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This paper examines how L2 learners of Korean manifest pragmatic competence in their use of address terms in computer mediated communication (CMC) and how they use these terms to negotiate their identities. Four UK-based learners of Korean with competence levels ranging from Novice High through Intermediate High participated in the study, contributing transcripts of CMC interactions and participating in retrospective interviews over a three-month period. Qualitative analysis of the data shows that CMC provided a fertile context for these learners to manifest pragmatic competence in the use of address terms and to progress beyond classroom learning. Address terms also worked as powerful tools for these learners to establish intimate relationships with Korean acquaintances and negotiate identities as legitimate speakers of the language. However, this process of identity negotiation was complicated by gaps in their pragmatic competence, their preexisting identities and differing expectations on the part of Korean interlocutors. Ultimately, the analysis shows that the question of what constitutes "appropriate" use of address terms in CMC interactions involving L2 learners of Korean is unstable and open to negotiation. The implications of this finding for future research and for KSL (Korean as a Second Language) teaching methodologies are addressed in the conclusion.

Aims: The aim of this literature review is to integrate the results of qualitative research on the resilience experiences of family carers of people with dementia (PWD).Design: A qualitative meta-synthesis study was conducted.Methods: The meta-ethnography method of Noblit and Hare (1988) was used. We searched five electronic bibliographic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Web of Science) using the keywords "caregivers", "family caregivers", "spouse caregivers", "qualitative research", "resilience, psychological" and "dementia." The inclusion criteria of the literature search found studies that explored the resilience experience of family carers of PWD, were qualitative, were published in English, and had participants 18 years of age or older.Results: Eleven studies, 1 from Australia, 4 from USA and 6 from UK, were included in the analysis. Through the process, three themes emerged: 'Seeing the life of a carer as one's duty', 'Setting boundaries in life', 'Moving forward toward a developing life.' These themes illustrated how family carers of PWD overcome the adversities they encounter.Conclusion: This meta-synthesis showed how family carers of PWD adapt to and overcome the difficult situations they are confronted with as carers. This review suggests an important direction for enhancing the resilience of family carers of PWD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]