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The sagebrush biome is a dryland region in the western United States experiencing rapid transformations to novel ecological states. Threat‐based approaches for managing anthropogenic and ecosystem threats have recently become prominent, but successfully mitigating threats depends on the ecological resilience of ecosystems. We used a spatially explicit approach for prioritizing management actions that combined a threat‐based model with models of resilience to disturbance and resistance to annual grass invasion. The threat‐based model assessed geographic patterns in sagebrush ecological integrity (SEI) to identify core sagebrush, growth opportunity, and other rangeland areas. The resilience and resistance model identified ecologically relevant climate and soil water availability indicators from process‐based ecohydrological models. The SEI areas and resilience and resistance indicators were consistent—the resilience and resistance indicators showed generally positive relationships with the SEI areas. They also were complementary—SEI areas provided information on intact sagebrush areas and threats, while resilience and resistance provided information on responses to disturbances and management actions. The SEI index and resilience and resistance indicators provide the basis for prioritizing conservation and restoration actions and determining appropriate strategies. The difficulty and time required to conserve or restore SEI areas increase as threats increases and resilience and resistance decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical experiences offer valuable insight into how medical power can operate to subjugate bodies and subvert wills, revealing the patriarchal nature of institutional medical practice. Such revelations can inform anthropological understandings of power, resistance, and refusal at the intersection of gender and large bureaucratic structures, such as the medical industrial complex. This article explores the subversion of maternal will in the context of cesarean birth and practices around vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) as a form of resistance and refusal of biomedical power. Cesarean sections are the most common major surgical procedure in the United States, with one in every three births delivered surgically. For many birthing people, cesarean delivery was neither desired nor expected. Through the birth story narratives of 25 predominantly white women who pursued VBAC, this article proposes the concept of maternal vanishing to describe the process by which birthing people are disempowered during birth. I argue that women who pursued VBAC were engaged in an attempt to reconstitute themselves in subsequent births through a series of tactics that, in some ways, replicate hegemonic notions of neoliberal subjectivity and medical consumerism at the same they resist and refuse them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the approach of artist Carolee Schneemann to sound in her work. Topics discussed include the influence of tension, expansion and resistance in her use of sound, role of concretion structures or works that positioned painting and collage materials equally with the biosemiotic possibilities of the body in her art, and aim of Schneemann to explore the potential of sound to disrupt the temporal comfort of the audience in the incorporation of sound technologies into her work.

This interpretive qualitative study describes the experiences of six Afro-Caribbean multilingual educators with Englishes across Caribbean and United States contexts and classrooms. Findings showed how confidence vs. doubtfulness and resistance vs. acceptance seemed visible in the educators' use of Englishes based on the expectations of others and how distance vs. closeness and negative vs. positive feelings were reflected in educators' learning about their use of Englishes. Overall, the findings suggest that the educators' experiences were characterized by recursivity, repositionality and bidirectionality. Recursivity seemed evident because the educators moved back and forth in their thinking about Englishes, English ideologies, and between conflicts about these ideologies in their experiences across Caribbean and U.S classrooms. Repositionality seemed visible in their increasing acceptance of non-standardized Englishes for ‘outer circle’ classroom instruction and through shifts in their ideologies about English as moved back and forth across ‘inner’ and ‘outer circles,’ both via various digital technologies and by way of their physical movement across geographic boundaries. Bidirectionality appeared to be present in the impact of educators' ideologies about Englishes on ‘inner circle’ speakers, and the impact of ‘inner circle’ speakers' ideologies about Englishes on educators. This study raises questions about the ways in which educators' Englishes function as they interact with English speakers in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines artistic resistance, including taking property as well as making alterations to existing artworks, by enslaved African Americans during the Civil War in the Southern United States. Particular focus is given to the symbolism of these iconoclastic acts. Additional topics include the history of the painting "Daniel Ward," by John Wollaston, which was turned into a fireplace screen by an enslaved person and later restored, the objectification of slaves by their owners, and fire and its relationship with African spiritual traditions.

