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Natural pozzolans have been used as building materials since ancient times. They are used as a supplementary cementitious material in combination with portland clinker to produce cements, characterized by high mechanical strengths and good durability performance. In the past the production of pozzolanic cement was mostly restricted to countries with natural pozzolan availability (Italy, Turkey, Greece, Philippine for example) and considered or even rejected in other countries that had the possibility of using other types of SCMs such as slag or fly‐ash. The market acceptance of natural pozzolanic cement also shows regional dependency. Colour and water demand strongly affect the perception and rheological properties of concrete containing natural pozzolan resulting in poor acceptancy in regions not used to working with this type of cement. Although, this SCM has been studied for very long time, today it makes sense to look closely at new pozzolanic binders. Innovative types of pozzolanic cement with very low clinker content are approaching the traditional cement market, due to the need for clinker factor reduction, and to the availability of separate grinding technology. New applications are being investigated with the aim of exploiting the behaviour of certain pozzolanic material to act as CO2 adsorbers for the removal of the exhaust gas during the production process. This paper will provide an overview of the most recent research work dealing with natural pozzolanic cement and the possible future opportunities and barriers offered by this very traditional and long‐used building material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable energy is an important and strategic issue to meet the needs of future generations. In order to ensure sustainable energy, action plans should be created and the steps to be taken should be prioritized. In this study, an integrated AHP/ANP methodology with SWOT Analysis TOWS Matrix is ​​applied for strategic analysis. The study is carried out with the 31 participations of internal and external stakeholders for the Yenişehir region in Mersin province of Turkey. Firstly, SWOT Analysis is applied for the region, and then, it is developed with the TOWS matrix, which is the action tool for the items determined by the SWOT analysis. At this stage, 16 Sustainable Energy Action Plan strategies are determined. Finally, the weights for each strategy are calculated separately with the AHP method and the ANP method, and prioritized, and the importance levels of the strategies are determined. After both solutions, the first three strategies that are asked to be given priority in practice are found to be the same. Priority strategies in the study, increasing renewable energy applications in buildings depending on population density (SO1), reducing greenhouse gas emissions with waste management studies (WO5), and maximizing the energy efficiency potential to provide thermal insulation, create energy efficient systems in buildings (SO3) and emerge as priority strategies. The study is a guide for the first steps to be taken by the region for sustainable energy actions and is carried out effectively with integrated systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional production methods used in the production process of bricks as a building material causes several impacts on the environment and climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions and waste generation. The life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology is used to determine a material's carbon footprint from cradle to grave, including all production processes from the extraction of raw materials to the disposal of waste materials or re-use of recycled materials. It is important to examine the energy and material flow of the product using the LCA methodology to develop sustainable solutions in the production processes of brick material. This preliminary study aims to review existing LCA approaches about bricks, obtain bibliometric data from the published papers that include the analysis of the life cycle of bricks, and form a basis for the main study by analyzing literature data. Within the scope of this study, the bibliometric analysis method is used to examine available literature about the LCA of bricks, research gaps are investigated, and bibliometric mapping is implemented using several co-occurrences such as authorship, publication years, countries, keywords, etc. Web of Science and Scopus databases are used for bibliometric mapping. The results of the study show that it is an emerging research topic mostly studied in the context of environmental sciences, engineering, and technology that needs further research, especially in Turkey. Also, this topic is generally covered with and related to building materials, sustainability, waste management, biosolids, carbon emission, environmental impacts, recycling, and circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of cities along with the rapidly increasing population in the last century, the increasing number of vehicles has revealed the traffic problem in transportation. There are many solutions to eliminate the traffic problem. One of these solutions is a bicycle, which is an environmentally friendly means of transportation. In this study, the effectiveness of the "Fancy Women's Bicycle Tour", an awareness movement that sets out to increase the rate of bicycle use to reduce exhaust gases, was examined. Although this awareness-raising movement started with an environmental purpose, it serves a second purpose: to make women visible in society. In the research, the focus group interview technique was applied and 12 women of different ages, professions and cities participating in the "Fancy Women's Bicycle Tour" awareness movement were interviewed. 