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Dianthus genus, belonging to the family Caryophyllaceae, encompasses over 300 species. Various Dianthus spp. have long been utilized in traditional medicine for the treatment of a wide range of conditions including chronic pain, urinary infections, carbuncles, menostasis, gonorrhea, cough, liver diseases, and certain types of cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the biological activities (antimutagenicity, antibacterial and antioxidant), total phenol-flavonoid content and individual phenolic constituents of methanolic extracts of two different parts [FC (flower+capitulum) and LS (leaf+stem)] of seven different endemic Dianthus spp. (D. ancyrensis, D. aticii, D. balansae, D. carmelitarum, D. kastembeluensis, D. lydus and D. leucophaeus) found in Bolu, Turkey. In the antimutagenicity tests, D. carmelitarum, D. ancyrensis. D. kastembeluensis and D. lydus demonstrated higher inhibition effect against the mutagenic activity of sodium azide (NaN 3) and 4-nitro-o-phenylene diamine (NPD) on Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 and TA 98 strains, respectively. D. carmelitarum -LS displayed the highest antimutagenic effect against the mutagen (base-substitution) on the TA 100 strain, while D. carmelitarum -FC exhibited the highest inhibition against mutagenic activity (frame-shift mutagenesis) by 4-nitro-o-phenylene diamine (NPD) on S. typhimurium TA98 strain. Among the tested 17 bacteria, only 4 bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Klebsiella pneumonia) demonstrated sensitivity to five different Dianthus spp. D. leucophaeus exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis. Furthermore, S. pyogenes was quite susceptible to D. kastembeluensis, D. aticii and D. lydus. The most powerful radical scavenging activity was observed with D. balansae -LS. Consistent with this result, D. balansae -LS showed the highest total phenolic content. D. aticii -LS had the highest content of total flavonoid. U-HPLC analysis revealed that rutin, phloridzin, ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid were the most dominant compounds in endemic Dianthus spp. These findings highlight the potential of these plants as valuable natural sources for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. [Display omitted] • The best antimutagenic effect was observed with D. carmelitarum and D. ancyrensis. • D. balansae and D. aticii showed the best antioxidant capacity. • D. balansae and D. aticii had the highest TPC and TFC values, respectively. • D. leucophaeus D. kastembeluensis, D. aticii and D. lydus had antibacterial effect. • Rutin and phloridzin were the highest in D. carmelitarum and D. ancyrensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dianthus berkayii belongs to sect. Fimbriati was described and illustrated as a new species from Erzincan Province in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. In the current study morphological, palynological, and molecular characters were compared and discussed with its closely related species. The new species is similar to D. crinitus with fimbriate corolla, linear, acuminate, ± rigid leaves. Also similar to D. vanensis with fimbriate corolla, linear, acuminate, ± rigid, curved divaricate leaves. But distinctly different from D. crinitus by having linear and curved divaricate leaves, stem with 3-4(-5) internodes (not 5-8), a style much longer than petals, and different from D. vanensis with narrower leaves, ebarbulate and long fimbriate corolla. The bracts of D. berkayii are 1/3 of the length of the calyx, but not equal to the calyx length. The IUCN threat category of D. berkayii was determined to be "CR (Critically Endangered)" therewithal it is an Irano-Turanian element. In the study, the geographical distributions of D. berkayii, D. crinitus, and D. vanensis are also mapped, the identification key of these species was provided, pollen morphology and phylogenetic analyses based on ITS region of rDNA and ecological notes are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pollen morphology of 89 taxa belonging to the genus Dianthus L. is considered, utilizing light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and the taxa are compared based on their pollen characters. Of these, the pollen morphology of 73 taxa is reported for the first time. Pollen grains of Dianthus taxa are spheroidal, polypantoporate and 29.1–53 µm in size, and have 12–24 prominent or sunken apertures uniformly distributed on their surface. Spinules were present on all pollen grains, and puncta were seen in 73 taxa. The exine surface ornamentation can be divided into three types, namely microechinate, microechinate-punctate or microechinate-punctate-foveolate. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis demonstrate that the clustering of Dianthus taxa studied does not correlate well with the sectional classification; rather, the punctum number, the pollen diameter and the spinule number are the most valuable variables for separating the examined taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dianthus ucarii Hamzaoğlu & KoÇ (Caryophyllaceae) is described as a new species to science based on material collected in Kirklareli Province in northwestern Turkey. The new taxon belongs to sect. Carthusiani (Boiss.) F.N.Williams and it is closely related to Dianthus pinifolius Sm., an Eastern Mediterranean element. A description, illustration and identification key for the new species are given. In addition, D. ucarii and D. pinifolius are compared in terms of general morphology and molecular phylogeny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine chromosome numbers and karyological features of six Dianthus taxa belonging to section Verruculosi from Anatolia, Turkey. The chromosome numbers were determined as 2n = 30 in all taxa. Karyological measurements were made in detail for the first time for all taxa. Chromosome counts were given for the first time for all taxa except D. cyri and D. strictus. A new chromosome number was determined for D. strictus. The intrachromosomal and interchromosomal karyotype asymmetries were estimated with MCA and CVCL values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the taxonomic revision of the Turkish Dianthus species, specimens collected from Bilecik, Seben (Bolu), and Nallıhan (Ankara) were discovered that represent a new species. Its description, images, chorology, ecology, and threat category are provided. It was compared with a closely related species, D. zonatus, and differences are based on its general morphology and seed micromorphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]