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This study explores how inclusive leadership shapes innovative work behavior, focusing on the intermediary effects of emotional commitment and an inclusive climate in Turkish public schools. Drawing on data from 364 teachers in Kocaeli, the research utilized a range of scales to assess aspects like inclusive leadership, emotional commitment, inclusive climate, and innovative work behavior. The analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Results show a positive impact of inclusive leadership on innovative work behavior. However, the impact is mediated through the presence of an inclusive climate and high levels of emotional commitment. The findings suggest that while inclusive leadership is necessary for fostering innovation, it is the combination of an emotionally supportive and inclusively diverse environment that truly enhances innovative behaviors among teachers. This comprehensive approach not only supports the innovative capacity of individuals but also contributes to a more dynamic and creative educational atmosphere. This study highlights the importance of adopting a holistic leadership strategy in educational institutions. It underscores the need for school administrators to not only practice inclusive leadership but also actively cultivate an environment that values diversity and fosters emotional commitment. By doing so, schools can become fertile grounds for innovation, benefiting educators and students alike. The research provides valuable insights into the mechanisms through which leadership can influence organizational behavior and offers a framework for fostering innovation in educational settings.

In this study, the design, implementation and evaluation processes of the 4MAT teaching model activity, which is designed in accordance with the holistic brain model for teaching the graphic representation of data at the 8th grade level and making the appropriate transformations between these representations, are presented in this study. The implementation of the event took place in two village secondary school in the central district of a province in the south of Turkey in the 2021-2022 academic year. The activity was applied to 42 eighth grade students in two separate classes. A student opinion form was created by the researcher to see how the activity was perceived by the students. Content analysis was carried out in the light of the data obtained from the applied student opinion form. At the end of the research, it was seen that the students stated positive statements about the activity such as realizing permanent learning, prompting thinking, finding original ideas, giving various examples, and providing fun and understandable. At the end of the research, students commented on the activity as providing permanent learning, encouraging thinking, allowing original ideas to be found, and providing fun and understandable learning by giving various examples.

This research aims to analyze the results of studies conducted in Turkey on reasoning skills in mathematics teaching and to reveal what kind of trend there is in this field. Within the scope of this study, databases were searched with the keywords "reasoning"(muhakeme, akil yürütme) and "reasoning skill" (Muhakeme becerisi, akil yürütme becerisi), and the results were examined in accordance with the inclusion criteria regarding mathematics teaching. One hundred sixty-three studies were included. Each of the studies included in the meta-synthesis study was analyzed descriptively according to type, year, method, sample type and size, data collection tools, statistical analysis, learning field, keywords, reasoning type and purpose. In addition, the studies' results were content analyzed and tabulated by coding the differences and similarities between them with a holistic approach. It has been determined that studies on the learning fields in the mathematics curriculum are mostly carried out in the field of learning numbers and operations in the secondary school mathematics curriculum. When evaluated in terms of reasoning types, almost half of the studies were conducted on mathematical reasoning. It has been observed that after mathematical reasoning, the most focus is on proportional reasoning. When the aims of the studies included in the research were examined, it was determined that the most focused ones were "examining the factors affecting reasoning skills", "measurement of reasoning skills" and "the effect of teaching practices on reasoning skills". In the studies examined, it was seen that there were 33 teaching practices whose effects on reasoning skills were examined.

This article describes the author's experience as a specialist working at a nature-based sleepaway camp for children and their families in Antalya Geyikbayiri. The camp was organized by a psychotherapist and three expert instructors to enhance the connections between parents and children, other children and parents present, and with the natural world, enabling everyone to gain different perspectives. The workshops are diverse and include activities such as nature discovery walks, awareness activities in nature, music sessions, philosophy workshops, movement exercises, circus arts, creative arts, storytelling, and rock climbing. With the support of natural settings throughout the different philosophy workshops, the participants gain insights into their perspectives on specific subjects, recognize beliefs accepted without much contemplation, understand their thought patterns, identify contradictions, and explore the possibilities of thinking differently. Their opinions may evolve, becoming clearer, more uncertain, or even changing altogether through interacting with other participants, the examples and counterexamples they provide, and the questions posed by the instructors and participants.

The study aims to evaluate 9th grade English curriculum within scope of holistic education. It was designed on mixed method. Quantitative data was collected with "Teaching Tendency Inventory" and "Attitude Scale Towards Foreign Language" adapted into Turkish by the researcher (Babacan, 2016) and also "Holistic Learning Tendency Scale" developed by the researcher (Babacan, 2016) in scope of this present study. Quantitative data was collected from 179 English teachers working at secondary education schools and from 1043 students determined by proportional stratified sampling method. Qualitative data was collected from observation of classrooms, from documents (curriculum, coursebooks, exams, observation notes) and from a total of eight English teachers and twenty-four students in four school types determined depending on stratified purposeful sampling strategy. Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskall Wallis analysis of variance were performed on the quantitative data gathered from students and teachers. Qualitative data was analyzed by inductive content analysis and documents were analyzed by comparative qualitative analysis technique. According to results, it was observed that holistic education was not applied in current English education and there were reflections of mechanical approach. It was found that students who had high language skills and who used English outside classroom had a high holistic learning tendency. Moreover, these and also those who preferred some study types and also female students studying at science and social sciences high school had higher attitudes towards foreign language. As for teacher findings, it was determined that teachers preferred transactional teaching approach and differences that depend on school types were found out.