7 questions prepared earlier in the interview were directed to the group and the answers were noted down and analyzed. The awareness movement that started on the "Car-Free Cities Day" in Izmir continues to reach its goal by spreading first to the whole of Turkey and then to the world. This movement has led to women becoming more visible in society, an increase in bicycle usage rates, and the acceleration of the regulation and construction of bicycle paths. The use of clean, environmentally friendly means of transportation instead of vehicles that cause air pollution, together with the roads that will be built, the education that will be given, is important for a sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the thermoeconomic analysis and optimization of the Erzincan Waste Tire Recycling and Power Plant (EWTRPP) in Turkey and its waste heat-based district heating (DH) system. A thermoeconomical method, namely the specific exergy costing (SPECO), is applied to allocate cost flows through subcomponents of an actual existing plant. Besides, the obtained thermoeconomic results are improved by using an optimization method, namely non-dominant sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II), considering the temperature of the exhaust gas discharged to the atmosphere (T 25), the thermal conductivity value of the insulation material (ki) and pipe roughness value (s). The energy and exergy efficiencies of the existing plant are found to be 27.37% and 35.57%, respectively, considering the data of the actual plant. Moreover, the energy and exergy efficiencies of the waste heat-based DH system are found to be 43.08% and 55.99%, respectively. The total cost rate of the overall system is deduced 13.98 $/hby means of SPECO method. According to the results of the NSGA-II optimization method, the exergy efficiency and total cost rate of the overall system are evaluated as 6.93% and −2.51 $/h, respectively. Furthermore, it is also proposed that 1304 dwellings can be heated owing to the DH system utilizing the existing exhaust gas. • Thermoeconomic analysis and optimization of a waste tire recycling and power plant. • Specific exergy costing (SPECO) and optimization (NSGA-II) analyses. • Waste heat-based district heating system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the environmental impact of various pollutant emissions including carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and hydrocarbon (HC) from aircraft exhaust gases during the landing and take-off (LTO) cycles at Eskisehir Hasan Polatkan Airport, Turkey, between 2017 and 2018. Design/methodology/approach: The methodology approach used to calculate the emissions from aircrafts is based on the ICAO databank and the actual data records taken from Presidency of The Republic of Turkey Directorate of Communications (DoC). Findings: The maximum amount of total fuel burnt during the two years is 80.898 and 70.168 tons in 2017 and 2018, respectively, while the average fuel burnt per year from 2017 to 2018 is approximately 369.773 tons. The highest CO, CO2, NOx and HC emissions are found to be 248.3 kg in 2017, 261.380 tons, 1.708 tons and 22.15 kg, during the 2018 year, respectively. Average CO, HC, NOx and CO2 emissions amount per year are observed to be 1.392 tons, 135 kg, 6.909 tons and 1,143 tons, respectively. Considering the average of total emission amount as an environmental factor, as expected, CO2 emissions contributed the most to the total emissions while HC emissions contributed the least to the total emissions from the airport. Practical implications: The study presents the approach in determining the amounts of emissions released into the interannual atmosphere and it explicitly provides researchers and policymakers how to follow emissions from commercial aircraft activities at different airports. Originality/value: The value of the study lies in the transparent computation of the amounts of pollutants by providing the data directly from the first hand-DoC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, aircraft-induced environmental issues have attracted much research interest. In addition to studies on performance related emissions, air pollution and emissions in the field of airports also draw attention. Within this framework, the Antalya International Airport, one of the busiest airports in Turkey, is assessed from the viewpoint of the environment and economics. The present paper reveals the environmental impact and environmental cost of emitted exhaust gases from aircraft operating at the Antalya International Airport in July, 2018, the busiest period in the year. Within this scope the emissions indexes of each exhaust gas, global warming potential and environmental cost of various aircraft types and airways are calculated. To determine these parameters, real-time measurement data has been obtained from the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure of the Republic of Turkey. At the end of the analyses, aircraft of the B737 family are found to have the highest global warming potential and environmental cost, with values of 630,633.3 GWP and 39,723.4 Euros, respectively. In a future study, the authors intend to evaluate particulate matter emissions at the same airport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) introduced a new measure in 2011 with a set of technical innovation