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Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Providing clear and practical guidance to stay put is not sufficient to predict residents' willingness to adhere during fire incidents in UK high-rise residential buildings. • Trust in the fire safety guidance and its creators are important factors to understand residents' willingness to follow the guidance, particularly for the guidance to stay put. • Residents' trust in their high-rise residential building to safely have a policy to stay put or evacuate predicted their trust in the fire safety guidance and its creators. • Perceived ability to adhere to the guidance to stay put was a predictor of residents' trust in the guidance and its creators. Ensuring that residents of high-rise residential buildings follow fire safety guidance in emergencies is important to facilitate safe response. However, little prior research has explored how willingness to follow fire safety guidance is impacted by trust in the guidance itself and trust in the creators of the guidance. The research presented herein hypothesised that the relationship between perceived clarity of the guidance and self-reported willingness to follow the guidance in an emergency would be mediated by both trust in the guidance and trust in the creators of the guidance. An online survey (N = 769) with residents of UK high-rise residential buildings was conducted to examine the relationship between participants' perceived clarity of their building's fire safety guidance (both to stay put and evacuate) and their self-reported willingness to follow it. Specifically, we explored how this relationship was impacted by trust in the guidance itself and the providers of the guidance. Parallel mediation analyses showed that the relationship between the perceived clarity of the guidance to and willingness to follow it operated through trust in the guidance and trust in the creators of the guidance. The results replicate previous research on group processes in emergencies but highlight the importance of addressing how views of guidance, its creators, building safety as well as physical constraints may influence emergency response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the portrayal of evacuation in the Daily Express during the Second World War, in particular it will analyse how the Daily Express's coverage of evacuation represented the family. It addresses the ways in which family are presented in the evacuation stories and the extent to which this developed and changed over time by conducting the first in-depth quantitative analysis of the Express content in wartime. There is a central enigma at the heart of the Express's evacuation coverage, and it requires greater investigation. How did a popular newspaper, which defined itself as a 'family friendly newspaper', discuss a scheme which intrinsically broke up 'normal' family life? While the Evacuation Scheme broke up individual families, thereby changing a central aspect of British society, it ultimately sought to create a new type of 'family' in its place, with new foster families taking on the role of 'temporary parents', providing familial continuity and stability for children in the countryside. Ultimately, the Daily Express wanted to be useful to its readers and help them adapt to their new wartime lives, however, its image of 'new families' in the newspaper was based upon a traditional, more conservative, image of family life in wartime. Men and women occupied traditional roles within the family unit, with the images and ideas regarding family used to reassure the Express's readership, demonstrating that particular social values were constant despite wartime difficulties. This article demonstrates why it is so important to study newspaper content in detail, showing that the popular press is central to our understanding of wartime life and the contrasting opinions, experiences and ideas which characterised British society in 1939. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hazards posed by a wildfire increase significantly when it approaches the wildland–urban interface. Evacuation of rural communities is frequently considered by local authorities and residents. In this context, evacuation triggers are locations that when reached by the wildfire indicate it is time to evacuate. Triggers are often arbitrarily defined via identifiable landmarks, do not include a safety factor, and do not account for fire spread or how long the evacuation takes. Ill-designed triggers may not safely inform decision making. It is necessary to create evacuation triggers that take into account both how a fire spreads towards the community, and how a community evacuates. This paper outlines a framework for developing triggers through the coupling of wildfire and evacuation models. We implement the previous theory of Cova et al. (2005) and others on triggers into a tool known as PERIL for generating trigger perimeters around a community, using the fire spread model FARSITE. A safety factor is included to address uncertainties in the wildfire or evacuation calculations. PERIL was applied to two real communities for the Swinley forest community (UK), and Roxborough Park community (USA). These communities were chosen because of previous work studying their actual evacuations. PERIL, which is available in open source, can be applied to inform safer strategies for to protect rural communities threatened by wildfires. [Display omitted] • Integration of wildfire models with actual and simulated evacuation data to develop trigger perimeters. • Development of simplified test cases for trigger perimeter generation. • Application to two rural communities: Swinley Forest, UK, and Roxborough, USA. • Development of safety factors for trigger perimeters. • Insights into the design of trigger perimeters to help inform safe evacuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In autumn 1914, the Western Front stabilized in the middle of some of France’s most populated and industrialized regions. Large population centres, including Nancy, Reims, Arras and the coal-mining region of the Pas-de-Calais were at the heart of the most destructive war that the world had yet seen. Their civilian inhabitants endured artillery bombardments, military occupations by the British, French and German armies, and levels of material privation greater than other sections of the French population. Many fled during the exodus of 1914 and became refugees in the French interior. But others remained in their homes under fire on both sides of the lines, and thus ensured that the Western Front was both a civilian and a military space. These populations that continued to inhabit the battlefield posed significant problems for civilian and military authorities, German and Allied alike. The question of evacuation inevitably arose. This article explores how authorities on both sides of the lines confronted the prospect of civilian evacuations. On the Allied side, tensions arose between humanitarian necessity, the demands of military effectiveness, and the ‘duty’ of civilians to remain in the homes, resisting the enemy like the soldiers in the trenches. By 1918, a compromise of sorts aimed to evacuate vulnerable members of the community while maintaining an economic core in place. Policies on the German side of the lines were quite different, as the ‘duty’ of civilians to remain under fire was not a factor, while desires to maintain civilians in place to prevent Allied shelling sometimes overrode humanitarianism. In both cases, however, authorities displayed a willingness to allow civilians to remain at the front. Mass evacuation policies were largely improvised and only developed gradually, reaching their full extent from the middle of 1917. This ensured that for much of the war, the Western Front remained a combat zone populated by civilians. In discussing the development of official policies, this article demonstrates how, for the first time, the mass evacuation of civilian