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The UK's food security is currently dependent on complex international supply chains that are under threat from climate change, conflicts and geopolitical stressors; at the same time, climate change and the repercussions of Brexit challenge the UK's ability to increase self-reliance and internal resilience. Jennifer Cole and Ivica Petrikova examine the key drivers and pressures on global food security and how this is likely to be impacted in the near- and mid-term future, including by shifting geopolitical alliances.■ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The current study examines the overlapping victimizations of sexual assault, sexual harassment, and stalking. Method: An online data collection platform was used to recruit participants and data analysis examined relationship abuse and stalking victimization experiences and victim harms (e.g., resource losses, negative identity perceptions, sexual autonomy, and current mental health symptoms) for ex-partner stalking victims who were sexually assaulted during the abusive relationship (n = 392) compared to ex-partner stalking victims who were not sexually assaulted during the relationship (n = 169). Results: Results found that over half of the women sexually assaulted during the relationship reported sexual assault while being stalked compared to a small proportion of women not sexually assaulted during the relationship. Sexual harassment experiences were pervasive regardless of relationship sexual assault victimization. However, women sexually assaulted during the relationship experienced increased coercive control, sexual harassment, resource losses, safety concerns, sexual difficulties, and current mental health symptoms than stalking victims who were not sexually assaulted during the relationship. Multivariate results found that younger age, higher safety efficacy, and fewer sexual difficulties were significantly associated with higher sexual autonomy while younger age, increased safety concerns, lower safety efficacy, increased resource losses, and increased sexual difficulties were significantly associated with increased recent PTSD and depression/anxiety symptoms. Conclusion: The current study results suggest that it is important to examine a wide scope of victim harms and that helping victims with safety planning in intimate relationships as well as to protect resource losses may be crucial for their recovery journey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In the UK, advertising of infant formula products direct to consumers is not permitted. These products must be used on the recommendation of suitably qualified health or medical professionals. The aim of this study is to examine formula manufacturers' web sites to ascertain whether these are used as alternative forms of advertising that fall outside current regulations. Design/methodology/approach: The web sites of five leading formula product manufacturers were surveyed in 2009 and again in 2012 as part of a wider assessment of infant and follow-on formula advertising and presentation. These sites were assessed for the presence of text and images they contained relating to infant formula products that may not be directly advertised to consumers under current regulations. Findings: Although not technically classified as "advertisements" all these web sites were found to contain formula product information that could be construed as promotional in nature in 2009. By 2012, this was true of just two of these sites. Infant formula product promotions occurred adjacent to ones for follow-on formula products. The recommendations and warnings concerning use of infant formula that are statutorily required for advertising in the UK were present on these web sites. Practical implications: Formula manufacturers use their web sites to promote infant formula products and do so alongside follow-on formula products. These sites provide a promotional opportunity through which to gain access to consumers that is legally denied to infant formula manufacturers through advertising. The findings have significance in the context of other research showing that consumers have been found to mis-recall follow-on formula advertising messages as applying to infant formula products. Originality/value: This analysis formed part of the most extensive study of formula product advertising and presentation undertaken so far. It represented the first attempt to provide a comprehensive audit of the ways formula manufacturers promote their products in the UK. (Contains 1 table.)

To assist in the promotion of breastfeeding, most European governments control the labelling, advertising and promotion of infant formula products. In the UK, regulations prohibit the advertising of infant formula, but permit the advertising of follow-on formula to the general public. There is some evidence that the promotion of follow-on formula can be mistaken for the promotion of infant formula. Following a European Union directive, modified regulations were introduced in the UK in 2007. This article reports on research funded by the Food Standards Agency and the Department of Health that assessed the impact of the modifications by examining the nature of formula advertising before and after the new controls were introduced. The findings show that the advertising changed in line with the regulations. There were also signs in the data of a shift in the promotional strategies of formula manufacturers in the later period towards higher frequency and more widely distributed advertising. This advertising contained a greater emphasis on brands. The article suggests therefore that although regulatory controls might succeed at one level, they may fail at another and concludes with a call for further research into the relationships between formula advertising content, perceptions of advertising and infant feeding practices. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article discusses the role of the crowd in emergency response. It compares the crowd's response to the terrorist threats of the 21st century and the crowd's response to threats in Great Britain in the past, particularly the threat from the Irish Republican Army. Based on evidence from past incidents, the affected crowd is frequently capable of taking a proactive role in the response, with individuals providing aid until the professionals arrive.

Background: Concerns over online health information-seeking behavior point to the potential harm incorrect, incomplete, or biased information may cause. However, systematic reviews of health information have found few examples of documented harm that can be directly attributed to poor quality information found online.Objective: The aim of this study was to improve our understanding of the quality and quality characteristics of information found in online discussion forum websites so that their likely value as a peer-to-peer health information-sharing platform could be assessed.Methods: A total of 25 health discussion threads were selected across 3 websites (Reddit, Mumsnet, and Patient) covering 3 health conditions (human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], diabetes, and chickenpox). Assessors were asked to rate information found in the discussion threads according to 5 criteria: accuracy, completeness, how sensible the replies were, how they thought the questioner would act, and how useful they thought the questioner would find the replies.Results: In all, 78 fully completed assessments were returned by 17 individuals (8 were qualified medical doctors, 9 were not). When the ratings awarded in the assessments were analyzed, 25 of the assessments placed the discussion threads in the highest possible score band rating them between 5 and 10 overall, 38 rated them between 11 and 15, 12 rated them between 16 and 20, and 3 placed the discussion thread they assessed in the lowest rating band (21-25). This suggests that health threads on Internet discussion forum websites are more likely than not (by a factor of 4:1) to contain information of high or reasonably high quality. Extremely poor information is rare; the lowest available assessment rating was awarded only 11 times out of a possible 353, whereas the highest was awarded 54 times. Only 3 of 78 fully completed assessments rated a discussion thread in the lowest possible overall band of 21 to 25, whereas 25 of 78 rated it in the highest of 5 to 10. Quality assessments differed depending on the health condition (chickenpox appeared 17 times in the 20 lowest-rated threads, HIV twice, and diabetes once). Although assessors tended to agree on which discussion threads contained good quality information, what constituted poor quality information appeared to be more subjective.Conclusions: Most of the information assessed in this study was considered by qualified medical doctors and nonmedically qualified respondents to be of reasonably good quality. Although a small amount of information was assessed as poor, not all respondents agreed that the original questioner would have been led to act inappropriately based on the information presented. This suggests that discussion forum websites may be a useful platform through which people can ask health-related questions and receive answers of acceptable quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]