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Groundwater in Karamık wetland and surroundings, which is one of the important wetlands in Turkey, was examined and the chemical properties and quality of groundwater were determined in the present study. In addition, the possible risks to human health as a result of groundwater usage were investigated along with spatial analyses carried out using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Physicochemical analyses were carried out on 25 samples taken from groundwater. The dominant ions in the study area are Ca, Mg, and HCO3. When the results are compared with the limit values in the valid drinking water guidelines such as TSI-266 (Standards for drinking waters, 2005) and WHO (Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 2011), the groundwaters were not suitable for use as drinking water in terms of NO3, Fe, Pb and As. The analysis results were evaluated together with GIS and Water Quality Index (WQI) methods. In the evaluations with the WQI method, 76% of the samples were in the "poor water" class. The groundwater in the study area is polluted by both geogenic and anthropogenic sources. For this reason, health risk assessment was performed due to the use of groundwater in the region by the local people in different areas, especially as drinking water, and the negative effects of water quality. Accordingly, there are non-carcinogenic negative effects on health in terms of NO3, As, Pb and Fe parameters from the use of groundwater by children. In addition, Pb and As concentrations are at carcinogenic levels for both children and adults in all groundwater samples collected from the study area. Therefore, it is not recommended to use groundwater as drinking water without treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the recharge processes of the springs in the Sandikli and Suhut basins were investigated by stable isotopes, oxygen-18 (δ18O), deuterium (δ2H or δD) and tritium (3H) analysis. The study area consists of volcanics, limestones and clastic rocks. There is a large number of water sources discharged from volcanic origin rocks and clastic limestones in this region. The dominant ions in the springs in the region are Ca2+, Mg2+ and HC . The δ18O and δ2H values of the spring waters ranged between –8.0 and –10.8, –53.0 and –69.6 in September-2017, between –7.9 and –10.8, –512.0 and –69.6 in April-2018 respectively. The positions of samples on the δ18O–δ2H diagrams indicate the meteoric origin. The maximum tritium contents of the water samples 5.4 TU in September-2017 and 5.2 TU in April-2018. Deuterium excess (d-excess) values of spring waters were between 9.1 and 17.3‰ in September-2017, between 8.4 and 18.0‰ in April-2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Akşehir district is one of the regions where significant agricultural production and industrial activities are carried out. Groundwater is the most important water resource in this region used for different purposes, especially for drinking and irrigation water. In order to ensure sustainable water management in the study area, it is necessary to reveal the drinking and irrigation water quality of groundwater and to take precautions and determine the management plans. In the present study, groundwater quality was evaluated using water quality index methods (WQI and IWQI) and statistical analyses to determine the sustainable and most appropriate usage of groundwater. In addition, spatial distribution maps were prepared using GIS for drinking and irrigation WQI assessments of the groundwater. A total of 31 groundwater samples were collected from wells in October 2018 and physicochemical analysis results were evaluated. According to the results obtained with the WQI method, all groundwater samples in the study area are definitely not suitable for use as drinking water. According to the results obtained by the IWQI method, samples S23, S24, S25, S27, S28, S29, and S31 especially are not suitable for use as irrigation water. Statistical evaluations support the results obtained from WQI and IWQI methods. Also, factor analysis indicates that anthropogenic pollution, especially agricultural applications, is effective on the chemical and quality characteristics of groundwater samples in addition to the geological properties. As seen in the spatial distribution maps for WQI and IWQI results, while the quality of groundwaters around Doğruözü and Erdoğdu is not suitable for drinking water, the groundwater quality in the north-east of the study area is also unusable for irrigation water. Consequently, the use of groundwater in the region as drinking water can be dangerous for human health and alternative drinking water resources should be investigated. In addition, in order to ensure the sustainable use of groundwater, it is necessary to control agricultural activities in the region, to monitor the use of pesticides and fertilizers, and to encourage organic farming practices