The preschool period must be the starting point for the same attitude among all education stakeholders to achieve sustainable improvement and permanent change. Undoubtedly, a supportive classroom environment with a bond and an emotion-oriented approach contributes to children's intellectual and personal development. Emotion coaching is a relational behavior management approach that enables people/children to realize the emotions they are experiencing. The whole school approach facilitates the development of a common language between stakeholders. There is a need for studies that address emotion coaching and the whole approach together in early childhood. This study examined stakeholders' perspectives on implementing the Emotion-Friendly Kindergarten Transformation Program (EFKTP), an emotion coaching program based on a whole school approach. Based on the case study method, the study consists of 34 individuals, including all stakeholders. The data were collected through focus group interviews and semistructured interviews with stakeholders regarding the eight stages of the EFKTP program. Descriptive and content analysis methods were used to evaluate the program's overall impact. The results suggest that school applications of the program enhance children's emotional repertoire and behavioral control, home activities enhance communication and relationships between children and their families, and emotion coaching training to stakeholders improves self-efficacy perceptions among teachers and parents.

In terms of ethics, the study deals with the hidden curriculum in terms of teaching programs. The aim of the study is to reveal the context in which the practices related to the teaching of values in the curriculum put into practice are handled. The phenomenological design, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the study. Five different focus group interviews were conducted with forty-one participating teachers from various disciplines working in secondary education institutions in order to reveal the teachers' understanding of the treatment of concepts related to ethical values in their curriculum. Semistructured interview form was used in the interviews. The characteristics of the environment in which the individual performs his / her behaviors and how these characteristics affect his / her behavior have been examined with a holistic approach and the results of the research have been interpreted within the scope of this approach. These themes are divided into 29 categories and shown within a model. The most obvious ethical values that the school should be built on are justice and events that can be designed in accordance with the school ethical values, and the appropriate categorical are the activities for their views with their teachers and the appropriate resource categories are their behavior at school and in class, curriculum and times, teacher as a role model, social structure, environmental Impact as a social structure. Ensuring that the legal difficulties in front of teachers to use different course materials and contents in lesson activities are overcome will support the functioning of the hidden curriculum and pave the way for new and different learning.

Following the ongoing forced migration from middle east to Türkiye, refugee students have been enrolled in public schools; however, numerous challenges have emerged as a result. This study aims to reveal the challenges school principals encounter in schools, their practices, and their recommendations. In this exploratory embedded single-case design study, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 25 school principals from 17 schools, which varied by educational stage and school type. As a result, school principals face challenges in creating a positive school climate and experiencing challenges across all its sub-dimensions, including academic, community, safety, and institutional environments. The practices in schools are based on a holistic approach that addresses the social, emotional, learning, and economic needs of refugee students. Furthermore, the recommendations of school principals focus on addressing the social, emotional, and learning needs of students, as well as institutional improvements.

This study focuses on the local environment activity process, conducted within the context of place-based art education. The research was designed as a holistic single-case study and was conducted with 25 middle school students aged 10-11, who were studying in the 5th grade in Turkey. Criterion sampling was used to determine the study group. The data were collected through worksheets, participant diaries, course evaluation forms, and artistic works and were analysed inductively. The findings indicate that students could think critically and feel the place physically, emotionally, socially, and individually by questioning and observing the local environment.

The literature widely reports that pre-service teachers repeatedly demonstrate inadequate argumentation skills. Through a mixed-methods research approach, this study investigated the effectiveness of a holistic online scaffolding design for guiding the development of pre-service teachers' argumentation skills. Participants were randomly assigned to either a control or experimental group and then applied argumentation skills to solve case-based problem scenarios on teaching methods for two weeks. The experimental group had a significant improvement in the following argumentation skills: evidence, alternative theory, and counterargument. Qualitative data collected shows diverse metacognition concerning argumentation skills within experimental group. This study suggests that embedding a holistic online scaffolding approach into teacher training programs for the development of argumentation skills offers meaningful learning opportunities for pre-service teachers.

This study aims to determine the cognitive structures of students at different educational levels (8th grade and 12th grade) related to acid-base chemistry. The research was designed as a case study and structured in two stages. The first stage analyzed concepts related to acid-base chemistry and their direction and strength in students' knowledge structures. The second stage determined the descriptive and structural features of students' knowledge structures related to acid-base chemistry in a more holistic approach. The study was carried out with a total of 160 students, 80 grade 8th and 80 12th grade students. A word association test (WAT) and the free writing technique (FWT) were used together. In the WAT, ten different frequency ranges were determined forming cognitive structure maps of the students. With high-frequency values on the map, it was found that the number of stimulus and response words decreased but the strength of associations increased. In frequency ranges where the frequency values of associations were low, it was found that the number of stimulus and response words increased and the cognitive structure organization was at the most advanced level compared to other frequency ranges, but the strength of associations was weak. In general, it was observed that there were no bidirectional and cross-associations between the concepts in the cognitive structures of the students about chemistry and that there was a static structure that included one-way associations only. Additionally, the concepts in the cognitive structures of students related to acid-base chemistry were analyzed in terms of their structural characteristics. It was found that, in the cognitive structures of the students there were no associations between many concepts that should be related to each other.

Erduran and Dagher's (2014) account of the Family Resemblance Approach (FRA) to Nature of Science (NOS) is a relatively new framework that frames NOS in a holistic fashion, inclusive of cognitive-epistemic and social-institutional aspects. This approach has also been referred to as the "Reconceptualized Family Resemblance Approach to Nature of Science" or shortly "RFN" by Kaya and Erduran ("Science & Education," 25, 1115-1133, 2016) to differentiate it from a philosophical account of FRA. The premise of FRA is to portray science holistically in science classrooms. This study aimed to develop an instructional sequence based on RFN, investigating its effectiveness on 5th-grade students' understanding of NOS and their ability to attain NOS-related learning goals. Employing a quasi-experimental, convergent parallel mixed method study design, 13 weeks of intervention were conducted with regular or RFN-based instruction in control and experimental groups, respectively. Participants were 64 female 5th-grade (10-11 years of age) students from Turkey. RFN Student Questionnaire was implemented before, after, and two months after the intervention. More data were collected by conducting semi-structured interviews before and after the intervention and collecting activity sheets and quizzes throughout the term. Mixed ANOVA results showed that the development of experimental students' understanding of NOS from pre-test to post-test was significantly better than their peers in terms of total and category-based scores except for the aims and values of science and scientific practices categories. Analysis of student interviews and the attainment of RFN-based learning goals supported these results. Only one incongruence was found, and that was in terms of the scientific practices category. Overall, the study has implications for integrating a holistic account of NOS in secondary science education.

