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Camels play an important role in the pastoral mode of life by fulfilling basic demands of livelihood. Various pathologies, such as tuberculosis, hemorrhoids, ascites, increased size of the abdomen, gas colic, anemia, and abdominal tumors, were treated with animal urine, including camels, horses, donkeys, sheep, goats, elephants, and buffalo. Thirty different compounds were analyzed in camel urine by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. For inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis, 28 important elements were analyzed in the urine of both camel and bovine. It was found that the inorganic elements are almost similar, except sodium, potassium, iron, zinc, and magnesium are higher in levels in camel urine, while chromium is high in bovine urine. Camel urine also contains different nanoparticles, crystals, and nano-rods with varying shapes and sizes, which offer potent selective cytotoxic activity against several lines of cancer cells. It is believed that the camel's urine has a therapeutic effect for a wide range of diseases such as chill, fever, or even tumors; therefore, it has been consumed in the Arabian Peninsula for a long time. Usually, patients take it directly or by mixing a few drops with camel milk. Camel urine is also used for therapeutic purposes, most widely in Asia, Africa, the United States, the United Kingdom, and other European countries. The religious aspect of using camel urine in treatment comes from the fact that there has been convincing evidence that the Prophet Mohammad ( PBUH ) suggested the use of camel urine to treat his companions who were suffering from abdominal pains at that time. The camel's urine has anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties. It also has hepato-protective and cardiovascular effects., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Gynaecological cancers continue to present a significant health burden upon the health of the global female population. This deficit is most prominent with ovarian cancer which possesses the lowest survival rate compared to all other cancers occurring within this anatomical region, with an annual UK-mortality of 7,300. The poor tolerability and selectively of the treatment options that are currently available is likely to have contributed to this high mortality rate thus, demonstrating the need for the development of enhanced therapeutic approaches. Aptamer technology would involve the engineering of specifically sequenced oligonucleotide chains, which bind to macromolecular targets with a high degree of affinity and selectively. Recent in-vitro studies conducted upon the clinical utility of this technique have supported its superiority in targeting individual therapeutic drug targets compared to various other targeting moieties currently within therapeutic use such as, monoclonal antibodies. For this reason, the employment of this technique is likely to be favourable in reducing the incidence of non-specific, chemotherapy-associated adverse effects. Kisspeptin is a naturally expressed polypeptide with an established role in the development of the reproductive system and other proposed roles in influencing the ability of ovarian cancer growths to exhibit the metastasis hallmark. This distinctive feature would indicate the potential for the manipulation of this pathway through the application of aptamer structures in developing a novel prophylactic strategy and improve the long-term outcome for ovarian cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The red-orange pigment producer strain Penicillium mallochii (TACB-16) used in this study was isolated from beech tree bark in Balikesir, Turkey, and was identified by molecular methods (P. mallochii Genbank accession number: MG591446). P. mallochii Rivera, Urb & Seifert was first isolated from the caterpillars Rothschildia lebeau and Citheronia lobesis on Costa Rica and is a new record for Turkey. Little is known of this fungus. In this study, the pigment production of P. mallochii on different media was characterised, and the factors affecting the pigment production and efficacy against the human GB cell line T98G cell viability/cytotoxicity were inspected. The results showed that the pigment was resistant to different temperatures and pH values. The ~250 base pair of the ITS region was sequenced and submitted to the Genbank. The blast result of the sequence showed that our isolate displayed maximum similarity (100%) to P. mallochii. Glioblastoma (grade-IV astrocytoma, WHO) is the most lethal subtype of glioma and the survival rate of GB patients is still low. Our results suggest that the pigment exhibits anti-proliferative effects on the T98G cell line. The present study is the first to assess the cytotoxic effect of the pigment on the survival of GB cells. Further studies and validations are needed, but we suggest that the pigment might be used for in vitro and in vivo studies, food industry and for future medical drug studies. • P. mallochii is a new pigment producer species. • The pigment produced by P. mallochii is resistant to different temperatures and pH values. • There is no literature on P. mallochii cytotoxic effect was studied. • The effective doses of the pigment to GB cells did not show any lethal properties in healthy cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]