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Earth system models (ESMs) are progressively advancing towards the kilometer scale (k-scale). However, the surface parameters for Land Surface Models (LSMs) within ESMs running at the k11 scale are typically derived from coarse resolution and outdated datasets. This study aims to develop a new set of global land surface parameters with a resolution of 1 km for multiple years from 2001 to 2020, utilizing the latest and most accurate available datasets. Specifically, the datasets consist of parameters related to land use and land cover, vegetation, soil, and topography. To demonstrate the capability of these new parameters, we conducted 1 km resolution simulations using the E3SM Land Model version 2 (ELM2) over the contiguous United States. Our results demonstrate that land surface parameters contribute to significant spatial heterogeneity in ELM2 simulations of soil moisture, latent heat, emitted longwave radiation, and absorbed shortwave radiation. On average, about 31% to 54% of spatial information is lost by upscaling the 1 km ELM2 simulations to a 12 km resolution. Using eXplainable Machine Learning (XML) methods, the influential factors driving the spatial variability and spatial information loss of ELM2 simulations were identified, highlighting the substantial impact of the spatial variability and information loss of various land surface parameters, as well as the mean climate conditions. The new land surface parameters are tailored to meet the emerging needs of k-scale LSMs and ESMs modeling with significant implications for advancing our understanding of water, carbon, and energy cycles under global change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer is the primary cause of mortality in the United States and around the globe. Therapeutic options for lung cancer treatment include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted drug therapy. Medical management is often associated with the development of treatment resistance leading to relapse. Immunotherapy is profoundly altering the approach to cancer treatment owing to its tolerable safety profile, sustained therapeutic response due to immunological memory generation, and effectiveness across a broad patient population. Different tumor-specific vaccination strategies are gaining ground in the treatment of lung cancer. Recent advances in adoptive cell therapy (CAR T, TCR, TIL), the associated clinical trials on lung cancer, and associated hurdles are discussed in this review. Recent trials on lung cancer patients (without a targetable oncogenic driver alteration) reveal significant and sustained responses when treated with programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) checkpoint blockade immunotherapies. Accumulating evidence indicates that a loss of effective anti-tumor immunity is associated with lung tumor evolution. Therapeutic cancer vaccines combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) can achieve better therapeutic effects. To this end, the present article encompasses a detailed overview of the recent developments in the immunotherapeutic landscape in targeting small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Additionally, the review also explores the implication of nanomedicine in lung cancer immunotherapy as well as the combinatorial application of traditional therapy along with immunotherapy regimens. Finally, ongoing clinical trials, significant obstacles, and the future outlook of this treatment strategy are also highlighted to boost further research in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the climatic influence on COVID-19 transmission risks in 228 cities globally across three climatic zones. The results, based on the application of a Boosted Regression Tree algorithm method, show that average temperature and average relative humidity explain significant variations in COVID-19 transmission across temperate and subtropical regions, whereas in the tropical region, the average diurnal temperature range and temperature seasonality significantly predict the infection outbreak. The number of positive cases showed a decrease sharply above an average temperature of 10°C in the cities of France, Turkey, the US, the UK, and Germany. Among the tropical countries, COVID-19 in Indian cities is most affected by mean diurnal temperature, and those in Brazil by temperature seasonality. The findings have implications on public health interventions, and contribute to the ongoing scientific and policy discourse on the complex interplay of climatic factors determining the risks of COVID-19 transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and nitrogen (N) availability can affect land surface processes by regulating physiological (e.g., stomatal opening and closure) and phenological (e.g., leaf area index) responses, which in turn influence terrestrial water cycle dynamics. In this study, we apply the Community Land Model version 5 to investigate how projected environment changes in the 21st century can affect the hydrologic budget in the Upper Columbia‐Priest Rapids watershed, a typical semiarid watershed located in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Nine numerical experiments were performed to quantifying contributions of climate change, CO2 concentration, and N availability to the watershed hydrologic budget under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) (i.e., RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Our results show that compared to its historical value, evapotranspiration (ET) over the watershed increases by 15% and 12% by the end of the century under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in responses to changes in meteorological forcing, and further increases by 16% and 11% when elevated CO2 concentrations are accounted for. The effect of N availability on the water balance is insignificant. Such an increase in ET is contributed by the overall increase in leaf area index of vegetation in response to increases in precipitation and CO2 concentration. However, corn‐dominated regions can respond to these changes differently, caused by its increased stomatal resistance under an elevated CO2 concentration with limited N. Our results demonstrate physiological and phenological responses can modulate watershed hydrologic budgets under projected future changes. Plain Language Summary: Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) may affect land surface processes through changes in photosynthesis and stomatal resistance of plants. The atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition and fertilization are major source of soil mineral N that can be directly assimilated by plants. In this study, we use the Community Land Model version 5 to investigate how climate change, atmospheric CO2 concentration, N deposition, and fertilization rates affect hydrologic dynamics in the Upper Columbia‐Priest Rapids watershed, a typical semiarid watershed located in the north‐western United States. Our results show that compared to its historical value, evapotranspiration over the watershed is increased by the end of the century in responses to changes in precipitation and temperature, and elevated CO2 concentrations. The effect of N availability on the water balance is insignificant. Such an increase in evapotranspiration is contributed by the overall increase in leaf area index of vegetation in response to increases in precipitation and CO2 concentration. However, corn‐dominated