This study aims to determine the changes in the cognitive structures of the 35 participants after ecology-based nature education in Bursa Uludag and its vicinity. This study used a single group pretest-posttest experimental mode where the data was collected by a word association test. It included the key concepts of nature, national parks, biodiversity, ecosystem, and environmental problems. The analyzed data determined that ecology-based nature education strengthened the cognitive structures of the participants regarding the key concepts. It was also concluded that the participant's awareness of the destruction of nature and the importance of nature protection had increased. The research results show that such education programs, providing one-to-one interaction with nature, help participants to understand nature and natural holistic cycles correctly, thus encouraging its protection.

The aim of this study, which was in a qualitative research design, is to reveal the perceptions of education administrators working in higher education institutions about the concept of sustainability through metaphors. The phenomenological model, which is based on the individual's describing a conscious experience of a phenomenon, and in which the researcher tries to reach the life world created by each participant's own subjective experiences, was used. After data collection, the metaphors produced by the education administrators regarding the concept of sustainability of education administrators were analyzed and categorized. As a result of the research, the meanings attributed to the concept of sustainability by education administrators working in higher education institutions were revealed.

The research presented in this article is a systematic review of the literature on the assessment of mathematical modeling in the setting of mathematics education published in the previous five years. This research has compiled the current best information from around the world to offer an overview of the assessment of mathematical modeling for pre-service mathematics teachers or mathematics teachers. We followed the approach used in Joklitschke et al. (2021), which involved 10 steps in systematic literature review (SLR). We accessed using Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, and mathematics education journals that are ranked 1-10. Based on a full-text analysis of 18 peer-reviewed papers published in English, most of the research was conducted among pre-service mathematics teacher and most of the studies were conducted in Turkey, United States, and Germany. The future trends and opportunities were also discussed. We also found that most test types employed for measuring modeling competency were project, cognitive dimension, holistic approach, and the tests utilized more qualitative approach.

This study sought to explain the idea of the university from the perspectives of academicians and external stakeholders through metaphors. The study was designed as a qualitative phenomenological study. Semi-structured interviews were held with 33 key people, 11 of whom were from the university and 22 of whom were external stakeholders, notably experts on the industry, natural environment, and culture of Gaziantep province in Turkey. The findings of this study revealed that participants used metaphors such as mother, factory, scientist, and conductor, emphasizing the university's role as a center of research, teaching, and the leader in the region. The most significant finding of the study, however, is that the participants in the study produced metaphors such as octopus, forest, and brain that point out the interconnectedness of the university with its surrounding ecologies, just as indicated in the ecological university model, which tries to develop the many surrounding ecosystems with which the university is interconnected, and which works systematically with the other institutions in its eco-system.

The elicited imitation task (EIT), in which language learners listen to a series of spoken sentences and repeat each one verbatim, is a commonly used measure of language proficiency in second language acquisition research. The "TOEFL® Essentials"™ test includes an EIT as a holistic measure of speaking proficiency, referred to as the "Listen and Repeat" task type. In this report, we describe the design considerations that informed the development of the EIT for TOEFL Essentials. We also report the results of a series of investigations conducted during the prototyping and pilot phases of test development, which were undertaken with the goal of confirming task design specifications, evaluating scoring performance, and obtaining initial validity evidence to support score interpretation and use of the EIT in the TOEFL Essentials test. We found that task design variables generally performed as expected. The length of input sentence was strongly associated with performance (Pearson r = 0.88), consistent with the construct measured by the EIT, while other task variables not directly related to the EIT construct did not impact performance (e.g., graphics, speaker accent, and response time). Scorers drawn from TOEFL iBT test raters were able to score responses consistently with over 98% exact or adjacent interrater agreement on a 6-point scale, and scores on the pilot version of the EIT were highly reliable (Cronbach's [alpha] = 0.93 on the 15-item pilot version). Correlations between EIT scores and other measures were generally as expected: Correlations with other speaking tasks were high (0.78-0.84) and slightly to somewhat lower for other language measures (0.73 for writing, 0.68 for listening, and 0.57 for reading). Correlation with an independent measure of holistic language proficiency (C-test) was moderately high (0.69), as expected. We discuss the study findings in terms of the TOEFL Essentials test validity argument and point out limitations to the current results along with future research needs. Overall, we believe that the findings provide initial support to warrant the use of the EIT as operationalized in the TOEFL Essentials test.

This study investigates the social studies curriculum applied in 4th 5th 6th and 7th grades in Turkey according to the principle of balance, which is one of the guiding principles of curriculum development. The research is conducted with a case study of qualitative research methods. The research is designed with a holistic case study design. Research data were collected by the methods of the interview with social studies teachers, observation in 4th 5th 6th and 7th grades and document review of the course objectives in the social studies curriculum and analyzed by content analysis technique. The reliability of the data was calculated with the multi-degree Kappa coefficient based on the agreement between the observers and the opinion agreement for the opinions. According to the results of the study, it was found out the principle of balance was generally neglected, and there is balance with regards to the past and present, different cultures and local culture, close and distant environment, classroom and out-of-class learning while there is no balance in terms of using only written, verbal and visual materials and the other principles. The research consequently suggested recommendations to curriculum development experts and teachers to ensure the principle of balance.