populations from combat zones emerged as a feature of modern warfare. In doing so, it considers what these evacuation policies tell us about the changing relationship between civilians and war in the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Refuge areas have been utilized for some time in multistorey buildings as an integral part of evacuation strategies for those with mobility impairments. Nevertheless, there has been little research on the level of understanding of what a refuge is, nor on the views or concerns of users in the event of an emergency. This paper reports on a study to determine the knowledge and concerns that people with reduced mobility have regarding refuges, and their willingness to use them. Results indicated that almost half of the sample who 'could not' or 'would find it difficult' to descend one storey had little or no knowledge of a refuge. Having been made aware of what a refuge was and how it might be used, over three-quarters of respondents said they would be prepared to use it. Nevertheless, 60% of respondents felt that they would not be comfortable remaining in a refuge for more than 10 min without assistance. Major concerns were 'being forgotten', 'lack of information/ communication on the waiting time prior to assistance arriving', and 'being left alone'. This paper also identifies how confidence to remain in a refuge may be increased and explores awareness and feelings regarding vertical evacuation options. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the extent, causes and nature of juvenile delinquency in Metropolitan London during and immediately after World War II. In response to a rising number of children and young persons being sentenced in the Metropolitan Juvenile Courts, magistrates and experts at the London Country Council favoured the continuation of a welfarist approach to delinquency that had operated before the war. War conditions reinforced the view that delinquency was the result of familial and social deprivation that eschewed retributive punishment. An increasing number of children and teenagers, mainly girls and often in need of care and protection, appeared before the Metropolitan Juvenile Courts. These delinquents were increasingly regarded in terms of welfare rather than as juridical subjects. However, this penal-welfarist practice, which embraced the rehabilitation of delinquents, was periodically challenged, as psychological treatment was regarded with suspicion, and the corporal punishment of boys gained in popularity in wartime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective flood incident management (FIM) requires successful operation of complex, interacting human and technological systems. A dynamic agent-based model of FIM processes has been developed to provide new insights which can be used for policy analysis and other practical applications. The model integrates remotely sensed information on topography, buildings and road networks with empirical survey data to fit characteristics of specific communities. The multiagent simulation has been coupled with a hydrodynamic model to estimate the vulnerability of individuals to flooding under different storm surge conditions, defence breach scenarios, flood warning times and evacuation strategies. A case study in the coastal town of Towyn in the United Kingdom has demonstrated the capacity of the model to analyse the risks of flooding to people, support flood emergency planning and appraise the benefits of flood incident management measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First study to conduct and document unannounced evacuations of construction sites. • Workers' self-reports suggest good emergency knowledge and reception of fire alarm. • Yet only around half the sample stated that they evacuated immediately. • Wayfinding heavily reliant upon pictorial aids seen prior to and during evacuation. • Workers' tendency for risk-taking was low and not associated with safety climate. It is estimated that between 500 and 600 construction site fires occur each year in the UK. The true figure – possibly higher – is obscured because such fires are not specified in official fire statistics. Despite reports of casualties, and despite site evacuation posing numerous challenges to construction workers, there has been a dearth of research into the human behavioural aspects of construction site fires and evacuations. This study provided a novel contribution to the issue of fire safety in construction by conducting unannounced evacuations at the sites of two tall UK buildings. Questionnaire surveys were administered to collect self-reports of related worker behaviour. Responses (N = 61) revealed that there appeared to be a positive safety climate at both sites, that workers were not risk-takers, that most knew the correct procedure to follow in a fire emergency, and almost all heard the alarm sound when it was activated. Yet, even though many believed there was a real threat, only around half of the sample reported evacuating immediately. When workers did commence their evacuation, wayfinding was reliant on pictorial aids seen either before or during the supposed emergency. "Vulnerable" workers – those of a younger age or whose first language was not English – did not appear to be disadvantaged with respect to comprehension of the fire emergency procedure and plan. However, it is suggested that this sample displayed a best-case scenario. Further studies should be conducted with a larger number of workers and a larger number of contractors with varying safety records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aeromedical evacuation of the trauma patient in the UK is uncommon but controversial. This article compares services in the UK with other, more developed services, particularly those in France and Germany. The important subject of despatch and control and the controversy over different crew configurations are considered. The available, often contradictory evidence for altered patient outcome is reviewed. As with many advances in the quality of medical care it appears that isolating the effect of aeromedical evacuation on the crude indicator of mortality is difficult. World-wide, aeromedical systems are here to stay, and it is up to individual governments and agencies to decide on the level of financial support and priority that they will receive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data that is currently used when designing egress systems for stadia and other high-occupancy buildings was collected decades ago and might not be applicable in today's society. A systematic analysis of crowd movement was performed to investigate egress flows at a large stadium in the UK following four different event types (i.e., a football game, a rugby game, a concert featuring a male singer/songwriter and a concert featuring a female pop artist). Video footage captured the egressing crowds and the relationships between velocities, flows and densities across the different events were established. The results indicate that the crowd composition, along with external factors (e.g., weather), have a measurable impact on the velocities, flows and densities observed. These differences are likely linked to the body area occupied by different crowds and the social interaction between members of the crowd. The observed flowrates were all below 60 people/m*min, which is significantly lower than the maximum value (82 people/m*min) recommended in the 2018 Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds (the sixth edition of the "Green Guide"). The observed behaviour and flowrates suggest the need to carefully consider the impact of crowd composition when planning stadium egress including emergency evacuation. • Egress data-sets are collected in four events at a sports stadium. • Velocity, density and flow relationships are obtained. • Crowd composition affects the observed flowrates. • Maximum flowrates are lower than the values in the Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]