in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater is an important water resource used for drinking, domestic and agricultural activities in Aksșehir and surroundings. However, intensive agricultural and human activities in the region adversely affect groundwater quality. In this study, 31 water samples were collected from wells. According to the Piper diagram, groundwater in the study area was in the Ca--Mg--HCO3 and Ca--HCO3 water facies. As a result, it is not appropriate to use groundwater as drinking water in the study area in terms of trace elements and pollutant analysis results of water samples compared to limit values determined by WHO and ITHASY drinking water guidelines. The arsenic concentration in groundwater was studied in detail. The origin and concentration of arsenic in groundwater is associated with agricultural activities and pesticides in the region. Accordingly, a health risk assessment was carried out for the use of groundwater in the study area as drinking water. The results for all samples analyzed indicate that the groundwater concerned was not suitable for drinking purposes because of arsenic concentrations which exceeded maximum acceptable levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater quality is a crucial parameter for sustainable wetland management. The evaluation of the aquifer vulnerability is important for the protection of groundwater resources. The DRASTIC model is the most significant technique for the assessment of aquifer vulnerability. This study aimed to build a vulnerability map for groundwater of the Salda Lake wetland basin by DRASTIC method in a GIS environment. Seven environmental parameters (depth to water table, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of the vadose zone media, and hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer) were used in the DRASTIC method and GIS was used to constitute a groundwater vulnerability map. This study showed that 13.71% of the area had high pollution potential, 10.13% had moderate pollution potential, and 76.15% had low pollution potential in respect to groundwater pollution. Intensive agricultural activities are carried out in the study area. The DRASTIC vulnerability index value of the study area was well correlated with the nitrate map of the study area. In addition, Salda Lake protection areas were determined. All of the defining protection areas of the Salda Lake are within the most sensitive areas in DRASTIC map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater is a major water source for drinking, domestic and agricultural activities in the Korkuteli district. However, the intensive agricultural activities in the region negatively affect the groundwater quality. In this study, 30 water samples were collected from springs, wells, and tap waters in dry and wet seasons. Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Mg-Ca-HCO3 were dominant water types in the study area. According to the Gibbs diagrams, which were prepared to determine the mechanism controlling the groundwater geochemistry, samples from both seasons fell in the rock-dominance zone. The water quality index indicates the increase of ion concentrations due to the agricultural effect along with the rainwater in the region. Also, according to WHO standards, water samples are not appropriate to use as drinking water in terms of the heavy metal and fertilizers analysis results. In terms of the irrigation usage, most groundwater samples are suitable in dry and wet seasons. According to HCO3 and SO4 results, the mentioned samples can induce incrustation on metal surfaces and therefore are not recommended for industrial use. Groundwater chemistry in the study area is affected with water- rock interaction and dense agricultural activities. In conclusion, the study area is at high risk in terms of the health risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the physicochemical parameters, major ions and arsenic (As) contents of water resources in the Yazır lake wetland, were evaluated. In addition, water resources in this region were investigated from the point of water quality and health risk assessment. Thirty water samples were collected from the area in dry and wet seasons. Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Ca-HCO3 were the dominant water types. The Gibbs diagram suggests that most of the samples fall in rock-dominance zone, which indicates the groundwater interaction between rock chemistry. When compared to drinking water guidelines established by World Health Organization and Turkey, much greater attention should be paid to As, Fe, and Mn through varied chemicals above the critical values. According to the pH-ORP diagram, the predominant species is arsenate (H2AsO4−2). The high concentrations of As in the surface water and groundwater are related to oxidative and reductive dissolution reaction of Fe and Mn hydroxides within the Kızılcadağ ophiolite and melange. In addition, the seasonal changes in As concentrations depend on the