This study aimed to contribute to a holistic analysis of the effect of school burnout on academic achievement and well-being in high school students. For this purpose, a structural equation model made up of variables, including self-regulation, student-teacher relationships, peer relationships, family involvement to school, school burnout, academic achievement, and well-being, was tested. The sample of study consisted of 866 high school students from seven different types of high schools. The data of study were collected using a set of eight scales consisting of the Personal Information Form, Self-Regulation Scale, the Friendship Qualities Scale, the Self-Determination Theory-Based Student-Teacher Relationship Questionnaire-High School Form, the Perceived Parental and Teacher Academic Involvement Scale, the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey, the Academic Achievement (GPA), and the EPOCH Measure of Well-Being (EPOCH). Total six hypotheses were tested with the hypothetical model established within the scope of the study. As a result of the analysis, it was found that all of the hypotheses regarding the proposed hypothetical model were accepted, and the model was confirmed. The findings of the study revealed that each of the variables, namely, self-regulation, student-teacher relationships, peer relationships, and family involvement to school, had a direct and negative predictor effect on school burnout.

The present study aimed to investigate the satisfaction of pre-service teachers with the completely online course instructed with the flipped classroom model. The study was conducted with the explanatory sequential mixed design. The participants included 117 pre-service teachers. Data were collected during the 2020-2021 academic year fall semester with the Online Course Satisfaction Scale and face-to-face interviews. The study findings demonstrated that the pre-service teachers were satisfied with the online course. The satisfaction level of female participants was higher, and the differences were not significant based on the student department. On the other hand, the participants stated that there were systemic and instructor-oriented problems. Furthermore, it was determined that ease of use was an important factor in predicting satisfaction. Ease of use varied based on PC ownership, but not based on tablet ownership. Satisfaction did not differ based on both PC and tablet ownership. It was found that the flipped classroom model exhibited interactional challenges. However, the model had advantages due to its structure that allowed flexibility. It could be suggested that the findings of the present study would contribute to future studies that would address flipped classroom method and satisfaction with online courses.

Teaching engineering at the middle and high school levels has been a topic of discussion among scholars regarding the challenges it creates. One of the most critical challenges at the school level is identifying qualified teaching staff to lead engineering courses. The present study explored teachers' willingness to lead an engineering course and the reasons behind their willingness or unwillingness to do so. The study involved 434 participants, who were enrolled in a STEM professional development program and were diverse regarding their teaching subjects, the grade levels they taught, and the locations of their schools in Turkey. In this mixed-methods study, researchers collected data at the beginning of an online professional development program. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively, while qualitative data were analyzed with a data-driven codebook. Almost two-thirds of the participants were keen to teach an engineering course, yet differences were observed according to the subjects they taught and their professional backgrounds. Most of the mathematics teachers, the group with the highest percentage of willingness, seemed to have a holistic approach towards engineering, with half emphasizing collaboration between teachers and engineers. The study provided further insights into how initial teacher training and continuous professional development programs can be structured based on teacher expectations and needs.

Studies in the context of the professionalisation of the teaching profession in Turkey mainly focus on policies and practices for teacher training in the Republican Period. However, the practices and policies in the last period of the Ottoman Empire for training modern teachers, which have an extensive historical background for the professionalisation of the teaching profession, have not been analysed within a holistic framework. Based on this deficiency, the present study discussed the professionalisation process of the teaching profession in the Ottoman Empire. In this direction, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the teacher training policies and practices for modern civilian schools in the Ottoman Empire by analysing them in terms of professionalisation of the teaching profession. Five criteria were determined that indicate the professionalisation process of the teaching profession in the Ottoman Empire. In line with these criteria, it has been understood that important steps have been taken towards the professionalisation of teaching in the late Ottoman Empire. Efforts towards establishing specific criteria for entering the profession, the methods applied for the professional development of teachers, the increase in the roles and competencies of educators/teachers in subjects related to teaching, the possibility for teachers to form professional organisations and, finally, improvement in the social status of the teaching profession were the important steps taken in the last period of the Ottoman Empire. Study data included archive documents, regulations, and ordinances concerning the teaching profession, advertisements, and news or articles about the teaching profession in the press of the period. The historical method was used for this study.

The concept of sustainability has been gaining momentum in recent years as people are becoming increasingly aware of the environmental, social, and economic challenges facing the world. Sustainability is a complex issue that requires a multidisciplinary approach and long-term perspective. This study aimed to examine the perceptions and attitudes of science, primary school, and preschool teachers toward sustainability. The study involved 299 public school teachers, who were asked to complete a series of scales and questions to gauge their views on sustainability and sustainable development. The findings of this study indicate that preschool teachers take a more holistic approach to sustainability education, emphasizing the need to teach sustainability as a lifestyle and calling for improved teacher training in this area. On the other hand, primary school teachers placed greater emphasis on raising awareness of sustainability rather than inducing basic behavioral changes in children. Science teachers were more focused on acquiring knowledge and concepts related to sustainability. Overall, the study suggests that the effective implementation of sustainability education requires supporting materials and resources, and the support of school administration and families.

Industrial design education is focused on teaching a combination of various interdisciplinary competencies. One of these projected learning outcomes is to be able to design mechanisms in order to fulfil certain mechanical constraints in products. Studies show that theoretical knowledge supported by practice helps to teach industrial design students the mechanisms. In the current situation in Turkey, practice-based courses are designed with a similar purpose. However, graduates severely lack mechanical design skills. In this study, a two-staged toolkit of a holistic flow is introduced to prevent the deficiency mentioned above. In the toolkit, mechanisms are taught by combining deductive and inductive approaches, instead of a directly inductive conventional approach. The toolkit is applied to 36 sophomore year students. Assessments of the students and their self-evaluations are collected and analysed. Findings show that the toolkit can be beneficial for teaching of mechanisms to ID students through some revisions.

The purpose of this study is to examine the mentoring roles and behaviors of school administrators in the context of developing a learning culture in schools comprehensively and holistically. The study was designed as a phenomenological study and we utilized the interview as the data collection technique. A total number of 10 school administrators working at the public schools in Turkey participated in the study. Results revealed that mentoring is an essential component in the process of creating and maintaining an effective and collaborative learning culture. The findings of the research were discussed in the context of mentoring and learning culture with the theme of administrators' competence areas, perspective and contribution on learning and development, professional learning activities, mentoring roles, learning barriers, self-assessment and benefits of mentoring.

