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Interest in the psychology of misinformation has exploded in recent years. Despite ample research, to date there is no validated framework to measure misinformation susceptibility. Therefore, we introduce Verificationdone, a nuanced interpretation schema and assessment tool that simultaneously considers Veracity discernment, and its distinct, measurable abilities (real/fake news detection), and biases (distrust/naïvité—negative/positive judgment bias). We then conduct three studies with seven independent samples (Ntotal = 8504) to show how to develop, validate, and apply the Misinformation Susceptibility Test (MIST). In Study 1 (N = 409) we use a neural network language model to generate items, and use three psychometric methods—factor analysis, item response theory, and exploratory graph analysis—to create the MIST-20 (20 items; completion time < 2 minutes), the MIST-16 (16 items; < 2 minutes), and the MIST-8 (8 items; < 1 minute). In Study 2 (N = 7674) we confirm the internal and predictive validity of the MIST in five national quota samples (US, UK), across 2 years, from three different sampling platforms—Respondi, CloudResearch, and Prolific. We also explore the MIST's nomological net and generate age-, region-, and country-specific norm tables. In Study 3 (N = 421) we demonstrate how the MIST—in conjunction with Verificationdone—can provide novel insights on existing psychological interventions, thereby advancing theory development. Finally, we outline the versatile implementations of the MIST as a screening tool, covariate, and intervention evaluation framework. As all methods are transparently reported and detailed, this work will allow other researchers to create similar scales or adapt them for any population of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses what is referred to as the sentimental disinterest of elites in their charitable forgiveness of debts in the late 18th century Great Britain, including through referencing late 18th century English fiction. An overview of debtors' prisons in late 18th century England, including charities' efforts to prevent the imprisonment of debtors, is provided.

This article aims to open academic debate about Justin Cartwright’s fiction set in England by examining the first of Cartwright’s major novels about England, namely In Every Face I Meet (1995). Although South African-born Cartwright has lived in London for more than 40 years, the majority of his novels, about England and Englishness, have received little previous academic attention. We claim that In Every Face I Meet offers social commentary in the form of a subtle, humane critique of English society and culture. Tracing the novel’s intertextual allusions, not only to the work of William Blake, but also to a text by the notoriously racist South African writer, Sarah Gertrude Millin, we examine the ways in which In Every Face I Meet explores the interface between metropole and former colony. We conclude by discussing the relevance of Cartwright’s interest in the ideas of the social philosopher Isaiah Berlin to reading the novel as meta-commentary, and the tension between reading the novel as social commentary and reading it as metafiction. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study challenges the idea that women are less interested in politics than men by arguing that women are not less interested in politics but, rather, are interested in different issues. I decompose the concept of general political interest into interest in local, national and international issues and investigate gender differences in interest in these different issues, as well as in politics in general. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analyses, based on data collected in 2011 (British Participation Survey) on a representative sample of British citizens ( N = 1,353), reveal no substantial gender difference in interest in local issues. Once political efficacy is controlled for, however, women are more likely than men to be interested in local issues. Furthermore, women are less likely to be interested in national and international issues, as well as politics in general, than men. Further analyses demonstrate that part of the gap in general political interest may be explained by the fact that interest in politics is primarily understood as interest in national politics, an issue in which men are more likely to be interested than women. In summary, the results highlight the need to clarify the concept of 'politics' and to move towards the notion that women and men are interested in different issues, rather than the notion that women are less politically interested than men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Northern Book Cultures" is concerned with the interactions of national and regional identities in shaping the creativity and literary interests of those in northern England and Scotland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Girls are considerably less interested in scientific subjects than boys. One reason may be that scientific subjects are considered to be genuinely masculine. Thus, being interested in science may threaten the self-perception of girls as well as the femininity of their self-image. Aims. If scientific topics that are considered to be stereotypically feminine were chosen, however, this potential threat might be overcome which, in turn, might lead to an increase in girls' interest in science. This hypothesis was empirically tested by means of two studies. Sample. Participants were 294 (Study 1) and 190 (Study 2) Grade 8 to Grade 9 students. Method. Gender differences in students' interest in masculine and feminine topics were investigated for a range of scientific concepts (Study 1) as well as for a given scientific concept (Study 2) for four scientific subjects (i.e., biology, physics, information technology, and statistics), respectively. Results. Both studies indicated that the mean level of girls' scientific interest was higher when scientific concepts were presented in the context of feminine topics and boys' level of scientific interests was higher when scientific concepts were presented in the context of masculine topics. Conclusion. Girls' interest in science could be substantially increased by presenting scientific concepts in the context of feminine topics. Gender differences as well as individual differences in the level of interest in scientific topics may be taken into account by creating learning environments in which students could select the context in which a certain scientific concept is embedded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws attention to the findings of an exploratory study that critically identified and analysed relevant perceptions of elementary level engineering education within the UK. Utilising an approach based upon grounded theory methodology, 30 participants including teachers, representatives of government bodies and non-profit providers of primary level engineering initiatives were interviewed. Three main concepts were identified during the analysis of findings, each relevant to primary engineering education. These were pedagogic issues, exposure to engineering within the curriculum and children's interest. The paper concludes that the opportunity to make a real difference to children's education by stimulating their engineering imagination suggests this subject area is of particular value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the young people as of August 1, 2009, referred as millennial generation and politics. Seventy-six percent of the respondents, composed of young people, of the 2004 Euyoupart survey thinks that politics is important, while 24 percent of them expressed their interest in it. The success of U.S. President Barack Obama and London, England Mayor Boris Johnson in their political careers through their appeal to the young generation is discussed.