increase in pH of water samples. The major toxic and carcinogenic chemical within water samples is As for groundwater and surface water. From the results of hazard index, it is verified that As which is taken by ingestion of water was the main contaminant, and toxic human risk in the study area. The obtained results will help define strategies for As problems in the water resources in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isparta city center is selected as a work area in this study because the public believes that the tap water is dirty and harmful. In this study, the city's drinking water in the distribution system and other spring waters which are used as drinking water in this region were investigated from the point of water quality and health risk assessment. Water samples were collected from major drinking water springs, tap waters, treatment plants and dam pond in the Isparta province center. Ca-Mg-HCO3, Mg-Ca-HCO3, Ca-Na-HCO3, Ca-HCO3, Ca-HCO3-SO4 and Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO4 are dominant water types. When compared to drinking water guidelines established by World Health Organization and Turkey, much greater attention should be paid to As, Br, Fe, F, NH4, PO4 through varied chemicals above the critical values. The increases of As, Fe, F, NH4 and PO4 are related to water-rock interaction. In tap waters, the increases of As and Fe are due to corrosion of pipes in drinking water distribution systems. The major toxic and carcinogenic chemicals within drinking water are As and Br for both tap water and spring water. Also, F is the non-carcinogenic chemical for only spring waters in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tefenni (Burdur) plain is located in the southwest of Turkey and is semi-closed basin. Groundwater is densely used as drinking, irrigation and domestic water in the Tefenni plain. Hydrogeochemical processes controlling groundwater chemistry and geochemical assessment of groundwater were investigated in the Tefenni (Burdur/Turkey) plain. The conceptual hydrogeological model of the plain was prepared for qualitative description of the underground geology and interpretation of hydrogeochemical processes of the study area. In this study, groundwater samples for two seasons were analyzed and major ion chemistry of groundwater was researched to understand the groundwater geochemistry. Two major hydrochemical facies (Ca-Mg-HCO and Mg-Ca-HCO) were determined in the area. Mg, Na, SO and Cl concentrations of water samples increased seasonally related to ion exchange of minerals in rocks by rainwater in wet season. Various graphical plots and multivariate statistical analysis (Pearson correlation analysis) were used for identifying the occurrence of different geochemical processes. Carbonate weathering in dry season and silicate weathering in wet season were the major hydrogeochemical processes in the study area. In addition, ion exchange and reverse ion exchange were two possible processes of water-rock interaction in the basin. The mechanism controlling groundwater chemistry at the Tefenni plain is originally regulated by the geogenic process rather than antropogenic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to examine microbiological risk of public water system of Tefenni (Burdur) region, which is located in southwest of Turkey. The important pollutants of the study area are cattle breeding, use of animal manure for agricultural activities and unsanitary water supply system and water tank. The microbiological condition was assessed using total coliform bacteria in water samples, which was collected from springs, wells and water supply system of Tefenni county and villages during the period January 2009 and December 2009. Microbiological analyses indicate that failure rate (positive samples) was 43% for sampling period. There was greater consistency among failures of total coliform indicator standards during spring and winter than during autumn and summer. This observation was explained partially by a significant positive correlation with the rainfall amount ( r = 0.70, P = 0.01). In addition, the microbiological risk assessment was made using modified sanitary inspection forms and prepared final score map. Compared with final score and microbial pollutant maps of the study area, it has been shown that water resources having high risk score were directly proportional with pollutants related to land use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the hydrogeology of the Sarkikaraagac Basin in southwest Turkey and to assess its groundwater vulnerability. The groundwater of the basin, used for both drinking and irrigation, is discharged to the Beysehir Lake, the largest in the Lake District. Groundwaters have Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Mg-HCO3 facies. The most important pollutant factor is anthropogenic pollution, originating from dense and widespread agricultural activity, which moves through the groundwater to the Beysehir Lake. The