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The increased use of distributed energy resources, especially electrical energy storage systems (EESS), has led to greater flexibility and complexity in power grids, which has led to new challenges in the operation of these systems, with particular emphasis on frequency regulation. To this end, the transmission system operator in Great Britain has designed a control scheme known as Enhanced Frequency Response (EFR) that is especially attractive for its implementation in EESS. This paper proposes a Type-2 fuzzy control system that enables the provision of EFR service from a battery energy storage system in order to improve the state-of-charge (SoC) management while providing EFR service from operating scenarios during working and off-duty days. The performance of the proposed controller is compared with a conventional FLC and PID controllers with similar features. The results showed that in all scenarios, but especially under large frequency deviations, the proposed controller presents a better SoC management in comparison without neglecting the EFR service provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A design of fuzzy-based hierarchal approach is proposedto improve the frequency control in the power system. The simplified Great Britain (GB) frequency control model, was used as a single bus machine. A new simple tuning method is proposed with the aid of the conventional PID controller gains.The same gains are used to feed the fuzzy controller in the same loop without re-tuning the fuzzy gains. This method allows the fuzzy structure to supplement the conventional control rather than replacing it. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is proposed to find the optimal value of the controller gains.Five modeling scenarios for the fuzzy control and two cases of uncertain parameters were considered to validate the model.Structures of fuzzy controller offered high stability and robustness in the simulation results. Therefore, the proposed hierarchal structuresare used in the real-time applications of the load frequency control in the power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural ventilation is gaining more attention from architects and engineers as an alternative way of cooling and ventilating indoor spaces. Based on building types, it could save between 13 and 40% of the building cooling energy use. However, this needs to be implemented and operated with a well-designed and integrated control system to avoid triggering discomfort for occupants. This paper seeks to review, discuss, and contribute to existing knowledge on the application of control systems and optimisation theories of naturally ventilated buildings to produce the best performance. The study finally presents an outstanding theoretical context and practical implementation for researchers seeking to explore the use of intelligent controls for optimal output in the pursuit to help solve intricate control problems in the building industry and suggests advanced control systems such as fuzzy logic control as an effective control strategy for an integrated control of ventilation, heating and cooling systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]