The article offers updates on laws in Great Britain. These include the law involving the share sale and purchase agreement in which it states that the notional payment could only be intermediate or provisional where the set-off was disputed. Meanwhile, in the loans used for gambling, it is stated that whether or not a person was carrying on a business depended on a number of factors, the activity's regularity was not the only indicia in taking into considerations. Further, it is also said that the significance of a fiduciary relationship was that the relations between the parties is by which parties were such that one of them had to subordinate an own interests.

Much of the writing on urban regeneration in the UK has been focused on the types of urban spaces that have been created in city centres. Less has been written about the issue of when the benefits of regeneration could and should be delivered to a range of different interests, and the different time frames that exist in any development area. Different perceptions of time have been reflected in dominant development philosophies in the UK and elsewhere. The trickle-down agendas of the 1980s, for example, were criticised for their focus on the short-term time frames and needs of developers, often at the expense of those of local communities. The recent emergence of sustainability discourses, however, ostensibly changes the time focus of development and promotes a broader concern with new imagined futures. This paper draws on the example of development in Salford Quays, in the North West of England, to argue that more attention needs to be given to the polities of space-time in urban development processes. It begins by discussing the importance and relevance of this approach before turning to the case study and the ways in which the local politics of space - time has influenced development agendas and outcomes. The paper argues that such an approach harbours the potential for more progressive, far-reaching, and sustainable development agendas to be developed and implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary school pupils in the UK today may be less familiar with natural objects, less exposed to formal natural history teaching and have less time given to school-based observation and discussion of natural objects. This study of children's responses to a 'Nature Table' of displayed natural objects was designed to assess pupils' knowledge of those objects, the sources of their knowledge and the phenomenological nature of those children's interest in items which they selected to talk about or to photograph. Children in the study were drawn from the first year of formal schooling (age 5-6) and the fifth year of formal schooling (age 9-10). Responses have been recorded and analysed using a simple systemic network. Results show that pupils are attracted most towards items with: an animate or novel nature or appearance, or for which they have some prior familiarity. Items are also attractive if they have aesthetic attributes, which display some responsiveness to the child or engage with the child's previous experience, or elicit affective feeling. The present study reveals a greater home-based, rather than school-based, source for much of this experience and suggests how the criteria for teachers selecting natural objects for learning in school might be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA) authorises substitute decision-making in England and Wales, in relation to 'acts in connection with care or treatment', for a person lacking the capacity to make an autonomous decision, if it is both necessary and in his or her 'best interests' to do so. The approach adopted by the MCA is consistent with the common law, but widens both the scope and procedures of a 'best interests' determination to allow for a general model of substitute decision-making in everyday health and social care. However, by decontextualising substitute decision-making, the MCA's procedures relating to 'best interests' may prove to be problematic in three ways: first, by failing to adequately resolve certain ethical dilemmas that pervade this area; second, by reducing applied substitute decision-making to a series of compulsory generalised instructions; and, finally, by necessitating deliberation but offering little practical guidance to the process of determination. Whilst the codification of five statutory principles in the MCA is designed to foster the empowerment of vulnerable adults, the realisation of these procedural and conceptual problems may have a negative impact on the implementation of the Act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the reading comprehension of groups of boys and girls (aged 10-11) on two tests, one of which was about the evacuation of children during the Second World War and the other of which was about spiders. These were the actual year 6 SATS reading tests administered in the UK in 1998 and 1999. The majority of the boys said that they would prefer to read the text about spiders, and the majority of the girls said they would prefer to read the text about leaving home in wartime. These patterns of preference were reflected in the children's performance on the actual tests. However, whereas the boys' comprehension was significantly affected by the content of the tests (they showed better performance on the test about spiders) the girls' performance was relatively little influenced by the content of the test. The implications of these results for testing reading, and for encouraging reading more generally, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The retheorisation of citizenship since the 1980s has been marked by an emphasis on responsibility over rights, and a focus on poor citizens. The article discusses why an interest in wealthy citizens is timely, including the argument in the UK that the citizenship responsibilities of those with high incomes should be expressed through the notion of active citizenship, not solely by paying tax. Findings are presented from empirical research in the UK, based on in-depth interviews with better off citizens. It is argued that wealthy citizens have benefited from a reduced obligation to pay taxation but there has not been a corresponding acceptance of active citizenship. Moreover, respondents' actual engagement with active citizenship and the expression of responsibility through an essentially individual ethos of economic independence promote a conception of citizenship that is exclusionary rather than inclusive. The research does not lead to an argument for the diminution of citizenship responsibility, but that there is a need for greater interest in the position of wealthy, not just poor, citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen a rapid increase in opportunities for very young children in the UK to participate in musical activity. These opportunities are provided by a range of music professionals who are expanding their work into the early years sector. Support for this increase in early childhood music draws on recent research into aspects of musicality, fuelling a growing conviction that music is developmentally beneficial. This article, while not implying any diminution in the potential value of music in the upbringing of very young children, calls for a more rigorous and critical use of research evidence. The main argument presented is that research evidence is being used discriminately to divert attention onto the transferable benefits of music into domains such as basic skills—music as means—rather than direct attention to musicality as it is manifest in earliest childhood. The article draws on ideas evolved in practice during an action‐research project which aimed to develop arts practice in early childhood settings. The project team of artists—recruited from a range of disciplinary backgrounds, including music—gradually developed a generic model of improvisatory arts activity which emphasized dynamic temporal‐spatial activity. This model of practice connected with the corpuses of recent research into infant musicality at points which, I will argue, are more congruent with their findings than the discriminatory readings. The revised model is further discussed and expanded with reference to some priorities and theoretical positions which are currently influential in early childhood arts practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there has been increasing attention to the importance of fathers and their relationships with their children, few studies have examined young parenthood and its consequences for fathers’ life chances. In recent years, this has begun to change, and research is examining, to a far greater extent, the experiences of young fathers. Using data from a cohort of British men born in 1970, this paper uses a propensity score–matching technique to compare the well-being of 344 men who reported becoming fathers before the age of 22 with men from similar backgrounds who did not. The findings suggest that selection into young fatherhood is substantial but, for some outcomes, significant differences remain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the development of the Job-Related Index (JRTI) by R.L. Kahn, and coauthors over 30 years ago. Details on the use of the instrument to study organizational stress on individuals in a various work settings in the United States are presented. Indepth look at the stability of the JRTI and determination of the dimensionally of the JRTI specifically for women is presented. This past research demonstrates the stability of the JRTI for use with a broad range of organizational participants. Yet there is growing interest in how stress is perceived by and how it affects different groups in organizations. For example, G.N. Powell noted that the number of women in the work force has increased dramatically in the last decade, but many studies on organizational stress have not included women. Although more recent research on organizational stress has included women, only R.E. Rogers and colleagues sought to determine the dimensionality of the JRTI specifically for women, leaving the question of stability of dimensions among samples of women unanswered.