groundwater vulnerability of the alluvial aquifer is determined with different parameters using the DRASTIC approach. The most vulnerable area, covering 30.23% of the basin, is strongly correlated with known pollution values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronary Artery Ectasia (CAE) is the dilatation of the epicardial coronary arteries 1.5 times that of normal adjacent segment. CAE can be congenital or acquired. In Isparta region, it have been found at 0.7 % incidence that was higher than previous reports in patients who underwent diagnostic catheterization. In recent years, contribute of information technology to health sector, increased quickly. GIS is a technology that determines the geographical distribution of diseases and helps to analyse the relationship between environmental factors and characteristics of population and diseases. Geograhic Information Systems (GIS) technology, visualized classical data operations like, interrogate and statistically analyse, and connected it geographic analyze that supplied by maps. We aimed to determine the demographic characteristics of CAE patients in Isparta region, distribution of patients in province and counties and to form the CAE maps for Isparta region after transferring the data to GIS systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the spatial variation of groundwater quality and the potential health risk situation arising were evaluated determining Water Quality Index (WQI and IWQI) for drinking and irrigation water in Şuhut Plain (Afyonkarahisar, Turkey). A total of 27 groundwater samples were collected from wells in May-2019 and physicochemical analysis results were evaluated. According to analysis results of the water samples, the orders of anion and cations are HCO3>SO4-2>Cl- > CO3-2 and Ca+2 > Mg+2 > Na+>K+, respectively. It has been determined that groundwater samples are generally in "excellent" and "good" water class according to the WQI and IWQI assessment. At the same time, groundwater in the study area is suitable for agricultural irrigation water. However, many water samples cannot be used as drinking water in terms of TDS, Mg, NO 3 and As T according to limit values of TSI-266 (2005) and WHO (2011). Health risk assessment indicate that, the risk of developing cancer due to arsenic exposure in healthy adults or children is very low. But, arsenic has a high non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic potentially harmful effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Burdur Saline Lake Basin is semi-closed and it is situated in the southwest of Turkey. This saline and highly alkaline lake has a tectonic origin. Alluvium represents the most important aquifer and other aquifer is granular and karstic in nature. In the present study, we collected 35 groundwater samples and analyzed them to characterize the groundwater chemistry and investigate hydrogeochemical processes. Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO 3 2− and SO 4 2− are the dominant ions and the samples are grouped into different hydrochemical facies such as Ca–HCO 3 , Ca–Mg–HCO 3 , Mg-Ca-HCO 3 , Na-Mg-SO 4 and Na-SO 4 -HCO 3. Limestone, silicate and gypsum controlled the groundwater chemistry through reverse ion exchange, dissolution of carbonates and silicate weathering. Presence of more iron, arsenic and boron in the groundwater is geogenic. The statistical analysis, i.e. R-mode factor, determined interrelationships within the chemical data through five factors accounting 85.32 % of the total variance of the dataset. Factor 1 is represented by strong loadings of EC, TDS, Mg2+, Na+, SO 4 2−, As and B, and moderate loadings of K+ and Cl-. Factor 2 has strong positive loadings for Ca and CO 3 -, and moderate negative loading for pH. Factor 3 has strong positive loadings for Zn and has moderate positive loading for Cl-. Factor 4 has strong negative loadings for T (°C), and has moderate positive loadings for pH and K+. Factor 5 has strong positive loadings for HCO 3 - and has moderate positive loading for Fe. Geochemical variables of Factors 1, 2, 4 and 5 represented the natural hydrogeochemical processes like water-rock interaction. The variables present in factor 3 reflected the anthropogenic effects in the Burdur Lake Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kızılırmak Delta is one of the most important agricultural production regions and it was included as part of the Ramsar Convention in 1998. The water used in agricultural irrigation is mostly supplied from drainage channels. In the present study, 120 water samples were collected from drainage channels and analyzed to characterize the groundwater chemistry and microbiological contamination. Sea water interface, discharge of sewage, wastewater from agricultural activities and livestock and uncontrolled solid waste landfills were identified as the most important pollutant sources in the delta. Serious microbiological pollution was detected in channel water samples. These results