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The authors use the Institutional Collective Action Framework to analyze the barriers, opposition, and opportunities for residential pharmaceutical disposal programs in the United States via a case study on a series of take‐back programs pioneered in the state of Washington by local and state governments, as well as the corresponding backlash from federal agencies. While successful in some ways, these innovative solutions directly challenged the competing federal policy regimes controlled by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), and, to a lesser extent, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Findings from case studies suggest that functional dilemmas created by existing institutions with entrenched regulatory regimes are a key challenge to finding efficient solutions to vertical ICA dilemmas. Conclusions, then, connect to the broader ICA research agenda, and implications for multi‐level governance issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Almost one fourth of the energy consumed in the U.S. comes from imported oil and only 6% is produced from renewable sources despite the fact that the U.S. is responsible for 20% of the global pollution with barely 4% of the world population. Biofuels are a promising source of renewable energy for the United States and the rest of the world, with favorable energy and environmental balances. If price conditions are adequate for the basic input producers, biofuels will have an important social impact, as well. Colombia has the possibility to participate in the national and international biofuel substitution markets for gasoline and diesel with ethanol and biodiesel, respectively. Oil Palm, Sugar Cane and Yuca, are the raw materials with the best potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]