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Magnesium (Mg) is the fourth most abundant element in the human body and plays the role of cofactor for more than 300 enzymatic reactions. In plants, Mg is involved in various key physiological and biochemical processes like growth, development, photophosphorylation, chlorophyll formation, protein synthesis, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Keeping in view the importance of this element, the present investigation aimed to explore the Mg contents diversity in the seeds of Turkish common bean germplasm and to identify the genomic regions associated with this element. A total of 183 common bean accessions collected from 19 provinces of Turkey were used as plant material. Field experiments were conducted according to an augmented block design during 2018 in two provinces of Turkey, and six commercial cultivars were used as a control group. Analysis of variance depicted that Mg concentration among common bean accessions was statistically significant (p < 0.05) within each environment, however genotype x environment interaction was nonsignificant. A moderate level (0.60) of heritability was found in this study. Overall mean Mg contents for both environments varied from 0.33 for Nigde-Dermasyon to 1.52 mg kg-1 for Nigde-Derinkuyu landraces, while gross mean Mg contents were 0.92 mg kg-1. At the province level, landraces from Bolu were rich while the landraces from Bitlis were poor in seed Mg contents respectively. The cluster constellation plot divided the studied germplasm into two populations on the basis of their Mg contents. Marker-trait association was performed using a mixed linear model (Q + K) with a total of 7,900 DArTseq markers. A total of six markers present on various chromosomes (two at Pv01, and one marker at each chromosome i.e., Pv03, Pv07, Pv08, Pv11) showed statistically significant association for seed Mg contents. Among these identified markers, the DArT-3367607 marker present on chromosome Pv03 contributed to maximum phenotypic variation (7.5%). Additionally, this marker was found within a narrow region of previously reported markers. We are confident that the results of this study will contribute significantly to start common bean breeding activities using marker assisted selection regarding improved Mg contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human body needs sufficient quantity of protein on daily basis for the normal functioning. Dietary protein in sufficient quantity is becoming a key issue for huge population of the world particularly in developing countries. Present investigation aimed to explore the phenotypic variation and to investigate the genomic regions associated with seed protein contents in Turkish common bean germplasm collected from 19 provinces. Field experiments were conducted according to augmented block design at two locations (Bolu and Sivas) for two consecutive years (2017 and 2018). Analysis of variance revealed highly significant environmental effects (p < 0.05) on seed protein contents within environments, while genotype by environment interaction revealed nonsignificant effects. Overall mean protein contents were 36.36%, while Balikesir-3 and Hakkari-38 yielded minimum (31.64%) and maximum (40.70%) protein contents. Among 19 provinces, accessions from Hakkari and Erzincan provinces disclosed maximum and minimum mean protein contents respectively. Scatter plot between seed protein contents and plant height divided the accessions according to their protein contents and plant height. A total of eight stable accessions were selected and can be recommended for future breeding activities. The implemented constellation plot separated the studied germplasm into two populations on the basis of their protein contents. Genotyping by sequencing resulted 7900 DArTseq markers was used for marker-trait association and a total of 11 markers showed significant association for protein contents. During this study, DArT-3365703 marker was identified in both locations (Sivas and Bolu) during 2017 and might be used for future common bean breeding. Physical map revealed the presence narrow regions between identified markers on Pv02 and Pv05. Therefore, these regions should be considered for future breeding activities. We are confident that results of present study will be helpful for marker-assisted breeding of common bean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) are among the most economically important virus species infecting common bean. The use of resistant plant cultivars is the most effective way to control these viruses. In this study, 204 breeding lines were tested for resistance levels to BCMV and BCMNV. Initially, BCMNV NL-3 and BCMV NL-4 strains were individually sap-inoculated onto the leaves of bean plants belonging to each breeding lines with 10 replications, and the reactions of plants were evaluated for symptomatic appearance of virus infection 21 days after inoculation. Two sets of plants from each line were inoculated with NL-3 and NL4 respectively. Additionally, molecular markers linked to resistance genes confirmed phenotypic evaluation. As a result, 153 breeding lines were found to carry the dominant I gene whereas four and five of the tested lines had the recessive genes bc-1² and bc-2², respectively. In conclusion, these resistant breeding lines could be proposed to be registered as new improved cultivars after evaluating them in terms of yield and grain quality. In addition, seeds of the resistant breeding lines can be used as the source of