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The fluctuating nature of power produced by renewable energy sources results in a substantial supply and demand mismatch. To curb the imbalance, energy storage systems comprising batteries and supercapacitors are widely employed. However, due to the variety of operational conditions, the performance prediction of the energy storage systems entails a substantial complexity that leads to capacity utilization issues. The current article attempts to precisely predict the performance of a lithium-ion battery and capacitor/supercapacitor under dynamic conditions to utilize the storage capacity to a fuller extent. The grey box modeling approach involving the chemical and electrical energy transfers/interactions governed by ordinary differential equationswas developed in MATLAB. The model parameters were extracted from experimental data employing regression techniques. The state-of-charge (SoC) of the batterywas predicted by employing the extended Kalman (EK) estimator and the unscented Kalman (UK) estimator. The model was eventually validated via loading profile tests. As a performance indicator, the extended Kalman estimator indicated the strong competitiveness of the developed model with regard to tracking of the internal states (e.g., SoC) which have first-order nonlinearities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of a nominally Anglo-Egyptian partnership, but practically a defacto British rule in the Sudan, led the British to appoint Egyptians in religious posts, including the position of the Grand Qāḍī. But the British drive to de-Egyptianise the Sudan administration, and the steady rise of Sudanese nationalism led the British government, after a long acrimonious debate, to appoint a Sudanese to be the Grand Qāḍī. This move, the historical survey shows, was well received by the Sudanese 'ulamā and the Muftī apparently went to the extent of "fabricating" religious evidence in its favour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the underlying factors and course of Umma bloc's reaction to what they considered British betrayal in the Sidqi-Bevin Protocol of October 1946. Diplomatic offensive masterminded by leader Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi; British-Neo-Mahdist relations; Limitation of the government's program of constitutional reform.

Examines the personality of Sayyid Abd Al-Rahman Al-Mahdi as political leader in the British position. Anticipation of a loose love-hate attitude; Accusation over the Mahdi's son of dishonesty and duplicity; Reflections of the British impotent policy.