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City walls have played a significant role in the history of many cities in both Europe and Anatolia in the Middle Ages. Following the development of war technology, the city walls lost their importance as defensive structures, which led to changes in the urban patterns of walled cities. In the case of Istanbul, the city walls began to lose their defensive role after the Ottoman takeover of the city in the fifteenth century. However, the walls have continued to play new roles beyond defense, such as forming the city's physical, legal, and fiscal boundaries. The Ottoman authorities repaired and conserved the city walls in line with their changing roles, values and meaning for the city. Nevertheless, the city walls in Istanbul were damaged by earthquakes, city fires and particularly urban planning practices in the nineteenth century, as was the case in many walled cities. This paper discusses the intertwined history of preservation and demolition of the city walls by analyzing a cost estimate, dated 1894 and located in the Ottoman State Archives, which was prepared by the modernizing administration of the Ottoman State for the repairs of the Istanbul Land Walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

University reform was carried out in Turkiye in 1933. Many people of Jewish heritage, opposition doctors, and others who had fled Nazi persecution in Europe sought safety in Turkiye between 1933 and the end of World War II. Having examined the relevant official state archive documents, we, as our main objective, aimed to share the information obtained about immigrant physicians and scientists who worked at Istanbul University, contributing to establishing the Faculty of Medicine from 1933 until the end of World War II. The study was designed as a qualitative-multiple document analysis. Documents found by scanning the catalog of the Turkish Presidency State Archives Republic Archive Catalog were examined. In addition, other publications on the subject have been read. Seventeen original archival documents on physicians and other scientists who fled Nazi Germany and took refuge in Turkiye are examined. The names of 16 physicians and scientists are mentioned in the documents. They worked at the institute, clinic, School of Dentistry, and School of Pharmacists incorporated in the Faculty of Medicine. In addition to the advantages Turkiye provided for the scientists who took refuge, the country made it simple for their relatives to move and live there. Some of these scientists even acquired Turkish citizenship. It is found that immigrant physicians and scientists who took refuge in Turkiye have made a significant contribution to the development of Turkish medical education and medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ottoman historiography has a modern branch of study is growing leaps and bounds, but still has a long way to go before reaching maturity. One area it needs to focus on is the Ottoman timar system, namely the Ottoman "zeâmet," or "middle class," and the who it was comprised of. The zaims were some of the most active actors in this system - which also happened to form the foundation of the Ottoman economy and military structure, and was welcomed by the viziers. Some attempted to gain financial and political influence by increasing their territorial holdings over earning and losing zeâmet. Others succeeded or failed to gain local influence. Alas, few have examined either topic in any length. This article will study of the representatives of rural and urban zaims in the Turkish province [then "sanjak"] of Amasya between and 1700 and 1740. We have looked at Tapu Tahrir, Muhimme, and Şeriyye Defters, retail documents obtained from the General Directorate of State Archives of the Republic of Turkey, and the domestic and foreign research on the subject. Eighty one (81) zeamet records reveal that a significant part of the zaims owned lands in the Amasya, and that they were state officials. What we can infer from that is that it central government used them as part of a broader "controlled growth" policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute Journal is the property of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study deals with the sursat obligation in Ayntab, which was an average sanjak of the country in the 17th century, which was considered a century of change and transformation of the Ottoman State. Sursat was an obligation demanded within the scope of war needs in extraordinary situations. This obligation was not a full tax in nature, but the transportation of products such as barley, flour/bread, sheep, clarified butter, honey and wood/straw at destinations determined by the reaya and selling them to the soldiers in exchange for money. Ayntab was subordinate to the province of Marash in the studied period. It was a sanjak consisting of Ayntab and Telbaşer kazas. The people of Liva fulfilled their sursat obligation mostly in-kind during the eastern military campaigns and in cash the western military campaigns. As the main source in the research, dozens of Sursat Zahiresi/Bedeli Notebooks, Mevkufat Notebooks and Ayntab Şer'iyye Registers, as well as many documents belonging to the period recorded in various funds of the Ottoman Archive under the Presidency of the State Archives of the Republic of Turkey were used. As far as the sources allow, the nature/identity of the sursat obligation, its course in time and its functioning in the assessment-collection process were followed in the 17th century in the private of the Sanjak/Kaza of Ayntab. In this process, from randomness to permanence, which emerged throughout the period, sometimes radically, sometimes in a slow but steady manner; the change/transformation from in-kind to cash has been observed. It has been observed how this contractual and imposing obligation, which was demanded in the beginning, was transformed into a full tax over time. This research has illuminated the financial/economic, social and even administrative situation of the period and the region a little more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the politics of the early Turkish governments towards various ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities living on the territory of the Republic of Turkey in the light of the