African American history is often taught poorly in high school U.S. history courses. However, we know little about how Black students perceive and experience this situation. I use a refined racial socialization framework and interview data with 32 Black college students in the Northeast to investigate how familial racial socialization shapes their perceptions of and experience learning about African American history in high school. Findings indicate that Black students socialized into critical and colorblind interpretations of race and racism, respectively, interpret, engage with, and respond to African American history in their high school U.S. history courses in different ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the relationship between feminist identities and engagement with feminist activism in everyday life, including collective action and individual resistance. I draw on in-depth interviews with women and men in knitting communities, which some have identified as part of contemporary feminist culture. I found variety in feminist identities, including those who identified publicly as feminists and those who identified as feminists only privately. Other participants held postfeminist positions, represented by support for feminist issues but declining a feminist identity. I found that feminist identity was inconsistently associated with feminist activism. Participants with public feminist identities, with definitions of feminism that drew on discourses of equality (rather than choice), and those with broader knowledge of feminist issues were more likely to be engaged with feminist activism. In defining activism, participants put significant emphasis on individual resistance or everyday feminism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community policing partnerships are built and maintained by community meetings wherein participants coproduce social order by identifying local problems and devising strategies for their reduction and resolution. Coproduction is a dynamic process of meaning construction that takes place through social interaction. These interactions build toward a mutually satisfactory discourse on local definitions of law, crime, and order. This discourse creates a set of understandings about what citizens interpret as problems, disorder, and crime, as well as police officers' ability to address these issues using a range of enforcement and nonenforcement strategies. Through this interactive process, police and residents define the "policeability" of residents' interpretations. Drawing on literature in symbolic interactionism, we chart a course for unpacking the contest over policeable discourse using ethnographic data gathered over a four-year period in community-police meetings in South Los Angeles. This article explores participants' roles and explicates the process of defining policeability through a set of ideal-type interactions (cooperation, control, and resistance). Power, in this setting, is control over the definition of policeability. Residents are locked into a supplicatory role, while officers are akin to legal brokers, accepting, rejecting, or reframing residents' claims of crime and disorder. Our findings suggest that, in this precinct, while the rhetoric of cooperation abounds, pessimism on the part of policing scholars about the claims toward true partnership is warranted with respect to the power police retain and express in police-citizen interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the outset of the 1970s, with the city of New York deep in financial crisis, the Bronx was the scene of violent conflict between rival gangs. In 1971, however, the South Bronx gangs came together to sign a truce. Afrika Bambaataa, a young warlord from the Black Spade gang, emerged as a peacemaker. In 1975 he created his own organization, the Universal Zulu Nation, which brought together the four components of hip-hop culture ( DJing, MCing, Bboying and graffiti). Bambaataa organized the first block parties, informal gatherings where DJs illegally ran sound systems off the municipal power supply. The block parties catalysed the South Bronx youth, for a time contributing to a more peaceful gang culture. Using the resistance paradigm, and Cornel West's substantial conception of cultural democracy, this essay questions whether hip-hop engages and potentially challenges American democracy in creating an autonomous space for putting citizenship into practice. The essay concludes by arguing firstly that hip-hop can be seen as a hidden transcript emerging from places of exclusion, and secondly that its diffusion is inscribed in struggles for space in the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interview with American sterling professor James C. Scott, from Yale University, Connecticut, is presented. Subjects discussed include the work of professor Scott on peasants, resistance, and personal relations from the point of view of Anthropology and Political Science. Particular focus is given to the concept of egalitarianism, as well as the influence of the religious movement Society of Friends and the Quaker culture on his personal views.

The article discusses the Occupy Wall Street (OWS) protests in New York City, focusing on the demographic profiles of leading activists in the protests. Topics include the involvement of college graduates in the OWS movement, the location of the protests in the Wall Street area of the city, and the relation of OWS to mass media attention. Also addressed are the impact of the protests on U.S. political debate, the creation of social networks among protesters, and the role of OWS in broader political resistance movements.

Whereas the extant literature on critical pedagogy is ripe with discussions of resistance to oppressive conditions, only modest attention has been devoted to resistance to consciousness-raising education. Drawing on a diverse body of literature, this paper examines the socio-psychological underpinnings of learner resistance to problem-posing education. Principle attention is directed toward exploring the role dissonance reduction processes have in generating resistance to critical learning experiences. Implications are offered for critical teaching in adult and higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the contemporary global network of US military bases. This paper examines how the geography of this network is shaped not only by military objectives but also by resistance from allied governments and communities adjacent to bases. Using examples from Guam, Puerto Rico, Okinawa and other locales this paper examines how local resistances to US bases have caused the Department of Defense to increasingly rely on non-sovereign islands as sites for bases. These sites, military strategists believe, will enable the military to train without hindrance and to operate without the need for consultation with allies. These colonies, however, are also sites were military activities are actively resisted. The resulting base network is thus shaped not only by global military priorities, but also by an increasingly globalized network of local social movements resisting militarization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article reflects on domestic violence policies with emphasis on supporting domestic violence victims, particularly women. The author comments on the resistance of women to domestic violence. She discusses three areas in which resistance is demonstrated including the use of battered women's syndrome expert testimony in cases where battered women are criminal defendants, the prosecution of marital rape, and the U.S. Supreme Court case law impacting domestic violence criminal justice policy.