The world has experienced in recent years, a number of factors such as the intensification of international relations, the acceleration of technological developments and the presence of transboundary problems have led to increased scientific interest in global issues. In this context, the aim of the study is to evaluate the geography course curriculum in Turkey in terms of global awareness education. In this study, a document review was conducted, one of the qualitative research designed. The obtained results were analyzed using descriptive analysis and content analysis. Within the scope of the study, overarching themes frequently highlighted and highlighted by researchers were identified from the topics derived from global awareness field literature. Geography course curriculum is evaluated within the scope of these themes. In general, it is seen that the issues related to global awareness are significantly involved in all aspects of the program, including its basic philosophy, general goals and achievements. When we look at the size of the attainments that are the application area of the program in detail, it is seen that there is no balanced distribution between the global themes highlighted in the attainments and that these are not designed to give individuals full global awareness. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a systematic global awareness learning area by using the relevant field writing while designing the geography course curriculum program. In addition, in order for students to understand the world from a holistic perspective, the program should include more themes for developing a global perspective.

This study aims to determine the effect of drama on social communication skills through the use of quantitative and qualitative research methods in a holistic approach. In the quantitative part of the research both the metaanalytic method and descriptive study were used. In the meta-analysis phase, 24 studies (2 articles, 19 MA theses and 3 Ph.D. dissertations) related to drama and its effect on communication skills and met the inclusion criteria were analyzed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis and the MetaWin programs. In the descriptive phase of the study, Social Skills Evaluation Scale was used to assess social skill levels of the preservice teachers (N = 386). In the qualitative part of the study, the data collected via documentary review through the thematic examination of the articles and theses were analyzed using the Maxqda 11 program. Additionally, in an action research design, the data related to the views of the preservice teachers (N= 60) and selected by maximum variation sampling were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed through the Maxqda 11 program. Both qualitative and quantitative findings indicated that drama has a positive effect on social communication skills.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of using multiple writing-to-learn activities on the critical thinking skills and dispositions of prospective teachers. For this purpose, the current study employed an embedded mixed-methods design and was carried out with 34 prospective Social Studies teachers who are studying at a public university. Research data were collected with the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory, as well as using the Holistic Critical Thinking Scoring Rubric, and also, semi-structured interview forms. In the research process, a variety of writing activities such as letters, diaries, columns and news articles were used for learning purposes. The quantitative data obtained in the research were analyzed descriptively and predictively, while the qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. The results of the study revealed that the writing-to learn activities led the prospective Social Studies teachers to do research, use evidence, get to know different ideas, and evaluate what they learned in a holistic way. Such a situation made a significant difference on the critical thinking skills and critical thinking dispositions of the prospective Social Studies teachers. Given such a result, it is recommended to draw upon writing-to-learn activities in order to develop different courses, subjects and higher-order thinking skills.

Examining the blended learning (b-learning) acceptance is not a new research topic, and it has been tackled by many scholars. Nevertheless, the analysis of information systems (IS) models that are used to study the acceptance of b-learning is regarded as a topic of great importance. To examine these models and afford scholars a holistic view of this research trend, we should be aware of the forefront IS models adopted in this research trend. To that end, the current systematic review analyzed a total of 64 studies published between 2006 and 2018. The key research findings revealed that the technology acceptance model (TAM) was regarded as the predominant model in predicting the individuals' intention to adopt b-learning. Additionally, e-learning was found to be the most effective tool used to manage b-learning classrooms. Besides, investigating the students' adoption or acceptance of b-learning along with its underpinned technologies represents the main research purpose addressed among the majority of the analyzed studies. Furthermore, most of the collected studies were conducted in Malaysia, Taiwan, and Turkey, respectively. Moreover, university students were found to be the main respondents in terms of data collection in most of the analyzed studies. These results are expected to immensely provide a better understanding of b-learning research on one hand, and the use of IS models on the other hand.

In this study, effectiveness of a computer science course at the secondary school level is investigated through a holistic approach addressing the dimensions of instructional content design, development, implementation and evaluation framed according to ADDIE instructional design model where evaluation part constituted the research process for the current study. The process has initiated when the computer science curriculum had major revisions in order to provide in-service teachers with necessary support and guidance. The study is carried through as a project, which lasted more than one year and both quantitative and qualitative measures were used through a sequential explanatory method approach. The intention was to investigate the whole process in detail in order to reveal the effectiveness of the process and the products. In this regard, not only teachers' perceptions but also students' developments in their perceptions of academic achievement and computational thinking, as well as correlations between the computational thinking sub-factors were investigated. The findings showed that the instructional materials and activities developed within the scope of the study, positively affected the computational thinking and academic achievement of students aged 10 and 12 years old. The teachers' weekly feedbacks regarding application structures and implementation processes were also supported the findings and revealed some more details that will be useful both for instructional designers and teachers.

This study examines and explores PSTs' fears realised during the practicum period. In order to achieve an in-depth understanding, a phenomenological and holistic approach has been adopted. Data were collected from 22 preservice teachers via reports with open-ended questions on a weekly basis during the whole practicum period. 211 reports were analysed through inductive thematic coding. The analysis led to discrimination of twelve different yet interrelated sources of fear. It is argued that PSTs' fears are learnt and resulted from a perception of threat, uncertainties involved in situations, possibility of deteriorating conditions of the future events and/or anticipatory reflections. The paper also explicates on the protective feature of fear, which is discussed to have a potential to support PSTs' self-development and professional-preparation.