virus-resistant germplasm in breeding studies and be maintained at the national genebank facility in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Pratylenchus thornei and P. neglectus attack common bean and cause economic yield losses throughout cultivated areas in Turkey. The most effective management strategy for the P. thornei and P. neglectus infections is crop rotation with non-host crops and breeding resistant/tolerant varieties. However, parent bean genotypes immune to P. thornei and P. neglectus are not available for breeding programmes; thus, resistant varieties are commonly incorporated as parents. In the present research, a total of 36 common bean varieties were tested in a growth room for their host response to these two nematode pests. The reproduction factor and the population density of both nematode species were calculated. All tested bean varieties showed varying levels of resistance and susceptibility to P. thornei and P. neglectus. Among the dry bean varieties, nine were found to be resistant to P. thornei and three to P. neglectus , with three varieties ('Kantar-05', 'Önceler-98' and 'Karacasehir-90') resistant to both species. Among fresh bean varieties, ten were found to be resistant to P. thornei and four to P. neglectus , with four varieties ('Helda', 'Gina', 'Gelincik' and 'Bourgondia') resistant to both species. The resistant common bean varieties identified in this study are a valuable untapped genetic pool that will offer improved resistance levels to P. thornei and P. neglectus , especially 'Gina' and 'Önceler-98', which seem to possess a great source of resistance to P. thornei and P. neglectus , respectively, and can be used in breeding programmes in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens is the causal agent of bacterial wilt of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), a disease that can reduce yields of this economically Important crop worldwide. Current genomics resources for this bacterial pathogen are limited. Therefore, long-read sequencing was used to determine the complete genome sequence of a pathogenic C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens strain isolated from common bean leaves showing irregular necrotic lesions with yellow borders collected in a commercial field In Turkey in 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With an annual global production of approximately 25 million tons, the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L), a member of the genus Phaseolus, is one of the major protein sources used as food for humans. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the genome size of the common bean genetic resource collection (154 common bean accessions) in Turkey by flow cytometry (FCM) and determine whether geographical variables affected the genome size. In addition, the number and distribution of 5S and 45S ribosomal DNA loci were designated by performing a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis in some of the accessions. The FCM analyses revealed that the mean nuclear DNA content of the accessions varied from 1.28 pg2C-1 to 1.55 pg2C-1 (mean 1.35 pg2C-1), and the differences between these accessions were statistically significant (P < 0.01). Intraspecific variation in the genome size was determined, and a positive correlation was found between the altitude and genome size. However, latitude and longitude did not have any statistically significant effect on the genome size. In the principal coordinate analysis, the accessions were divided into 3groups. Based on the results of the FISH analysis performed on 5 different accessions with varying genome sizes, using 5S and 45S rDNA genes as probes, the number of 5S rDNA loci was 4 in the common bean and stable among the common bean accessions, while the number of 45S rDNA loci was highly polymorphic, varying between 6 and 16. Consequently, it was determined in the present study that the genetic resource collection of common bean had a wide variation in terms of genome size and genome organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, genetic diversity among 71 bean genotypes (41 pinto beans and 30 fresh bean genotypes) and 4 commercial cultivars (Aleyna, Gina, Perolar, and Serra) commonly grown at Erzincan province in Turkey were investigated. The iPBS (inter-primer binding site) markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity of the genotypes. Polymorphism ratio was identified as 100% in all primers. Twenty-seven primers were studied and number of alleles in primers varied between 13-69 (with an average value of 37.14). According to cluster analysis based on iPBS data, genotypes were divided into 2 groups. Polymorphic information content (PIC) values varied between 0.19 (iPBS 2077) and 0.42 (iPBS 2381, iPBS 2385, and iPBS 2389) with an average PIC value of 0.33. According to genetic structure analysis, genotypes were divided into 2 subpopulations. Majority of the genotypes of the regions from where beans were collected were placed in the same groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root, stem and leaf development are all negatively influenced by drought stress which causes losses in yield and quality and ultimately serious economic losses for growers. This study was conducted to see the efficiency of potassium treatments in reducing the negative effects drought stress on yield and quality of beans largely consumed in Turkey. Zulbiye bean cultivar sensitive to drought stress and V71 bean genotype which was also previously identified as sensitive to drought stress