principle of nationalism, which became one of the fundamental principles of the new Turkish state. Based on the achievements of modern historiography and the archive documents in the records of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Religions kept at the Central State Archives – Sofia, it makes a review of the typical practices aimed at assimilation of the Muslim linguistic, ethnic and denominational minorities, on one hand, and, on the other hand, at the exclusion of non-Muslims from the concept of the “Turkish nation” and the adoption of discriminatory, and even repressive practices, encouraging their emigration from the Republic of Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is two-fold; a) to examine the attendance of Turkey at the exhibitions, expositions and fairs held in the Balkans in order to develop commercial relations with the Balkan countries and to introduce the goods and products it produced, and b) to discuss the results achieved in this process. In this regard, Turkey's approach to exhibitions, expositions and fairs held in Thessaloniki, Belgrade and Plovdiv, the preparation processes, and the political and economic factors that enabled this attendance were discussed. Turkey's attendance at these economic organizations in the Balkans took place especially after the Balkan Conferences and the signing of the Balkan Pact. By attending these exhibitions, Turkey brought close political relations with the Balkan countries to the economic field. Thus, the Balkan Union was tried to be placed on an economic basis. The main sources of the study were the Republic Archive documents of Presidency State Archives and the periodical publications of the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the making of the National Palaces Privy Purse Archive, which later was conjoined with the State Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey (the Ottoman Archives), and investigates the silences in the Ottoman and Iraqi historiographies that were produced in this process. Building on Michel-Rolph Trouillot's scholarship, I argue that the moment of fact assembly and the moment of fact retrieval should be highlighted in understanding historiographic shifts as well as their related silences. This article further elaborates on the archival material in the Privy Purse record group, now accessible through the State Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey in Istanbul, Turkey, and suggests ways in which the Privy Purse record group could inform Ottoman and Iraqi historiographies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi is the property of Tarih Incelemeleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi is the property of Tarih Incelemeleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Erdem is the property of Ataturk Kultur Merkezi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of History Scientific Journal is the property of Az Buki National Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish History Education Journal (TUHED) is the property of Ahmet Simsek and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For the Republic of Turkey, Hatay has been of particular importance due to its presence within the national borders of Misak-ı. Hatay living under the French mandate provided for many years to participate in the liberation of the territory of Turkey and Hatay in 1939 was celebrated with festivals all over Turkey. In this context, many statesmen have visited Hatay during the historical process. Prime minister Adnan Menderes was in Hatay during a trip to the Southeast in 1956. Another visit was made in 1960 as a visit to Marash and Hatay. The aim of our study is to evaluate the internal politics of the period based on the reflections of Adnan Menderes 'visits to Hatay to the press and the speeches of the Prime Minister. In our study, documents of the Presidential State Archive, periodicals and other printed works were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Art-Sanat Journal / Art-Sanat is the property of Art-Sanat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Alternative Politics / Alternatif Politika is the property of Alternatif Politika and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish History Education Journal (TUHED) is the property of Ahmet Simsek and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Sanjak of Alexandretta, which lies within the borders delineated in the National Pact, was conferred with a special administrative status in the Treaty of Ankara signed on October 20th, 1921 between France and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. When the power of the mandated administrations in the Middle East started to be returned to governments in the region, France ended its claim over Syria and transferred the administration of the Sanjak to the Syrian government. Following this development, Turkey launched a diplomatic initiative demanding the independence of the Sanjak of Alexandretta, which was under a special administrative status at the time. After the deliberations of the League of Nations, on May 29th, 1937, Hatay gained a special administrative status with a separate constitution, becoming internally autonomous but externally part of Syria. France left its negative attitude in the Hatay question with the signing of the Turkish-French Joint Declaration of 1938, which was declared by Turkish Foreign Minister Tevfik Rüştü Aras and by H. Ponsot, the French Ambassador of Turkey. Following the Joint Declaration, within which both sides reiterated their commitment to the treaty signed between the two countries in 1930, articles and editorials about the Hatay question started to appear in the foreign press. Furthermore, the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs prepared a report of the articles published in Syrian “Fetel Arab”, Bulgarian “Utra” and Greek “Proia” newspapers about Hatay. This study examines documents held in the State Archives of the Republic of Turkey and report prepared by the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the Foreign press, and analyzes foreign public opinion on Turkey’s Hatay policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Accounting & Financial History Research Journal / Muhasebe ve Finans Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi. is the property of