The purpose of the study is to define the reading comprehension strategies considered by pre-service classroom teachers to be applicable in the classroom and their practical designs related to these strategies in terms of selecting text appropriate strategy, and full and correct use of the strategies in reading process (pre-reading, during-reading, post-reading, whole reading process) in accordance with the conceptual framework defined in the literature. The study has been conducted as a case study which is one of the qualitative research designs. The sampling group has been composed of 140 undergraduate students. Data collected through interviews, have been analysed with the help of document analysis method. Results indicate that pre-service teachers have used almost half of strategies defined as pre-reading strategies in the literature. Among the used strategies, the most repeated ones are guesses by visuals and stimulating prior knowledge. According to another finding of the study, pre-service teachers used only a few of the during-reading strategies defined in the literature. Finally, pre-service teachers designed post-reading strategies the most, and the strategy variation was accordingly the most for post-reading.

Human Resource Management (HRM) includes recruitment, training, development, motivation and evaluation of the staff who will achieve the goals of the organization and perform the necessary activities to be successful. The success of the organization depends on the effective use and management of human resources. Considering that The Ministry of Turkish National Education has the most crowded personnel and the potential of leading the future human resources, the HRM strategies of this organization becomes significant. In this study, it is aimed to investigate to the human resources management practices of the Ministry of Turkish National Education from the perspectives of teachers who are also the human resources of the system. In this research, holistic multiple case study design was employed and the open-ended interview form which includes nine questions considering the functions of the HRM was utilized as the data collection tool. Research results showed that teachers know the duties and responsibilities which are declared in their job definition but they do not consider some of the significant professional efficiencies such as planning, assessment and evaluation. Moreover, the ministry does not make long-term plans in order to determine the required human resources, and also the functionality and subjectivity of the system is under discussion in terms of selection and appointment. What's more, the desired aims cannot be reached in terms of professional development. Teachers have the anxiety of performance evaluation based on accountability, and they emphasize fair and subjectivity in terms of payment, rewarding and discipline. [This study was presented as two different oral presentations at 27th International Conference on Educational Sciences in Antalya.]

The aims of this study are to reveal how science teachers integrate science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in their lessons and their opinions regarding the advantages and disadvantages they have identified while integrating STEM in their lessons, as well as what kind of difficulties they encounter in the implementation process. For this purpose, a semi-structured interview form was developed and qualitative research method was used. STEM is based on a holistic and interdisciplinary approach to the four disciplines rather than the independent teaching of these four disciplines. The study group comprises 12 science teachers in the province of Mugla in the 2017-2018 academic year. Research findings show that science teachers generally have a positive attitude towards using STEM-based activities but are not able to implement STEM-based activities in an appropriate, complete and accurate way because of difficulties in terms of 'physical conditions' and 'time management'. Teachers stated that STEM education encourages students to do research.

This study aimed to determine undergraduate and associate degree students' computer programming attitude and self-efficacy levels, and compare them according to thinking style, gender, department, weekly study time, and programming experience variables. The study employed the correlational research model. The researcher attempted to reach all associate and undergraduate students who had received the computer programming course at a state university. The computer programming self-efficacy scale, the computer programming attitude scale, and the holistic and analytic thinking in problem-solving scale were used to collect research data. Results suggested that the participants with different thinking styles showed significant differences regarding programming attitude and programming self-efficacy. Programming attitude and thinking style were significant predictors of programming self-efficacy. No difference was observed between genders in terms of the common effect and the partial effect of programming attitude and programming self-efficacy. However; differences were observed between participants from different departments and with different weekly study time. There was also a significant difference between the participants with different programming experience levels in terms of the common effect of programming attitude and self-efficacy, whereas no difference was found in terms of attitude alone.

The purpose of the present study is to reveal the metaphorical perceptions of prospective Turkish teachers' related to the concept of "language." The study was carried out with 158 prospective Turkish teachers' ongoing Gaziantep University, Faculty of Education, Department of Turkish Language Teaching in 2014-2015 academic year. To reveal the perceptions of the prospective teachers related to "language" concepts through metaphors they were asked to complete one of the following prompt "Language likes …..; because…." and "Language likes to ….; because…." within about a course period (45 minutes). Metaphor eliciation method was employed in the present study and content analysis was used for data analysis. Prospective Turkish Teachers produced seventy five different metaphors for the concept of "language." Seventy five metaphors were categorized according to the common features presented in the justifications. Six categories that were structured in this way are as follows "1. Multiple manners, Flexibility, Layering 2. Origin and oldness 3. Being alive, development, change 4. Culture Carrying, Cultural Transporter 5. Communication and Socialization Tool 6. Tool of Expressing Status and Accumulations." The findings were compared with related studies and suggestions were made for effective use of metaphors in language teaching.

Using generalizability (G-) theory and rater interviews as both quantitative and qualitative approaches, this study examined the impact of scoring methods (i.e., holistic versus analytic scoring) on the scoring variability and reliability of an EFL institutional writing assessment at a Turkish university. Ten raters were invited to rate 36 undergraduate argumentative essays first holistically and then analytically, with a three-week time interval. The quantitative results indicated that with proper rater training holistic scoring can produce as reliable and dependable assessment outcomes as analytic scoring. Similarly, the qualitative results revealed that all raters prefer using the holistic scoring method because it could help them not only assign fair and objective scores to essays but also facilitate their scoring process. Further, most raters agreed that the content of an essay was the most important factor that most affected their holistic scoring decision making of an essay. In contrast, all aspects of an essay (e.g., grammar, content, or organization) jointly affected their analytic scoring decision making of an essay. Important implications for EFL writing assessment professionals in the institutional assessment context are discussed.

The purpose of this study is to determine the aim of primary school administrators' use of humor and the organizational effects of their use of humor according to the opinions of the school administrators and teachers. The study was modelled as a multiple holistic case study. The study group consists of 9 administrators and 12 teachers working in the primary schools in the province of Antalya in the year of 2015. For data collection, the researcher developed and used a semi-structured data collection form. The data obtained were subjected to both descriptive analysis and content analysis. As a result, both the administrators and the teachers reported that the constructive use of humor of the primary school administrators was superior to the destructive ones. The results also revealed that the positive effects of the humor used by administrators were higher than the negative effects on school and subordinates.

