Search

Abstract: Objective: To assess the net impact on U.S. longevity of the decision to commute by bicycle rather than automobile. Methods: We construct fatality rates per distance traveled using official statistics and denominators from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey. We model the life-table impact of switching from auto to bicycle commuting. Key factors are increased risks from road accidents and reduced risks from enhanced cardiovascular health. Results: Bicycling fatality rates in the U.S. are an order of magnitude higher than in Western Europe. Risks punish both young and old, while the health benefits guard against causes of mortality that rise rapidly with age. Although the protective effects of bicycling appear significant, it may be optimal to wait until later ages to initiate regular bicycle commuting in the current U.S. risk environment, especially if individuals discount future life years. Conclusions: The lifetime health benefits of bicycle commuting appear to outweigh the risks in the U.S., but individuals who sufficiently discount or disbelieve the health benefits may delay or avoid bicycling. Bicycling in middle age avoids much fatality risk while capturing health benefits. Significant cross-state variations in bicycling mortality suggest that improvements in the built environment might spur changes in transit mode. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents discussion of household sewing and textile work in Swedish American immigrant families. Details are given noting the common needs of immigrants in the U.S. to repair and maintain their clothing supplies and discussion is given describing the practical and cultural use of spinning wheels in Swedish homes during the 19th-century. Comments are given describing the presence of specialized wheel-makers to produce the machines, due to the level of precision required. An individual wheel from the 1870s is examined and described.