There is growing interest in the subject of resilience on the part of President Obama’s Administration, as well as lively discussion regarding this issue in academic, business, and governmental circles. This article offers an operational framework that can prove useful to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and stakeholders at all levels, both public and private, as a basis for incorporating resilience into our infrastructure and society in order to make the nation safer. Three interrelated, mutually reinforcing objectives or end-states shape the approach to resilience: resistance, absorption, and restoration. If these objectives are realized as part of applying practical programs to critical systems and key functions, then these systems and functions will reflect resilience features appropriate to their individual needs. Resilience needs to be planned in advance—before systems are damaged and undesired consequences occur. Such planning can be challenging, given the different interpretations currently attached to “resilience,” and the complexity inherent in the concept. Planners need to account for the fact that resilience is both broad and deep. It encompasses “hard” systems (such as infrastructure and assets) as well as “soft” systems (such as communities and individuals). A visually direct technique for assisting resilience planners is to establish a “resilience profile” for key functions within critical systems. Such a profile is delimited by three design parameters: function, latency limit, and minimum performance boundary. Investment strategies can be developed using these profiles to identify cost-effective ways and means to incorporate resilience capabilities across the homeland security mission spectrum for the system in question. Solutions need to be practiced and tested. Operationalizing the resilience framework presented in this article will not be easy. The potential payoff, however, in terms of the enhanced economic, individual, and societal security that such resilience provides can be immense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents literary criticism for the 1928 African American novel "Quicksand" by Nella Larsen, analyzing the narrative's use of mobility as a social metaphor of resistance. Details are given describing the limited and repressed social conditions of African Americans in the early 20th-century and the use of physical mobility as an act of resistance against it. The manifestations of this theme within the narrative of Larsen's characters are then examined.

Although there exists a large and well-documented “race gap” between whites and blacks in their support for the death penalty, we know relatively little about the nature of these differences and how the races respond to various arguments against the penalty. To explore such differences, we embedded an experiment in a national survey in which respondents are randomly assigned to one of several argument conditions. We find that African Americans are more responsive to argument frames that are both racial (i.e., the death penalty is unfair because most of the people who are executed are black) and nonracial (i.e., too many innocent people are being executed) than are whites, who are highly resistant to persuasion and, in the case of the racial argument, actually become supportive of the death penalty upon learning that it discriminates against blacks. These interracial differences in response to the framing of arguments against the death penalty can be explained, in part, by the degree to which people attribute the causes of black criminality to either dispositional or systemic forces (i.e., the racial biases of the criminal justice system). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this chapter, critical race and expectancy violation theories are used to deconstruct students' resistance to a female faculty member of color, a Muslim Arab American who wears the traditional Islamic cover. The author provides a narrative of her teaching experience and some techniques she has used to face such resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study which explores how students use religious rhetorics in their resistance to lessons about homophobia and heterosexism in the U.S. Since most of the students are identified as Christians, it focuses on Christianity. The subjects evoke God to justify their anti-GLBT actions through theological concepts such as Biblical literalism, sinful behavior, and compassion to the sinner. They examined the exploitation and oppression of GLBT people and their continuing struggles for social justice. It stresses that God wants His followers to be concerned about the poor and oppressed and act lovingly towards one's neighbors.

In the U.S. the Black Power movement raised the bar of black resistance and significantly influenced the symbolism, rhetoric, and tactics of radical activism of the Puerto Rican activists in the late 1960s. Black Power advocates among gangs, students, and others represented a model of resistance for Puerto Ricans, giving rise to a new type of Puerto Rican nationalism that also found inspiration from other sources. More specifically, the Black Panther Party had some of the most visible influences on the radical activist struggles among Puerto Ricans, fomenting a visible movement of radical ethnic nationalism. None had as intimate ties with the Black Panther Party or the Black Power movement than the largely Puerto Rican Young Lords Organization. The Young Lords were significant as harbingers for a new wave of Puerto Rican nationalism that was, in many respects, a departure from traditional nationalist struggles on the island. Affected by Black Power, many Puerto Ricans offered new interpretations of race and identity that reflected the unique racial politics of the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the influence of Afro-Atlantic religious practices on slave resistance and rebellion in the United States. Details of the 1712 New York City slave rebellion; Presence of conjurers and African spiritualists in various North American conspiracies and plots; Contributions of African conjurers to day-to-day resistance.