Recent developments in technology have changed the learner's profile and the learning outcomes. Today, with the emergence of higher-order thinking skills and computer literacy skills, teaching through traditional methods is likely to fail to achieve the learning outcomes. That is why; teachers and teacher candidates are expected to have computer literacy skills. Programming is the main focus of this study since it is an important part of computer literacy. The study aims to analyze mathematics education students' skills in the process of programming and their practices of integrating it into their teaching. The participants of the study are 42 third grade students of an Elementary Mathematics Education Program of a state university in Turkey. Within the study in which theory and practice was carried out simultaneously, the participants were taught the basics of programming and the algorithms with C programming language. The teacher candidates put the theoretical knowledge into practice using the visual programming application by MIT App Inventor at the computer laboratory. In addition, they used the MIT App Inventor visual programming environment to develop programs they will use in teaching mathematics in groups. Given the component of teaching of programming during this process, it is considered that the process of teaching in question will be effective in planning the teaching process of future studies. The reason is that not only it analyses the development of the variables used in this study but also because it takes into consideration the opinions of teacher candidates.

The aim of this research was to analyze the opinions of teachers working in High Schools on informal learning regarding if they had any informal learning in school environment, which informal learning activities took place, and if this learning had a contribution to their professional development. The research was a qualitative study with a multiple holistic case study design. Data were collected from interviews using semi-structured interview forms. At the end of the research, conclusions were classified under three main themes. The first main theme was that there were some informal learning activities which the teachers were engaged in. The second main theme was that most of the informal learning happened through talking and sharing resources and ideas with others. Especially teacher candidates experienced informal learning through observations of the practices of senior colleagues. The final theme indicated that the informal learning in school environment had a positive effect on teachers' professional development.

The aim of this study is to determine the associating abilities of elementary education pre-service teachers science education program acquisitions with engineering using STEM education. In the study which is a case study, firstly pre-service teachers were trained about the STEM education approach. Then "Elementary School Science Education Program Acquisitions-STEM Activities Form" was applied asking the subjects to prepare activities associating elementary education science lessons acquisitions with engineering. After the application of the form, semi-structured interviews were conducted to ask pre-service teachers' opinions about STEM education, using STEM in elementary education science lessons and the activities they had written in the form. An analysis of the data showed that pre-service teachers could easily associate elementary school science program acquisitions and the field of engineering. A variety of activities were given that could be conducted in the elementary education science lessons. Interviewed teachers gave positive feedback to the approach and stated that it is an educational approach that must be applied to lessons.

The purpose of the study was to examine science teachers' knowledge structures on technology, who participated in a TPACK-based Professional Development (PD) program. The PD program was executed in the summer of 2015-2016 academic year with 24 science teachers. Data was collected with the Word Association Test (WAT). A holistic case study approach was followed throughout the study. The stimulus words used in WAT can be stated as; "technology," "information and communication technologies," "computer," "instructional materials," "Web 2.0 tools," and "Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK)." Cut-off points were identified by the frequency tables of response words towards stimulus words. The cut-off points helped create the concept networks on technology. At the end of the PD program, progress in science teachers' knowledge structures toward technology was observed. The results showed that the 21st century technologies included in the PD program such as Web 2.0 tools, Algodoo, animoto, probeware, and student response systems were found to be prominent in teachers' responses.

Problem Statement: Historically, Turkey is an immigrant country. It has experienced various migration waves from Asia, Awrupa and Africa. Recently, Turkey has confronted a huge wave of migration. Turkey tries to meet many needs besides the educational needs of refugees, but there is not enough study on refugees in the field of educational sciences in Turkey. Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this study is to analyze the Turkey's progress toward meeting refugee education needs through the example of the Syrian Refugee experience. Method: The study uses a case study of the refugees in Mardin and its districts. The data in this study is compiled through interview and observation techniques. An interview form was developed and included the standards (access, integration, quality, protection, participation, partnership, observation and evaluation) suggested by the Office of UNHCR. Coordinators, directors and teachers at schools in Mardin, Midyat and Kiziltepe were interviewed. The researchers tried to turn the data into quantitative and qualitative indicators, taking into account the standards for the various levels of meeting refugee education needs. Findings and Results: Turkey supported refugee education in various ways; for instance, opening schools in the refugee camps and meeting various needs for voluntary schools. The results indicated, however, that according to measures of access, integration, quality, protection, participation, partnership, observation and evaluation, refugee education needs have been inadequately met, and Turkey hasn't a system for refugee education. Conclusions and Recommendations: It has been suggested that Turkey develop a refugee education policy and use UNHCR standards for refugee education. For this, first, Turkey should create a systematic format for its refugee education program. MEB should develop a policy on refugee education. For example, MEB should use UNHCR's criteria to measure access, integration, quality, protection, participation, partnership, observation and evaluation of refugee education. In addition, educational sciences should research refugee education from a holistic perspective that includes relevant international law and policy fields.

Problem Statement: In addition to being teaching tools, concept maps can be used as effective assessment tools. The use of concept maps for assessment has raised the issue of scoring them. Concept maps generated and used in different ways can be scored via various methods. Holistic and relational scoring methods are two of them. Purpose of the Study: In this study, the reliability of the concept map scores, which were made by the students and which were scored by different teachers using different scoring methods (holistic and relational), will be discussed in terms of "G" theory. Methods: The research was performed during the fall semester of the 2010-2011 academic year, between December and January. Concept maps created by thirty-six students were scored by three different teachers who played roles as raters. Data were obtained from four different concept maps that were generated by each student. Findings and Results: In focusing on the size of the variance estimates according to holistic scoring methods, while the student component (objects of measurement) accounts for one of the largest percentages of the variance (20%), the main effects of the task and the raters account for about 14% and almost 0% of the total variance, respectively. The difficulty level of tasks did not differ so much from student to student, and there is a scoring agreement among raters. Using the holistic scoring method, "G" and F coefficients were calculated as 0.63 and 0.57, respectively, depending upon the four tasks and three raters. In terms of relational scoring, the student component (object of measurement) accounts for 10% of the variance, the main effect of the task accounts for a very significant percentage of the variance (56%), and the main effect of the raters does not demonstrate any variance. "G" and F and coefficients calculated over the four tasks and three raters in the study were 0.63 and 0.34, respectively. Conclusions and Recommendations: According to the results of this study, Phi coefficient was higher in the concept map study in which the holistic scoring method was used. In this study, tasks represented a significant variance component for both scoring methods. This may be interpreted to mean that the levels of difficulty for the tasks differed according to the students using both methods. In each of the scoring methods, the variance related to the raters was found to be zero, which may result in the interpretation that raters scored the maps consistently.