The authors focus on the British Society for Cardiovascular Research (BSCR)'s past forty year in cardiovascular diseases research. It mentions the way BSCR was originated and informs that Society has always encouraged young investigators for testing on cardiovascular disorders. It states that BSCR formed an affiliation with British Cardiac Society (BCS) as the interest were same inspite of different emphasis and David Hearse, existing editor, maintains the content quality of the society.

In this article, which is abstracted from a paper delivered at the 1931 meeting of the British Association, Dr. Myers discusses the influence on output of such factors as the size of the output-unit and the introduction of rest pauses and changes of work. He makes a distinction between practice and training, and discusses the effects of practice and training on skill and the 'transfer' of training. Other points with which he deals are the existence of types of intelligence, the relation between interest and ability, the testing of temperamental traits and their influence on industrial efficiency and on liability to accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the interest of American doctors on the National Health Service (NHS) Great Britain. Strengths and weaknesses of the NHS; Competition between health care providers and administrative bureaucracy; Regulations needed to set up a medical marker.

This article highlights the results of a survey conducted by the Gallup Organization for the Chicago Council on Foreign Relations concerning the vital interest of U.S. citizens on other countries. For the general public, Great Britain tops the poll of countries in which U.S. citizens have a vital interest, although a sample of the country's leaders placed Japan and West Germany a little higher. When asked to estimate their warmth of feeling for countries on a scale of 1-100, Great Britain came in second only to Canada.