regions can respond to these changes differently, caused by its increased stomatal resistance under an elevated CO2 concentration with limited N. Our results demonstrate physiological and phenological responses can modulate watershed hydrologic budgets under projected future changes. Key Points: Carbon dioxide fertilization leads to increase in gross primary production and more carbon allocation to leaf biomass, therefore increased nitrogen demand uptakeEnhanced photosynthesis leads to increased leaf area indexThe hydrologic budget over a semiarid watershed can be strongly modulated by changes in stomatal resistance and leaf area index through evapotranspiration [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we use the Community Land Model Version 5 (CLM5) to investigate how irrigation modulates hydrologic and biogeochemical dynamics in the Upper Columbia‐Priest Rapids (UCPR) watershed, a typical semiarid watershed located in the northwestern United States dominated by cropland. To our knowledge, this constitutes the first application of CLM5 with landscape heterogeneity fully resolved over a watershed. The model is calibrated and evaluated against flux measurements from an AmeriFlux site and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products. Two numerical experiments (i.e., irrigated and rainfed) are performed at hyperresolution (~1 km) over the period of 2010–2018, accounting for realistic crop types and management practices. Our results show that irrigation fundamentally alters hydrologic and biogeochemical dynamics of the watershed. By adding 79.6 mm year−1 water in addition to the mean annual precipitation of 204.0 mm year−1, irrigation leads to increases in evapotranspiration and runoff, accompanied by shallower groundwater table depths. Increases in crop productivity in response to irrigation result in more carbon storage in the watershed, and drastically large seasonal fluctuations in soil organic carbon in response to changes in soil temperature and moisture. Irrigation also intensifies the rate of denitrification and mineralization during the growing season, enhancing the interactions between soil mineral nitrogen, the atmosphere, and freshwater systems. Our study demonstrates the potential of CLM5 as an effective tool for understanding hydrological and biogeochemical dynamics in highly managed semiarid watersheds. Plain Language Summary: Irrigation plays an important role in the agro‐ecosystem, especially over semiarid areas, while its effects on water, carbon, and nitrogen cycle over watershed scale are not well addressed by previous studies. We, therefore, use the Community Land Model Version 5 (CLM5) to simulate the irrigation demands over the Upper Columbia‐Priest Rapids (UCPR) watershed, a typical semiarid region located in the northwestern United States. The model is applied at 1 km resolution, considering the landscape heterogeneity and the crop‐type rotation. This study shows that the irrigation significantly increases all water budgets, such as evaporation and runoff. The more carbon is stored in the watershed as irrigation intensifies photosynthesis rate of cropland. The nitrogen availability in plant that potentially affects crop yield is slightly increased while soil organic nitrogen is gradually leaching due to irrigation. This modeling study successfully demonstrates the potential of CLM5 to simulate water, carbon, and nitrogen budgets under a changing environment over semiarid areas. Key Points: Influence of irrigation in a semiarid watershed is investigated using the Community Land Model Version 5Irrigation fundamentally alters watershed‐scale hydrologic and biogeochemical dynamicsThe study demonstrates the potential of CLM5 as an effective tool for studying natural and anthropogenic processes in semiarid watersheds [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AimTo analyse the preliminary results of CyberKnife stereotactic radiotherapy (SBRT) boost in primary head and neck cancer patients among Indian population.Methods and materialsA total of nine patients of primary head and neck cancer were treated with CyberKnife SBRT boost after intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). The median phase 1 IMRT dose was 54 Gy/27 fractions. Histological types included squamous cell carcinoma (n=7) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (n=2). Response was evaluated using positron emission tomography/computed tomography and detailed clinical examination.ResultsAs a preliminary analysis with median follow up of 8 months (range: 6–19 months), phase 2 median tumour volume of 16·3 cc and a median dose of 5 Gy per fraction, eight patients had loco-regionally stable disease and one had distant metastasis. With objective assessment five patients had complete response. Treatment was well tolerated with no grade 3 or more acute toxicities directly related to CyberKnife boost.ConclusionCyberKnife SBRT boost is an attractive option for primary head and neck cancers especially where disease is in close proximity to critical structures hindering radical dose delivery. Future prospective analysis and optimum assessment of total biological effective dose (BED) in a properly selected case might actually benefit the use of CyberKnife SBRT boost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coriandrum sativum Linn. has been credited with many medicinal properties. The green leaves of coriander are known as "asotu" in the Eastern Anatolian region or "cilantro" in the United States and are consumed as fresh herb. The essential oil obtained from its fruits at amounts ranging from approximately 0.5 to 2.5% is used both in flavours and in the manufacture of perfumes and soaps. The plant is grown widely all over the world for seed, as a spice, or for essential oil production. It is one of the earliest spices used by mankind. It has been used as a flavouring agent in food products, perfumes and cosmetics. It is used for various purposes such as for flavouring sweets, beverages, tobacco products and baked goods and as a basic ingredient for curry powder. It has been used as an analgesic, carminative, digestive, anti-rheumatic and antispasmodic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread worldwide, with over half a billion cases linked to over 6 million deaths globally. COVID-19 has impacted populations unequally based on income, age, race, sex, and geographical location. This study aimed to characterize COVID-19 incidence and death rate trends in six states of the southern region of the USA and to understand the demographic and racial differences in its incidence and death rates. Data for the study were collected from the COVID-19 Data tracker of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for the following southern states: Alabama (AL), Florida (FL), Georgia (GA), Louisiana (LA), Mississippi (MS), and Tennessee (TN). The results showed a significant geographical variation in the COVID-19 cases and related deaths. Significant variations in COVID-19 cases and death rates were observed among different races and ethnic groups. The highest number of COVID-19 cases were observed among the Hispanic and Black populations, and the highest death rates were found among non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites. The southern states included in this paper showed a high number of COVID-19 cases and high death rates during the study period. These increased rates may result from the low socioeconomic status and large minority populations.