were used as the plant materials of the experiments. Bean seeds were sown in 2 L pots filled with perlite. Different potassium (K) doses of 0 (control) ppm K, 500 ppm K, 100 ppm K and 2000 ppm K were applied to seed sown pots. Seeding was performed as to have two plants in each pot and experiments were conducted in randomized blocks factorial experimental design with 4 replications with 4 pots in each replication. Pots were irrigated with Hoagland nutrient solution throughout the experiments. Irrigations were totally terminated on 20th day for drought stress plants. Following 15 days of stress conditions, plant height, fresh weight, root collar diameter, number of leaves and leaf size, leaf relative contents and membrane damage index values were determined. It was concluded based on present findings that 2000 ppm K treatment was more efficient in reducing the negative effects of drought stress on investigated growth and development parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, 114 Rhizoctonia solani isolates were obtained from diseased common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants from the Black Sea coastal region of Turkey. Genetic variation was determined among R. solani anastomosis group 4 (AG-4) subgroups (AG-4 HG-I and AG-4 HG-II). ITS-5.8 rDNA sequences of these isolates were aligned with other known R. solani sequences from GenBank, and distance and parsimony analysis were used to determine phylogenetic relationships. The R. solani AG-4 isolates were placed in 2 main lineages, corresponding to AG-4 HG-I and AG-4 HG-II. Based on phylogenetic analysis, genetic variations were shown in the AG-4 subgroups (especially AG-4 HG-I). This study represents the first reported use of rDNA-ITS sequence data to examine AG-4 HG-I and HG-II in P. vulgaris from Turkey. The results also suggest that the Giresun isolates are closely related to isolates obtained from Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amino acid composition, physicochemical and functional properties of proteins isolated from five local beans of Turkey were investigated. Minimal variation was observed in amino acid composition of the bean protein isolates except for the hydrophobic amino acids. The isolates were found to be rich in essential amino acids leucine, lysine and phenylalanine while their methionine content was limiting. Denaturation temperature of isolates ranged between 90 and 152 °C and β-layer structure was found to be the dominant secondary structure. Maximum solubility (~97%) and net surface charge (~−23 mV) were observed at pH 9.0. Emulsion capacity and emulsifying activity index of bean protein isolates were found to be 402.7–468.5 g oil/g protein and 15.6–22.0 m2/g, respectively. The isolates with significantly higher net surface charge and solubility were observed to show better emulsifying and foaming properties compared to the other isolates studied. No significant correlation was observed between the thermal characteristics and gelation properties of isolates. • Bean proteins were found to be rich in leucine, lysine and phenylalanine. • Isolates with higher solubility showed better emulsifying and foaming properties. • Akkus isolate showed the best emulsifying properties. • Bombay isolate showed the best gelation properties. • Gembos isolate had relatively high solubility at acidic pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidants play an important role in animal and plant life owing to their involvement in complex metabolic and signaling mechanisms, hence uncovering the genetic basis associated with antioxidant activity is very important for the development of improved varieties. Here, a total of 182 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) landraces and six commercial cultivars collected from 19 provinces of Turkey were evaluated for seed antioxidant activity under four environments and two locations. Antioxidant activity was measured using ABTS radical scavenging capacity and mean antioxidant activity in common bean landraces was 20.03 µmol TE/g. Analysis of variance reflected that genotype by environment interaction was statistically non-significant and heritability analysis showed higher heritability of antioxidant activity. Variations in seed color were observed, and a higher antioxidant activity was present in seeds having colored seed as compared to those having white seeds. A negative correlation was found between white-colored seeds and antioxidant activity. A total of 7900 DArTseq markers were used to explore the population structure that grouped the studied germplasm into two sub-populations on the basis of their geographical origins and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity contents. Mean linkage disequilibrium (LD) was 54%, and mean LD decay was 1.15 Mb. Mixed linear model i.e., the Q + K model demonstrated that four DArTseq markers had significant association (p < 0.01) for antioxidant activity. Three of these markers were present on chromosome Pv07, while the fourth marker was located on chromosome Pv03. Among the identified markers, DArT-3369938 marker showed maximum (14.61%) variation. A total of four putative candidate genes were predicted from sequences reflecting homology to identified DArTseq markers. This is a pioneering study involving the identification of association for antioxidant activity in common bean seeds. We envisage that this study will be very helpful for global common bean breeding community in order to develop cultivars with higher antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]