Association of Accounting & Financial History Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mutefekkir, Faculty of Islamic Sciences is the property of Aksaray University, Faculty of Islamic Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Erzincan Armistice Agreement which ended the war on the Caucasian front was signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Soviet Republic of Russia on December 15, 1917 and the border line was determined. Afterwards, the Russian armies began to withdraw from Eastern Anatolia region, leaving their arms to the Armenian committees under the pretext of protecting the Armenian population in the region from Kurd population's attacks. However, the main aim was to form an Armenian State tied to Russia in the eastern part of Anatolia through arming the Armenian committees urgently. After the transfer of Russian armies from Erzincan to Erzurum, the security and public order in the region were completely destroyed. The Armenians benefitting from the authority gap, dreamed of establishing an Armenian state in Eastern Anatolia. In order to achieve that goal civil Muslims including women, men, elders, youth and children were killed in the region by the systematic torture. The Armenian committees also burned residential areas, locked people into mosques and houses and set them on fire. In order to put an end to this situation, the third Army commander Mehmed Vehib Pasha, the Russian Caucasian Army Commander General Odishelidze and General Prjevalski, sent a series of telegrams describing the severity of the situation with the aim to stop this violence immediately. The aim of this study to reveal reflections of the massacres committed by the Armenian committees in the eastern Anatolia on the correspondences of both Ottoman and Russian commanders. The study included evaluations of the Armenian atrocities in the region via Russian telegrams in the Georgian State Archives in Tbilisi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our planet experiences falls of meteorites with different airburst and ground impact risk. Some of these meteors can survive after the atmospheric passage and fall into the ground. Although there are claims that people were hit and killed by meteorites in history, the historical records do not prove this fact so far. This issue might be due to the fact that either the manuscript was written in a language other than English or there is not enough interest in historical records. To the best of our knowledge, we show the first proof of an event ever that a meteorite hit and killed a man and left paralyzed another on August 22, 1888 in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, based on three manuscripts written in Ottoman Turkish that were extracted from the General Directorate of State Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey. This event was also reported to Abdul Hamid II (34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire) by the governor of Sulaymaniyah. These findings suggest other historical records may still exist that describe other events that caused death and injuries by meteorites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences is the property of Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Peace Research & Conflict Resolution / Baris Arastirmalari ve Çatisma Çözümleri Dergisi is the property of Yalova University, Research Center for International Conflict Resolution and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Islamic Civilization Studies / İslam Medeniyeti Araştırmaları Dergisi (IMAD) is the property of Islam Medeniyeti Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mukaddime Journal is the property of Mukaddime Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the end of the Korean War, relevant research has been ongoing both in Korea and in participating nations such as the U.S. Russia, and China. In the case of Turkey, official records, books, academic papers, theses, and other materials on the Korean War are stored in the State Archive, the Archive of the Ministry of National Defense, and major public and university libraries. Turkish academia has published many books and research papers on the topic. So far, research on the Korean War in Turkey has been carried out mostly by academics from military research institutions, and the resulting papers mostly highlight the courage and bravery of Turkish soldiers during the Korean War. Up until now, only individual researchers have proposed more critical perspectives. A diversification of the research environment and output can be anticipated in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to evaluate the thermal properties of Köyceğiz Lake using in-situ measurements and satellite based thermal infrared imagery. In-situ measurements of surface water temperature and water depth, as well as meteorological data, were used in the analysis. Images of the Landsat 8 TIRS (Thermal Infrared (IR) Sensors) at IR channels were taken from the data archives of United State Geological Survey (USGS), and were validated with surface in-situ measurements. Specific Electrical conductivity (SEC) measurements done at the bottom of the lake were also used for a better understanding of the water thermal stratification and types (cold/hot) that impact on the underwater physical properties of the lake. In-situ measurements at the water surface were interpolated using a new method known as 'Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK)'. The 2D and 3D (dimensional) temperature maps were generated using the Delaunay triangulation technique which utilizes nearest neighbor interpolation method. The results show that the correlation coefficient (R2) between water surface temperatures (WST) from in-situ measurements and IR channels is found to be greater than 0.86. The analysis of 2D and 3D temperature mapping of the lake water revealed evidences for subaqueous cold spring occurrence in the northern part and subaqueous hot springs in the south-western part of Koycegiz Lake. It is concluded that correlating in-situ water temperature measurements to Landsat 8 TIRS images is an efficient method for temporal and spatial evaluation of lake water characteristics. • İnterpolation methods. • İn-situ and remote sensing data. • Hot/cold springs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]