indicate that sewage waters mix with the channel waters in the delta. Also, the correlations of parameters such as EC, TDS, DO, Cl− and SO 4 2− indicate that channel waters contain high dissolved minerals. It was concluded that especially agricultural pollution and waste water affects water resources negatively in the region. Image 1 • The deterioration of irrigation water quality is an important problem. • Hydro-chemical and microbiological pollution is very dangerous for human health. • Channels have high bacteria content. • Agricultural pollution and waste waters contaminates water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salda Lake is one of the rare alkaline lakes in the world. In this study, the major and trace element contents of the Salda Lake water were analysed in two periods. Lake water samples were taken at the surface, at 10 m and 20 m depths. The pH and EC values of the lake water varied from 9.08 to 9.34 and from 1690 to 2124 μS/cm, respectively. The dominant water type of the lake water was Mg-CO 3 -HCO 3 . The high Mg content in the lake water originated from the weathering of ultramafic rocks which were located in the lake basin. All of the Ca, Cl and SO 4 contents were high in surface samples in the dry period. The CO 3 and HCO 3 contents of the lake water did not show a change with depth and were constant in the wet period. The Mg, Na and K contents of the lake water increased depending on the depth in both periods, while CO 3 and HCO 3 contents showed depth-dependent increases only in the dry period. Weathering processes and anthropogenic inputs are the largest dissolution mechanisms that control the chemical structure of the lake water. The Salda Lake water is generally classified as class I in terms of T, DO, oxygen saturation, NH 4 and NO 2 parameters according to the SWQR and USEPA regulations. But, the water is in classes II, III, IV and V with respect to pH, EC, NO 3 , biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), oxygen saturation, As and Cr in the different periods. The increase in the As and Cr concentrations is geogenic in origin and is related to the lithological units that interact with the bottom and surroundings of the lake.

The objective of the present study was to determine the plasma total oxidative status (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in patients with endemic fluorosis. A total of 79 (35 males and 44 females; mean age 44.0 ± 11.9 years) patients with endemic fluorosis and 55 (23 males and 32 females; mean age 48.3 ± 8.5 years) age-, sex- and body mass index-matched healthy controls were included in this study. The urine fluoride levels and plasma TOS and TAC levels were measured. The urine fluoride levels of fluorosis patients were significantly higher than control subjects as expected (1.91 ± 0.15 vs. 0.49 ± 0.13 mg/L, respectively; p < 0.001). TOS was significantly higher in fluorosis group than in control group (17.55 ± 3.82 vs. 15.06 ± 4.31 μmol H(2)O(2) Eq/L, respectively; p = 0.001). TAC was significantly lower in fluorosis group than in control group (1.60 ± 0.36 vs. 1.82 ± 0.51 mmol Trolox Eq/L, respectively; p = 0.004). Oxidative stress index (OSI) was significantly higher in fluorosis group than in control group (11.5 ± 3.8 vs. 8.8 ± 3.7, respectively; p < 0.001). Correlation analysis in all the groups indicated that TAC was negatively correlated with urine fluoride (r = -0.25, p = 0.003), TOS was positively correlated with urine fluoride (r = 0.34, p < 0.001) and OSI was positively correlated with urine fluoride (r = 0.36, p < 0.001). The results of our study demonstrate that oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the endemic fluorosis.

Endemic waterborne fluorosis is a public health problem in Isparta, a city located in southern Turkey. Fluoride is a cumulative element that increases metabolic turnover of the bone and also affects the homeostasis of bone mineral metabolism. There are number of similarities between the effects of excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fluorosis on bone. So fluoride might show its effect via PTH. We aimed to determine PTH levels in patients with endemic fluorosis to estimate the possible toxic effects of chronic fluoride intake. Fifty-six patients with endemic fluorosis and 28 age-, sex-, and body-mass-index-matched healthy controls were included in this study. Endemic fluorosis was diagnosed according to the clinical diagnosis criteria of Wang. The urine fluoride levels of fluorosis patients were significantly higher than those of control subjects as expected (1.9 ± 0.1 vs. 0.4 ± 0.1 mg/L, respectively; P < 0.001). PTH levels in fluorosis group were significantly higher than control group (65.09 ± 32.91 versus 47.40 ± 20.37, respectively; P = 0.01). The results of our study demonstrate that serum PTH levels are increased in patients with endemic fluorosis. Fluoride, by interfering calcium balance, may be the cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism.