 8.189-135.7, p < 0.001), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP; OR 2.152, 95% CI 1.226-3.777, p = 0.008), estimated glomerular filtration rate (OR 1.167, 95% CI 1.049-1.298, p = 0.004) and systolic blood pressure (OR 1.068, 95% CI 1.009-1.1310, p = 0.025) were independent predictors of impaired CCC. The NLR value >3.55 yielded an area under the curve value of 0.957 (95% CI 0.921-0.992, p < 0.001) and demonstrated a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 90% for the prediction of CCC. A moderate correlation between NLR and hs-CRP was observed (r = 0.443; p < 0.001)., Conclusion: Our findings reveal that NLR correlates with the impaired development of coronary collaterals., (© 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Only a few studies focused on the predictors of the SYNTAX score (SS). We evaluated the independent clinical predictors of SS in 436 consecutive patients with stable angina pectoris who underwent coronary angiography. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated. The mean SS was 25.8 ± 13.7. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels gradually rise while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, and eGFR levels gradually decline from low to high SS tertile. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that diabetes (P = .005), left ventricular ejection fraction ([LVEF]; P < .001), previous statin use (P = .02), HDL-C level (P < .001), and eGFR (P < .001) were independent predictors of SS. In conclusion, the presence of diabetes mellitus, no previous statin use, and lower values of HDL-C, LVEF, and eGFR were independent predictors of coronary heart disease complexity. This study has been accepted to present at the 28th Turkish National Cardiology Congress.

Objectives: We aimed to assess the use and reporting-quality of multivariate logistic regression analysis (MVLRA) in articles published in two Turkish cardiology journals., Study Design: We reviewed all original articles published in two Turkish cardiology journals (The Anatolian Journal of Cardiology and Archives of the Turkish Society of Cardiology) between January 2010 and August 2011. The articles that used MVLRA were analyzed comprehensively based on 10 predefined criteria., Results: A total of 212 articles were reviewed, of which MVLRA was used in 33 (15.6%). Twenty-nine articles (87.9%) properly included the main components of the MVRLA, namely, odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and p values. However, none of the articles reported MVRLA-related data such as the modeling type, validation, goodness-fit, multicollinearity and interaction tests. There were severe reporting flaws and faults as to the ratio of the total number of events or sample size to the number of independent variables included into the MVLRA model, the use of fitness procedures, and how the independent variables were selected., Conclusion: Our results indicate that MVLRA has become a standard statistical method in the Turkish cardiology literature. However, overall reporting of MVLRA data still has seriously inadequate and inaccurate aspects.

Objective: We aimed to investigate the effect of coronary perfusion on QT interval dispersion in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI)., Methods: Seventy-seven consecutive patients who had undergone primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for a first ST segment elevation MI during the first 12 h of symptom onset were included in the study. After achievement of thrombolysis in MI (TIMI) 3 flow of the infarct-related artery, corrected TIMI frame count (cTFC) and TIMI myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG) were measured. ECGs were performed in the following manner: at baseline, within 1 h after completion of the procedure, 24 h after the procedure and 48 h after the procedure. The corrected QT dispersion (QTd) and ST segment resolution (STR) were calculated., Results: There was a difference between the durations of corrected QTd (cQTd) before PCI and cQTd just after PCI. On the first day, cQTd before PCI was significantly more prolonged (52.3 ± 80 vs. 41.5 ± 49, P = 0.05) than cQTd on second day (52.3 ± 80 vs. 37 ± 50, P = 0.001). In the correlation analysis conducted among the durations of cQTd, cTFC and TMPG, no significant association was established. STR was, however, inversely correlated with duration of cQTd., Conclusion: Our study results demonstrated that primary percutaneous coronary intervention leads to progressive shortening of QT dispersion in successful reperfusion, even in reduced cTFC.