The appointment of special advisers to Cabinet Ministers, which began sporadically in the 1960s, became institutionalized in the 1970s. To explore the significance of this development, this article draws on a series of extended discussions with special advisers. Their various roles, as political confidants, as political contact-men, and as generators of policy options are analysed in the organizational context of the civil service. Finally, the article discusses the implications of this experiment, in the light of theories about governmental overload and the relations between Ministers and their civil servants, for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]