Objective. Many researchers have cited the importance of institutional legacies to explain why legislators resist transferring tasks from one agency to another but leave undefined exactly what constitutes these legacies. This analysis concretely defines institutional legacies as organized interests who shape the range of options available for programmatic implementation. Methods. Using a pooled, time-series ordered probit model for the U.S. states from 1988 to 1995, this article focuses on the transition from court-based systems to administrative agencies in making paternity determinations. Results. Lawmakers are less likely to move to administrative systems in states where there are family courts, elected judges, and a large number of lawyers organized into the American Bar Association. The presence of women legislators, however, can mitigate these legacy effects and move the process of innovation onward. Conclusions. Institutional legacies are best conceptualized as strong, organized interests who resist relinquishing any part of their authority, even when confronted with more effective ways of achieving policy goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using critical race theory and Latina/Latino critical race theory as a framework, this article utilizes the methods of qualitative inquiry and counterstorytelling to examine the construct of student resistance. The authors use two events in Chicana/Chicano student history--the 1968 East Los Angeles school walkouts and the 1993 UCLA student strike for Chicana and Chicano studies. Using these two methods and events, the authors extend the concept of resistance to focus on its transformative potential and its internal and external dimensions. The authors describe and analyze a series of individual and focus group interviews with women who participated in the 1968 East Los Angeles high school walkouts. The article then introduces a counterstory that briefly listens in on a dialogue between two data-driven composite characters, the Professor and an undergraduate student named Gloria. These characters' experiences further illuminate the concepts of internal and external transformational resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation examined the role and influence of print and video communication modalities in inoculation. Inoculation is assumed to be an active cognitive process, and past research has assumed that inoculation treatments function in much the same way in fostering resistance to influence, irrespective of the medium employed to deliver them. The pattern of results indicates that print and video forms do not differ appreciably in their capacity to confer resistance, but they vary considerably in terms of how they promote resistance. Compared to controls, both inoculation approaches effectively generated threat but, contrary to what was predicted, only video elicited significant counterarguing output. In addition, the results confirmed that video treatments employ an alternative mechanism in conferring resistance, one that is based more on source considerations. Video treatments immediately generated positive relational perceptions about the source of the treatments, and they immediately bolstered attitudes. Positive relational perceptions of the source of inoculation treatments were subsequently associated with more negative perceptions of the source of counterattitudinal attacks, and to resistance to the attacks. By contrast, print treatments worked through more cognitive means, eventually inducing resistance, but only after participant exposure to counterattitudinal attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines characterizations of resistance in learning and at work and provides an alternative interpretive position and empirical work concerning the productive role of the performance of resistance in learning and self-development at work. Specifically in contrast with more traditional views of resistance as an obstacle or impediment to learning, I suggest that resistance can be read as a constructive and deconstructive process in which learners forge bridges between pasts and presents and emerge themselves as authorial participants in workplace change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although aggressive enforcement programs have been the backbone of our national drug control policy, school-based drug education has been widely praised as the most promising strategy for achieving long-term reductions in the demand for drugs and alcohol. Employing specially trained police officers in the classroom, Project DARE has become America's most popular and prevalent drug education program. Despite this status, the effectiveness of the program has yet to be demonstrated. A longitudinal randomized experiment was conducted with 1,584 students to estimate the effects of DARE on their attitudes, beliefs, and drug use behaviors in the year following exposure to the program. DARE had no statistically significant main effects on drug use behaviors and had few effects on attitudes or beliefs about drugs. However, significant interactions between DARE and other factors (e.g., metropolitan status) suggest that some program effects varied across subgroups of the target population. This research provides a test of the comprehensive model of school-based prevention and helps to identify possible differential effects of this drug education initiative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the challenges of leading change at an educational institution in the U.S. and the solutions for the resistance of change.

The article examines political elements within the U.S. that have served to impede and potentially invalidate work conducted by climatologists on the environmental implications of greenhouse gas emissions. As these gases facilitated negative impacts on oceans and polar ice caps, the proposed remedy of cutting carbon emissions was met with resistance from the political sector. Environmental policy throughout several nations is discussed.