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Background: Zika virus transmission dynamics in urban environments follow a complex spatiotemporal pattern that appears unpredictable and barely related to high mosquito density areas. In this context, human activity patterns likely have a major role in Zika transmission dynamics. This paper examines the effect of host variability in the amount of time spent outdoors on Zika epidemiology in an urban environment. Methodology/Principal findings: First, we performed a survey on time spent outdoors by residents of Miami-Dade County, Florida. Second, we analyzed both the survey and previously published national data on outdoors time in the U.S. to provide estimates of the distribution of the time spent outdoors. Third, we performed a computational modeling evaluation of Zika transmission dynamics, based on the time spent outdoors by each person. Our analysis reveals a strong heterogeneity of the host population in terms of time spent outdoors–data are well captured by skewed gamma distributions. Our model-based evaluation shows that in a heterogeneous population, Zika would cause a lower number of infections than in a more homogenous host population (up to 4-fold differences), but, at the same time, the epidemic would spread much faster. We estimated that in highly heterogeneous host populations the timing of the implementation of vector control measures is the major factor for limiting the number of Zika infections. Conclusions/Significance: Our findings highlight the need of considering host variability in exposure time for managing mosquito-borne infections and call for the revision of the triggers for vector control strategies, which should integrate mosquito density data and human outdoor activity patterns in specific areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family break-up is common in families experiencing homelessness. This paper examines the extent of separations of children from parents and of partners from each other and whether housing and service interventions reduced separations and their precursors among 1,857 families across 12 sites who participated in the Family Options Study. Families in shelters were randomized to offers of one of three interventions: permanent housing subsidies that reduce expenditures for rent to 30% of families' income, temporary rapid re-housing subsidies with some services directed at housing and employment, and transitional housing in supervised facilities with extensive psychosocial services. Each group was compared to usual care families who were eligible for that intervention but received no special offer. Twenty months later, permanent housing subsidies almost halved rates of child separation and more than halved rates of foster care placements; the other interventions did not affect separations significantly. Predictors of separation were primarily homelessness and drug abuse (all comparisons), and alcohol dependence (one comparison). Although housing subsidies reduced homelessness, alcohol dependence, intimate partner violence, and economic stressors, the last three variables had no association with child separations in the subsidy comparison; thus subsidies had indirect effects via reductions in homelessness. No intervention reduced partner separations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Prior studies suggest that exposure to the natural environment may impact health. The present study examines the association between objective measures of block-level greenness (vegetative presence) and chronic medical conditions, including cardiometabolic conditions, in a large population-based sample of Medicare beneficiaries in Miami-Dade County, Florida.Methods: The sample included 249,405 Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years whose location (ZIP+4) within Miami-Dade County, Florida, did not change, from 2010 to 2011. Data were obtained in 2013 and multilevel analyses conducted in 2014 to examine relationships between greenness, measured by mean Normalized Difference Vegetation Index from satellite imagery at the Census block level, and chronic health conditions in 2011, adjusting for neighborhood median household income, individual age, gender, race, and ethnicity.Results: Higher greenness was significantly associated with better health, adjusting for covariates: An increase in mean block-level Normalized Difference Vegetation Index from 1 SD less to 1 SD more than the mean was associated with 49 fewer chronic conditions per 1,000 individuals, which is approximately similar to a reduction in age of the overall study population by 3 years. This same level of increase in mean Normalized Difference Vegetation Index was associated with a reduced risk of diabetes by 14%, hypertension by 13%, and hyperlipidemia by 10%. Planned post-hoc analyses revealed stronger and more consistently positive relationships between greenness and health in lower- than higher-income neighborhoods.Conclusions: Greenness or vegetative presence may be effective in promoting health in older populations, particularly in poor neighborhoods, possibly due to increased time outdoors, physical activity, or stress mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the Vascular Accreditation, Location & Utilization Evaluation (VALUE) Study on the accreditation status and geographic distribution of vascular testing facilities among Medicare beneficiaries in the U.S. The study uses data sets from the U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Intersocietal Accreditation Commission (IAC), geographic information system (GIS), and descriptive analysis. Results show that IAC accredited facilities are low and vary by region.

The article discusses a mathematical model which measures population growth worldwide by using exponential functions. It provides two predictions for the world's population in 2050 using both linear and exponential models and discusses whether both models would be more appropriate. It also determines the answer to the population growth in the U.S.

