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The authors investigated whether trends in attitudes about gender were consistent with the gender stall primarily occurring in the family domain and examined potential mechanisms associated with changing gender norms. Using data from Monitoring the Future surveys (1976–2015), the authors assessed three components of trends in youth's beliefs about gender: the marketplace, the family, and mothers' employment. Findings showed continued increases in egalitarianism from 1976 through the mid‐1990s across all three dimensions. Thereafter, support for egalitarianism in the public sphere plateaued at high levels, rising support for mothers' employment persisted at a slower pace, and conventional ideology about gender in families returned. The changing demographic composition of American high school students did not account for the gender attitude trends. Youth's mothers' employment and increased education were related to increased egalitarianism. Changes in population averages of mothers' employment and educational attainment were only weakly associated with increases in egalitarian attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the effect of time constraints faced by dual-career families on their religious lives. The authors consider two possible explanations for variations in religious observance by families in the U.S. Increases in religious participation are explained by the hypothesis that religious observance is a form of conspicuous consumption for dual-income families attempting to assert their social status. Declines in religious observance are explained by the possibility that time constraints will limit religious activities. The authors analyze data from the American Time Use Survey for 2003-2005. The authors did not find a trend in religious activity that verified either hypothesis consistently.

The article discusses how in the Netherlands, Sweden, and the U.S., gender inequality varies by educational level. The author states that the three different welfare regimes are the conservative, the social democratic, and the liberal. The author explains that as education goes up in these three countries, gender inequality in labor force participation, work hours, occupational segregation, and housework is not as severe. The author believes the cause of this to be the high employment levels of well-educated women. Subjects of the article also include de-familialization policies in Sweden, gender gap in wages, and the occupational gender segregation index.

In this article, we compare how gender inequality in labor force participation and earnings vary by educational level in Sweden and the United States, focusing on "prime age" individuals from twenty-five to fifty-four who have at least one child in their household. We also examine how educational differences in gender inequality vary across the life cycle. We show that in both nations more highly educated women are more likely to be employed than less educated women, and that this tendency dates back at least several decades. As a consequence of their higher labor force participation, we find that highly educated women have higher annual earnings than less educated women. But, of course, so do men. When we assess how these patterns vary across the life cycle, we find that educational differentials in women's labor force participation persist throughout the life cycle but do not increase much with age. In both nations, highly educated women experience larger earnings increases with age, but this is even more true for men, so there is no tendency for any gender equality advantage of the highly educated to increase with age; instead, there is a slight decrease. Overall, the earnings advantages of highly educated over less educated women, absolutely or relative to men, are much greater in the United States than in Sweden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on gender stratification has sometimes neglected how gender inequalities may vary by race/ethnicity and class. This research investigates the chances that white, African American, Hispanic, and Asian women and men reach the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles of white male earnings. It evaluates how these chances have varied across time since 1965 and across U.S. metropolitan areas in 1990. In general, the results show a substantial uniformity of gender differences across all four racial/ethnic groups and at each earnings level While there are important exceptions to these general patterns, the permeability of racial and earnings boundaries to gender dynamics is quite impressive. Similarly, gender boundaries are quite permeable to macro- level racial inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1980 and 1990 U.S. Census data confirm the decline in the earnings gap between men and women. Occupational segregation by gender also declined during the 1980s. Cross-sectional decompositions show that 15% of the earnings gap would be eliminated if women's occupation distributions were the same as men's. Over-time decompositions show that declining occupational segregation accounted for about 36% of the decline in the earnings gap; most of the declining earnings gap resulted from more equal pay within occupations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the capacity of pre/perinatal factors to predict attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in childhood. It also explores whether predictive accuracy of a pre/perinatal model varies for different groups in the population. We used the ABCD (Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development) cohort from the United States ( N = 9975). Pre/perinatal information and the Child Behavior Checklist were reported by the parent when the child was aged 9-10. Forty variables which are generally known by birth were input as potential predictors including maternal substance-use, obstetric complications and child demographics. Elastic net regression with 5-fold validation was performed, and subsequently stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, household income and parental psychopathology. Seventeen pre/perinatal variables were identified as robust predictors of ADHD symptoms in this cohort. The model explained just 8.13% of the variance in ADHD symptoms on average (95% CI = 5.6%-11.5%). Predictive accuracy of the model varied significantly by subgroup, particularly across income groups, and several pre/perinatal factors appeared to be sex-specific. Results suggest we may be able to predict childhood ADHD symptoms with modest accuracy from birth. This study needs to be replicated using prospectively measured pre/perinatal data.

The association between restricted fetal growth and symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood is well-replicated and robust. However, fetal growth is determined by many prenatal factors and associations with mental health may be confounded by familial and social context. In this study, we sought to quantify the relative contributions of prenatal factors and familial confounds to the association between fetal growth and ADHD symptoms. Two independent cohorts were analyzed, the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (ABCD; United States) and the Growing Up in Ireland (GUI) study. ADHD symptoms were measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (ABCD) and the Strengths & Difficulties questionnaire (GUI) at age 9-10. Using sequential regression models, we assessed the change-in-association between fetal growth and ADHD symptoms after controlling for sex, familial factors (socioeconomic/demographic factors & family psychiatric history) and prenatal factors (pregnancy complications & maternal substance-use during pregnancy). Converging findings from cohorts suggested that over a quarter of the association between fetal growth and ADHD symptoms is attributable to familial confounds. The degree to which the association was explained by prenatal factors differed by cohort-pregnancy complications explained a larger proportion of the effect in ABCD (7.9%) than GUI (2.7%), and maternal substance-use explained a larger proportion of the effect in GUI (22.7%) compared to ABCD (4.8%). Different explanations of the fetal growth-ADHD association across cohorts suggests cohort-specific, and potentially nationally-specific, risk factors for fetal growth and related neurodevelopmental outcomes. The evidence suggests early prevention of ADHD in Ireland should focus on minimizing maternal smoking during pregnancy. In the US, prevention and treatment of pregnancy complications are highlighted as viable targets for intervention., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

After becoming consistently more egalitarian for more than two decades, gender role attitudes in the General Social Survey have changed little since the mid-1990s. This plateau mirrors other gender trends, suggesting a fundamental alteration in the momentum toward gender equality. While cohort replacement can explain about half of the increasing egalitarianism between 1974 and 1994, the changes since the mid-1990s are not well accounted for by cohort differences. Nor is the post-1994 stagnation explained by structural or broad ideological changes in American society. The recent lack of change in gender attitudes is more likely the consequence of the rise of a new cultural frame, an "egalitarian essentialism" that blends aspects of feminist equality and traditional motherhood roles.