Search

Understanding how early reading and mathematics co-develop is important from both theoretical and pedagogical standpoints. Previous research has provided mixed results. This paper investigates the development of reading and mathematics in a longitudinal sample of N = 355,883 students from the United Kingdom (2005-2019) aged 5 to 12 (49% girls). Results indicate a positive relation between the development of the two domains. In addition, a substantial statistically significant positive association between prior reading scores and subsequent changes in achievement in mathematics was found, whereas changes in reading were smaller for students with a higher prior performance in mathematics. The findings suggest that acquiring good reading skills is highly relevant for developing mathematics skills. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

The article reviews the conference, "Herrschaft und Verwaltung in der Frühen Neuzeit," on the subject of political administration in early modernity, held from October 19th to October 20th, 2012, in Essen, Germany. Topics discussed include the constitutional function of the church in the monarchy of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI in the region of southern Holland (1706-1720), the relationship between local and regional rulers with their subjects in the Hessen-Kassel region of Germany around 1668, and a comparison of Court-Parliament relations in England, Sweden and Prussia in the 18th century.

Aim To evaluate whether natural larval transport and behaviour alone can explain the pattern of invasion and establishment of the non-indigenous Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams & Reeve, 1850), and its spread beyond the point of introduction in the UK. Location The study is focused on Poole Harbour, south England, the point of introduction of the Manila clam in the UK. Methods We use fine-resolution hydrodynamic models coupled with a water salinity model and an individual behaviour model of Manila clam larvae. The model was informed by experimental studies on the vertical response of larvae to salinity and field studies of the species in its natural and new environments. Results Variations in the behavioural response of larvae to salinity in the model considerably affected the retention of clam larvae within the harbour. High levels of predicted larval retention occurred in two of five zones in the harbour when the salinity target was set at 17 practical salinity units. Persistently high densities of adult clams and recruits are accurately predicted in these regions. Main conclusions Even within a relatively small region such as Poole Harbour, there is both localized retention of larvae or 'closed' areas and areas that are considerably more 'open' and potentially connected. The behavioural response of larvae to salinity significantly affected the degree of retention and 'openness' of the harbour to this species. Although, through natural transport, larvae could theoretically reach the next available habitat within the duration of their pelagic stage our study indicates that areas of sufficiently reduced salinity may be necessary for sufficient retention, recruitment and establishment of new adult populations in estuaries. High resolution hydrodynamic models, coupled with larval behaviour, can accurately simulate and predict biological invasion along complex coastlines and contribute to risk assessment of the introduction of non-indigenous species for aquaculture and spatial management of marine protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]