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One of the most difficult areas of Dewey's thought to understand is that which deals with individual responsibility and development. As one of the leaders of the Progressive Movement in education, he was heavily identified, sometimes incorrectly, with the doctrines of individualism at the root of this movement. As Lawrence Cremin pointed out in "The Transformation of the School," he was also attacked by critics who saw his stress on social morality as a threat to the concept of individualism as it was then understood (Cremin 1964, 126). This paper will attempt to understand why Dewey's view of individualism could be viewed in both a positive and negative manner. In order to do this, it is important to consider why his view of individualism was "new" in the first part of the 20th century in the United States and how it impacted educational thought.

Current educational policies regarding equal educational opportunity are confused and often contradictory. There is no clear consensus as to what constitutes an equal opportunity. Most modern educators agree that the modern equal educational movement began in the 1950's with the Supreme Court decision in "Brown vs. the Board of Education," 1954 (Bolmeier 1973). James Coleman addressed the importance of the 1954 Supreme Court decision suggesting that it represented a turning point in defining equal educational opportunity and it related to issues much broader than the question of racial equality. The Brown decision, however, was not simply an indication of the political climate in 1954. It represented an evolving change in educational philosophy and practice. In this paper, major writings of Thomas Jefferson, Horace Mann, and John Dewey published between 1779 and the death of Dewey in 1952 are examined and discussed for analysis of the changing view of equal educational opportunity in the United States during this period of time to compare what each man meant by the term equal educational opportunity.

Abstract Awareness of environmental problems has increased dramatically over recent decades, but individual action to address environmental issues has remained stagnant. Shifting social identities may be an under-appreciated explanation of this gap: identification with environmentalists in the U.S. dropped from 78% to 42% since 1991. In four pre-registered studies of U.S. residents (total N = 2,033), we explored the predictors and outcomes of environmentalist identity. We also developed a novel implicit measure of less deliberate aspects of environmentalist identity. We used explicit and implicit environmentalist identity to predict self-reported environmental behaviors and policy preferences. Meta-analysis of our pre-registered studies revealed that explicit identity was moderately associated with implicit identity ( r = 0.24). Explicit identity strongly and uniquely predicted pro-environmental behaviors and policy preferences (partial r s =.58,.62), while implicit identity did not uniquely predict either (partial r s =.05,.05). Our findings highlight the importance of social identity in conservation. Highlights • Environmentalist identity is associated with behavior and policy preferences. • We introduce a novel implicit measure of environmentalist identity. • Explicit identity is a strong and unique predictor of pro-environmental action. • Implicit identity is not a unique predictor of pro-environmental action. • We examine dispositional predictors of environmentalist identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the different photographs included in Mary Antin's autobiography "The Promised Land." It mentions that the images in the Russian section are documentary in tone while the American photographs are personal. It cites that Antin's writing is distanced and impersonal, and that such distancing is achieved through the images' rhetorical effects. It points out that the photographs offer a snapshot of the reader's own past and allow one to take pride in one's citizenship.

Automobile accidents involving unexpected changes in vehicle speed, usually from a stationary position or very low speed accompanied by an apparent loss of braking ability, describes a phenomenon referred to as "unintended acceleration"