In order to educate science teachers for a sustainable future, recent discussions are going on related to collaboration between science education and education for sustainable development (ESD). Still, ESD has been in a development stage and needs to be improved in terms of developing teacher competencies. Therefore, in this study we focused on competencies of science teachers and ESD educators. We explored the required competencies for science teachers to become ESD educators through basic qualitative research as including gap analysis approach incorporating theoretical (literature review) and tangible part (interviews with science education and ESD researchers). Both literature review and interview results revealed that science teachers' competencies do not cover systems thinking skills together with affective aspects. In order to foster systems thinking and affective aspects of competencies for science teachers, we suggest outdoor ESD approach that support thinking in a systemic way, feeling inter-connectedness with the natural world and understanding social, economic and environmental values of the natural system and developing an intention to act for sustainability.

This study aims to develop an instructional design whereby ecosystem, biodiversity, and environmental issues are addressed with a holistic approach that provides more efficient teaching as well as to test the effectiveness of this design. A literature review was carried out and need-assessment was firstly made using the Readiness Test. This review and analysis indicated that an instructional design was needed to achieve a better education on ecosystem, biodiversity, and environmental issues. In this regard, two guides in which various methods, techniques, and materials are used were developed for students and teachers on the basis of context-based learning to ensure holistic learning of the ecosystem, biodiversity, and environmental issues. This instructional design was then administered to 165 seventh grade students who formed four experimental groups (N = 82) and four control groups (N = 83) through the non-equivalent control group design, a quasi-experimental design. The achievement test (AT) and environmental attitudes scale (EAS) were administered to the experimental and control group students. Finally, the opinions of the teachers on the teaching process, teaching tools, and materials were obtained by means of the Material Evaluation Form, while the opinions of students on this topic were obtained by means of the Lesson Evaluation Form. The findings obtained from the AT and ETA showed that there were significant differences between the post-test AT and ETA scores in favor of the experimental groups (p < 0.05). The teachers and students had positive opinions about the instructional design that was developed and implemented by the researcher on the basis of context-based learning. It was concluded that the developed instructional design is more effective in increasing student levels of environmental knowledge and having them develop positive environmental attitudes in comparison to the currently implemented curriculum.

It can be argued that very important changes have been made to textbooks which were rearranged according to the theory of constructivism during the 2004-2005 academic year. The aim of this change was to enable students to acquire high-order cognitive skills. In this study, by using Bloom taxonomy, the pre-reading and reflection (assessment) questions in Social Studies textbooks which have a significant place in education programs were examined to discover the extent to which they give rise to high-order cognitive domain skills. The sample of the research consisted of Social Studies teachers working in the central district of the province of Konya as well as the textbooks which the Ministry of Education requires for use in the 6th and 7th grades. When this study is considered as a whole, it can be seen that there are two stages. Each stage is initially assessed within itself and then compared to the other stage. The holistic multiple case study design was used. In each stage of this study, however, for consideration of the views of teachers and the stages of document analysis, the holistic single design was used. Descriptive analysis was applied to all findings to interpret the collected data. After the relevant literature was reviewed, similar results from studies on this subject were assessed to increase the validity and reliability of this study. In addition, various data was collected through textbooks and focus-group interviews with teachers. Data from examination of the documents was categorized according to question types and their cognitive levels according to Bloom taxonomy via content analysis percentage distributions. The aim of this study was to find out whether high-order cognitive domain skills were reflected in the pre-reading and assessment questions in Social Studies textbooks, and if so, to what extent. Therefore, typical case sampling, one of the purposeful sampling techniques, was utilized. Descriptive analysis was used to interpret the data from the document analysis findings and focus-group interview data. After all the findings were assessed, the 6th grade prep questions were found to be at a low level (84.2%), open-ended assessment questions were at a high level (70.2%), and the multiple-choice assessment questions were at a low level (85%). The 7th grade prep questions were low level at 71.3%, open-ended assessment questions were high level at 66.6%, and 93.05% of multiple-choice questions were low-level questions. When these findings were presented to the Social Studies teachers, they all agreed that the level of the prep questions was lower in general than the cognitive levels of the students. According to the views of teachers regarding this assessment, there were more high-order thinking-level questions which include the levels of analysis, synthesis and assessment when compared to textbooks used from previous years. However, they are still inadequate. According to the results of the study, questions were not distributed in a balanced way in accordance with Bloom taxonomy because there were more low level questions than high level questions.

The language learning strategy question has been debated on a number of levels, including definition, the strategy/success relationship and strategy coordination. In addition, awareness has been steadily growing of the importance of taking an holistic view of the strategy phenomenon and examining strategies not just in isolation but as part of an overall picture which includes learning situation, learning target and individual learner characteristics. This article will first of all review the literature and the previous research on these controversial issues, and suggest a workable definition. Then, in order to illustrate the importance of such an holistic view, the results of a small scale study which looks at the strategies used by 16 successful language learners who were all either teaching English or teaching in English at university level will be reported. The quantitative results indicated that these successful learners used many strategies, especially those that suited their goals and their situations; they also frequently used and carefully orchestrated strategy repertoires which suited their own individual needs. The responses of one highly successful respondent were also examined qualitatively. The implications of these findings and the importance of viewing learners holistically are discussed and suggestions are made for ongoing research.