and performance standards to increase the energy efficiency of new ships at the design stage and aim to reduce CO2 emissions. This new measure is called Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) and this became a fast key instrument for the ships to be energy efficient. In this paper, one of the passenger ships in the Istanbul Strait was investigated and its emissions were estimated. The Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) of the ship was calculated. EEDI formula equations based on the study of passenger ships have been compared with the IMO other ship equations and some useful proposals have been presented to reduce the harmful effects of CO2 exhaust gas emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Vapor Absorption Refrigeration (VAR) system driven by the exhaust gas waste heat received from the internal combustion engine of an intercity bus is modeled and analyzed for air-conditioning the intercity bus cabin under different operating parameters. Initially, the hourly comfort cooling load of the intercity bus is calculated for a cooling season spanning five months between May and October in Turkey. After determining the capacity of heat source sufficiency for air-conditioning the intercity bus, energy and exergy analyses of the VAR system are conducted, then designed and compared with the vapor compression refrigeration system in respect to the effect of fuel consumption. The results show that approximately 4,489 kg/year of fuel can be saved by using the VAR system driven by an exhaust gas waste heat in an intercity bus. The maximum coefficient of performance (COP) of the VAR system is obtained as 0.78 at 5 a.m. in May, and the maximum total exergy destruction for the VAR system is obtained as 15.25 kW at 4 p.m. in July. Lastly, the specific time is selected to investigate the effect of operating and environmental parameters on the VAR system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of the electricity generation from municipal solid waste (MSW), via landfill gas valorization technology, at the landfill of Gaziantep City, Turkey. Rapid increase in population, and industrial developments, throughout the world including Turkey results in larger amount of waste materials generated, increased need for energy, and adverse affects on the environment and human health. Turkey plans to produce 1/3 of its electricity demand using renewable energy sources by the year of 2023. It is recommended to use each year around 25 million tonnes of the MSW generated nationwide for a renewable energy supply. In this study, a concise summary of current status of electricity generation from a MSW landfill gas plant (via biogas harnessing) located in Gaziantep City was analyzed as a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid waste collection processes are usually carried out by using trucks with diesel engine. In solid waste collection process, the trucks emit to environment different emissions from its exhausts. For this reason, in solid waste collection process, it is necessary that route optimization should be performed in order to decrease the emissions. This study was performed in Trabzon City with 39 districts, a shortest path model was used in order to optimize solid waste collection/hauling processes to minimize emission. Unless it performs route optimization in solid waste collection/hauling process, emissions increase due to empty miles negativeness. A software was used as an optimization tool. The software provided Geographical Information System (GIS) elements such as numerical pathways, demographic distribution data, container distribution data and solid waste production data. In addition, thematic container layer was having 777 points for the entire city. By using the software, the optimized route was compared with the present route. If the optimized route in solid waste collection system is used, route distance and route time will be decreased by 24.6% and 44.3% as mean of nine routes, respectively. By performing the stationary container collection process and route optimization, it is determined that CO2, NOx, HC, CO, PM emissions will be reduced 831.4, 12.8, 1.2, 0.4, 0.7 g per route, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ship emissions are significantly increasing globally and have remarkable impact on air quality on sea and land. These emissions contribute serious adverse health and environmental effects. Territorial waters, inland seas and ports are the regions most affected by ship emissions. As an inland sea the Sea of Marmara is an area that has too much ship traffic. Since the region of the Marmara is highly urbanized, emissions from ships affect human health and the overall environment. In this paper exhaust gas emissions from ships in the Sea of Marmara and the Turkish Straits are calculated by utilizing the data acquired in 2003. Main engine types, fuel types, operations types, navigation times and speeds of vessels are taken into consideration in the study. Total emissions from ships in the study area were estimated as 5,451,224 t y−1 for CO2, 111,039 t y−1 for NO x , 87,168 t y−1 for SO2, 20,281 t y−1 for CO, 5801 t y−1 for VOC, 4762 t y−1 for PM. The shipping emissions in the region are equivalent to 11% of NO x 0.1% of CO and 0.12% of PM of the corresponding total emissions in Turkey. The shipping emissions in the area are 46% of NO x , 25% of PM and 1.5% of CO of road traffic emissions in Turkey data between which and correspond to a higher level than aircraft emissions and rail emissions in Turkey. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]