Background and goals: Cats have become the most popular pet in the United States, yet statistics about veterinary care for cats remain troubling.1 Although most owners consider their cats to be family members, cats are substantially underserved, compared with dogs. In 2006, owners took their dogs to veterinarians more than twice as often as cats, averaging 2.3 times/year, compared with 1.1 times/year for cats, and significantly more dogs (58%) than cats (28%) were seen by a veterinarian one or more times/year.2 Cat owners often express a belief that cats ‘do not need medical care’. Two reasons for this misconception are that signs of illness are often difficult to detect, and cats are perceived to be self-sufficient.2 One role of the veterinarian is to develop a partnership with cat owners that will pave the way for a lifelong health care plan. These guidelines aim to outline an evidence-based life stage wellness program to aid the veterinary medical team in delivering the best comprehensive care for cats. Specific goals are to provide: < Recommendations for optimal health care for cats throughout the different life stages. < Practical suggestions and tools to facilitate improved veterinary visits and to enhance the client–veterinarian clinical encounter. < A foundation from which to access sources of additional information. Life stage classification: Distinct life stages (age groups) in cats are not well defined, in part because individual animals and body systems age at different rates, a process that is influenced by many factors. These guidelines follow one convenient classification (see box below). These age designations help to focus attention on the physical and behavioral changes that occur at different stages (eg, congenital defects in kittens, obesity prevention in the junior cat). It must be recognized, however, that any age groupings are inevitably arbitrary demarcations along a spectrum, and not absolutes. Evidence-based health care: Supporting references for specific recommendations are supplied where possible, and any previously published guidelines on particular topics are referred to where relevant. Readers should note, however, that the guidelines panel was hampered in its efforts by the relative paucity of disease incidence data by age group that is available, and there is an urgent need for research to guide the future of evidence-based feline health care.3 [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses the implementation of First Year Experience (FYE) programs in universities and colleges and examines the students' change in knowledge, attitudes and behaviors (KAB) in the U.S. It states that FYE programs are intended and designed to benefit first year students in various ways. Accordingly, the program was developed to prepare the students to engage in high level academics and to be successful in college.

Background: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been demonstrated to be an effective heart failure (HF) therapy. All pivotal trials of CRT to date have used atrial-synchronous biventricular pacing wherein there is no or minimal atrial pacing. In clinical practice, however, physicians often program CRT devices to have atrial rate support pacing, either by increasing the lower rate limit or by activating the rate sensor. Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of empiric atrial support pacing in patients with HF who have received a CRT defibrillator (CRT-D) device. Methods: PEGASUS CRT is a multicenter, 3-arm, randomized clinical trial of approximately 1200 patients receiving a CRT-D device. For the first 6 weeks after implant, devices are programmed to DDD with a lower rate limit of 40 beats/min. At 6 weeks, patients are randomized to DDD-40, DDD-70, or DDDR-40. All randomized patients are followed for 1 year, and at each visit, mortality, HF events, quality of life, New York Heart Association class, and atrial and ventricular arrhythmic episodes are evaluated. An exercise substudy will also be conducted, enrolling a minimum of 375 patients. Patients in this substudy will complete 2 cardiopulmonary exercise tests to evaluate the effect pacing mode has on exercise capacity. This randomized controlled trial will address whether empiric atrial support pacing is of clinical benefit to patients with HF who receive a CRT-D device. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article investigates what happens if the U.S. Congress try to run current farm programs on a tighter budget. The Congress passed a deficit reduction bill in early 2006 that reduced estimated U.S. Department of Agriculture spending by $2.7 billion over the next five years. It examines three policy options to reduce government farm program spending in the U.S.

Gender differences in nicotine response with regard to nicotine sensitivity and withdrawal symptomatology have been reported, with the suggestion that ovarian hormones play a role. Few studies, however, have directly assessed hormonal influences on nicotine response. This study focused on the effects of a transdermal nicotine patch in women during acute smoking abstinence when tested in different phases of their menstrual cycle. Thirty women were randomized to order of menstrual cycle phase (late luteal or follicular) and patch condition (active or placebo). Two 7-day outpatient-testing periods were conducted with 2 days of ad lib baseline smoking and 5 days of smoking abstinence. Dependent measures included scores from the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale, Questionnaire on Smoking Urges, and Premenstrual Assessment Form, as well as weight. The severity of both premenstrual symptomatology and nicotine withdrawal symptoms was greater in the late luteal phase. Correlation coefficients confirmed overlap between premenstrual and withdrawal symptomatology, especially for the affect subscale. A significant patch effect was observed, showing diminished craving and premenstrual affect on pain subscale scores for women on active patch. Results showed that nicotine craving and premenstrual pain and water retention symptoms were diminished in women on transdermal patch, and that this effect was greatest in the late luteal phase. In addition, the greatest weight gain was demonstrated for participants in the late luteal phase, placebo condition. In summary, during short-term smoking abstinence in women, transdermal nicotine appears to have a more pronounced effect in the late luteal phase than in the follicular phase in reducing craving and certain premenstrual symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the diversity of workshops sponsored by regulatory agencies and environmental organizations in the United States for implementing screening tests for endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Methods for detecting chemicals which act as agonists and antagonists during thyroid hormone bonding; Viability of tadpole metamorphosis as a screening test.

Explores the potential of communitarianism as a reform theory to eliminate state lawlessness toward African-Americans. Speculative and true stories of lawless state action in the African-American community; Concepts of community offered by communitarians.

Examines the dissimilarity in the trends in labor force participation of men and women 45 years and older in the United States in the post-World War II period and the social and economic developments contributory to these trends. Factors that may influence a worker to leave the labor force before retirement age; Provisions of private pension plans permitting worker to retire at age 62 or even younger with reduced benefits; Socioeconomic trends that may affect the trend in early retirement and the availment of disability payments.

Examines the trends in the educational attainment of U.S. employees from 1975 to 1978. Increase in labor force participation with increasing level of education; Employment status of population by years of school completed, sex, race and Hispanic origin; Occupations of college graduates.

Examines the growth of voluntary part-time work in the U.S. Factors contributing to the growth; Components of part-time employment; Demographic characteristics of part-time employment.