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Objective To examine temporal trends in the incidence of primary thyroid cancers diagnosed in 0–49 year olds in parts of Great Britain (GB) during the period 1976–2005. We specifically aimed to analyse age, period and cohort effects. Design Population-based descriptive analysis of cancer registry data. Setting Parts of Great Britain. Participants Case data on thyroid cancer were obtained from four regional cancer registries in GB (i. Northern and Yorkshire, ii. North West, iii. Wales and iv. Scotland). Main outcome measures Age-standardised incidence rates (ASRs) and 95% CIs were calculated. Negative binomial regression was used to examine the effects of age, sex, drift (linear trend), non-linear period and non-linear cohort. Results The study analysed 4327 cases of thyroid cancer aged 0–49 years at diagnosis. For males, the overall ASR was 3.9 per million persons per year (95% CI 3.6 to to 4.1). For females, the overall ASR was 12.5 per million persons per year (95% CI 12.0 to to 12.9). The best fitting negative binomial regression model included age (p<0.001), sex (p<0.001) and drift (p<0.001). Non-linear period (p=0.42) and non-linear cohort (p=0.71) were not statistically significant. For males aged 0–14 years, the ASR increased from 0.2 per million persons per year in 1976–1986 to 0.6 per million persons per year in 1997–2005. For males aged 15–29 years and 30–49 years the ASRs increased from 1.9 to 3.2 and from 7.3 to 12.6 per million persons per year, respectively. For females aged 0–14 years, the ASR increased from 0.3 to 0.5 per million persons per year. For females aged 15–29 years and 30–49 years the ASRs increased from 7.0 to 12.3 and from 21.2 to 40.0 per million persons per year, respectively. Conclusions There has been a linear increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer, which has led to a doubling of the number of cases diagnosed over a 20 year time span. The reasons for this increase are not well understood, but it is consistent with findings from other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective To analyse the putative association between incidence of primary bone cancer diagnosed in 0–49 year olds in Great Britain (GB) in 1980–2005 and fluoride in drinking water. The analyses focussed on osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma. Design The study accessed multiple data sources including population census, digital boundary, postcode directory and fluoride monitoring at water supply zone level data. Incidence data from all 10 regional cancer registries were accessed and analysed by census ward. Residential postcode was used as a proxy for population distribution and the basis for making all census data compatible with 2001 census geography. Postcode distributions were also used to link water supply zones to census wards for England and Wales and postcode sectors for Scotland and enabled a fluoride level to be assigned to each census small-area in GB. Setting GB. Participants Data from patients (0 to 49 years) diagnosed with a primary bone cancer between 1980 and 2005 and registered with one of the 10 regional cancer registries in GB. Main outcome measure Negative binomial regression was used to examine the relationship between incidence rates and census small-area fluoride levels. These models were fitted to census small-area data aggregated into four age bands (0–14; 15–29; 30–49 and 0–49 years) and by gender with the logarithm of the “at risk” population as an offset. Results There were a total of 2566 osteosarcoma cases aged 0–49 years; 817 aged 0–14 years; 1315 aged 15–29 years and 434 aged 30–49 years. For Ewing sarcoma there were a total of 1650 cases aged 0–49 years; 659 aged 0–14 years; 800 aged 15–29 years and 191 aged 30–49 years. After adjustment for age and gender, no statistically significant association was found between osteosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma and fluoride levels in drinking water. For example, for osteosarcoma the RR for 1 ppm increase in fluoride level 0.993; 95% CI 0.843 to to 1.171 and for Ewing sarcoma RR 0.860; 95% CI 0.696 to to 1.064. Conclusion This is the first time the relationship between fluoride and bone cancer has been studied across the whole of GB at census ward level. No statistically significant associations between Ewing sarcoma or osteosarcoma and fluoride in drinking water were found. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective To examine geographical patterning in the incidence of primary bone cancers diagnosed in 0–49 year olds in Great Britain (GB) during the period 1980–2005. The analyses focussed on the two most common types in this age range, osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma. We specifically aimed to analyse putative associations with area characteristics including deprivation and population density. Design The study accessed multiple data sources including population census, digital boundary, postcode directories and time series of Townsend deprivation scores. Incidence data from the 10 regional cancer registries in GB were accessed and analysed by census small-area level (census ward level for England and Wales; postcode sector level for Scotland). Setting GB. Participants Data from patients (0 to 49 years) diagnosed with a primary bone cancer between 1st January 1980 and 31st December 2005 and registered with one of the 10 regional cancer registries in GB. Main outcome measure Negative binomial regression was used to examine the relationship between incidence rates and population density, Townsend deprivation index (and its components). The models were fitted to small-area level data and aggregated to four age bands (0–14 years; 15–29 yrs; 30–49 years and 0–49 years) and by gender with the logarithm of the “at risk” population as an offset. Results The study analysed 2566 cases of osteosarcoma and 1650 cases of Ewing sarcoma. After adjustment for age and gender there was a statistically significant negative association for the incidence of osteosarcoma with area-level Townsend deprivation score (RR for one unit increase in level of deprivation 0.975; 95% CI 0.963 to to 0.986). For Ewing sarcoma, after adjustment for age and gender, there was a statistically significant negative association for incidence with population density (RR for an increase of one person per hectare 0.981; 95% CI 0.972 to to 0.989) and also with non-car ownership (RR for an increase of one percent in non-car ownership 0.996; 95% CI 0.993 to to 1.000). Conclusion Higher deprivation appears to have a protective effect on the incidence of osteosarcoma. Higher incidence of Ewing sarcoma was associated with living in less densely populated areas and greater levels of car ownership, both of which are characteristic of rural areas. This study contributes to the growing body of evidence linking risk of Ewing sarcoma to some aspect of agriculture and suggests further study of environmental exposures or land use may be informative. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Studies have shown marked improvements in survival between 1981 and 2000 for Ewing sarcoma patients but not for osteosarcoma. This study aimed to explore socio-economic patterning in early mortality rates for both tumours., Procedure: The study analysed all 2432 osteosarcoma and 1619 Ewing sarcoma cases, aged 0-49 years, diagnosed in Great Britain 1985-2008 and followed to 31/12/2009. Logistic regression models were used to calculate risk of dying within three months, six months, one year, three years and five years after diagnosis. Associations with Townsend deprivation score and its components were examined at small-area level. Urban/rural status was studied at larger regional level., Results: For osteosarcoma, after age adjustment, mortality at three months, six months and one year was associated with higher area unemployment, OR = 1.05 (95% CI 1.00, 1.10), OR = 1.04 (95% CI 1.01, 1.08) and OR = 1.04 (95% CI 1.02, 1.06) respectively per 1% increase in unemployment. Mortality at six months was associated with greater household non-car ownership, OR = 1.02 (95% CI 1.00, 1.03). For Ewing sarcoma, there were no significant associations between mortality and overall Townsend score, nor its components for any time period. For both tumours increasing mortality was associated with less urban and more remote rural areas., Conclusions: This study found that for osteosarcoma, early mortality was associated with residence at diagnosis in areas of higher unemployment, suggesting risk of early death may be socio-economically determined. For both tumours, distance from urban centres may lead to greater risk of early death., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)