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Examines the occurrence of central-tendency bias in perceptual-learning and category-reconstruction manipulation among undergraduates at the University of Chicago. Analysis of central-tendency and Muller-Lyer bias; Estimation of plain vertical lines and vertical lines embedded in the Muller-Lyer illusion; Difference in central-tendency bias between in-view and memory conditions.

The article presents several methods in teaching students to estimate visual judgments and their contribution to their learning development in the U.S. The skill of making good estimates involves the ability to make relational judgments by using visual information. These methods include the use of analogies, the use of the simplest interpretation of the problem, considering the limitations of the concept and attempting a visualization of the solution. Analogy can serve as an illustration to approximate the problem they want to solve. Teaching them how to estimate best responses is very helpful to the teachers in taking more control over the growth of their students and giving them the skills essential for their future.

Background: Hispanics in Lebanon and Reading, Pennsylvania, experience high levels of socioeconomic and health disparities in risk factors for chronic disease. In 2018, our community-academic coalition "Better Together" received a Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) award to improve healthy lifestyles. This report describes our work-in-progress and lessons learned to date from our REACH-supported initiatives in Lebanon and Reading., Methods: For the past 4 years, our coalition has leveraged strong community collaborations to implement and evaluate culturally-tailored practice- and evidence-based activities aimed at increasing physical activity, healthy nutrition, and community-clinical linkages. This community case report summarizes the context where our overall program was implemented, including the priority population, target geographical area, socioeconomic and health disparities data, community-academic coalition, conceptual model, and details the progress of the Better Together initiative in the two communities impacted., Results: To improve physical activity, we are: (1) creating new and enhancing existing trails connecting everyday destinations through city redesigning and master planning, (2) promoting outdoor physical activity, (3) increasing awareness of community resources for chronic disease prevention, and (4) supporting access to bikes for youth and families. To improve nutrition, we are: (1) expanding access to locally-grown fresh fruit and vegetables in community and clinical settings, through the Farmers Market Nutrition Program to beneficiaries of the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program and the Veggie Rx to patients who are at risk for or have diabetes, and (2) providing bilingual breastfeeding education. To enhance community-clinical linkages, we are training bilingual community health workers to connect at-risk individuals with diabetes prevention programs., Conclusions: Intervening in areas facing high chronic disease health disparities leads us to develop a community-collaborative blueprint that can be replicated across Hispanic communities in Pennsylvania and the United States., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Calo, Aumiller, Murray, Crawford, Bermudez, Weaver, Henao, Gray, DeLoatch, Rivera-Collazo, Gomez and Kraschnewski.)

The mission of the Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges (AAVMC) is to advance the quality of academic veterinary medicine. Founded in 1966 by the 18 US colleges of veterinary medicine and 3 Canadian colleges of veterinary medicine then in existence, the AAVMC is celebrating 50 years of public service. Initially, the AAVMC comprised the Council of Deans, the Council of Educators, and the Council of Chairs. In 1984, the tri-cameral structure was abandoned and a new governing structure with a board of directors was created. In 1997, the AAVMC was incorporated in Washington, DC and a common application service was created. Matters such as workforce issues and the cost of veterinary medical education have persisted for decades. The AAVMC is a champion of diversity in the veterinary profession and a strong advocate for One Health. The AAVMC has adopted a global perspective as more international colleges of veterinary medicine have earned COE accreditation and become members.

Objective: To evaluate lung cancer and respiratory disease mortality associations with cumulative inhalable carbon black exposure among 6634 US carbon black workers., Methods: This analysis was performed using standardized mortality ratio (SMRs) and Cox regression analyses., Results: Lung cancer mortality was decreased overall (SMR = 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67 to 0.89) but less so among hourly male workers (SMR = 0.87; 95% CI, 0.71 to 1.05). No exposure-response association was observed with time-dependent cumulative inhalable carbon black: hazard ratio [HR] = 1.0 (95% CI, 0.6 to 1.6) for 20 to less than 50 mg/m·yr); HR = 1.3 (95% CI, 0.8 to 2.1) for 50 to less than 100 mg/m·yr; and HR = 1.4 (95% CI, 0.9 to 2.1) for 100 mg/m·yr or more compared with referent (<20 mg/m·yr). No consistent associations were observed between cumulative inhalable carbon black exposure and respiratory disease mortality., Conclusion: Quantitative carbon black exposure estimates were not related to lung cancer or nonmalignant respiratory disease mortality.

Background: Case-control studies have reported an increased risk of ovarian cancer among talc users; however, the only cohort study to date found no association except for an increase in serous invasive ovarian cancers. The purpose of this analysis was to assess perineal powder use and risk of ovarian cancer prospectively in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study cohort., Methods: Perineal powder use was assessed at baseline by self-report regarding application to genitals, sanitary napkins, or diaphragms and duration of use. The primary outcome was self-reported ovarian cancer centrally adjudicated by physicians. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate risk, adjusting for covariates, including person-time until diagnosis of ovarian cancer (n = 429), death, loss to follow-up, or September 17, 2012. All statistical tests were two-sided., Results: Among 61576 postmenopausal women, followed for a mean of 12.4 years without a history of cancer or bilateral oophorectomy, 52.6% reported ever using perineal powder. Ever use of perineal powder (hazard ratio [HR]adj = 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.87 to 1.28) was not associated with risk of ovarian cancer compared with never use. Individually, ever use of powder on the genitals (HRadj = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.92 to 1.36), sanitary napkins (HRadj = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.76 to 1.20), or diaphragms (HRadj = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.68 to 1.23) was not associated with risk of ovarian cancer compared with never use, nor were there associations with increasing durations of use. Estimates did not differ when stratified by age or tubal ligation status., Conclusion: Based on our results, perineal powder use does not appear to influence ovarian cancer risk., (© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: We sought to characterize the work environment and identify factors that influence the occupational health of dental hygienists., Methods: We conducted a qualitative analysis of dental hygiene work based on five national focus groups., Results: We found that musculoskeletal symptoms are common, particularly after 10 years; common ergonomic problems included instruments and chairs. Important non-physical workplace problems include role ambiguity (eg, employee vs. independent practitioner), inadequate recognition, role identity (eg, distinction from dental assistants), role conflict (eg, with dentists and spousal office managers), and social isolation., Conclusions: Work organizational factors (eg, frequent part-time work, inadequate breaks, perception as a "second team" distinct from the dentist and dental-assistant team) impede the remediation of ergonomics and other problems. Job flexibility encourages hygienists to change work hours or location rather than deal with work conditions. Occupational health interventions should address social environment and work organization.

In response to the first-ever Surgeon General's report on oral health, released on May 25, 2000, ADEA President Rowland A. Hutchinson, D.D.S., M.S., appointed a task force to study the report from the perspective of dental education. The task force was charged with making recommendations to the ADEA Board of Directors as to the Association's message to members and the general public, the Association's role in addressing oral health disparities, the legislative and policy implications of the report, and areas of collaboration between ADEA and others in the dental and health professions. The task force reviewed the report and made five recommendations, including increasing public awareness of the report's messages, promoting collaborative activities with a goal of improving America's oral health, and providing leadership in the drive to promote the incorporation of new science in dental education. The task force also identified numerous ADEA initiatives that address issues related to the Surgeon General's report.

The purpose of this study was to assess current use and faculty perceptions of classroom observation as a method of faculty evaluation in schools of nursing. Baccalaureate schools of nursing were surveyed to determine current use of classroom observation and its worth from the perception of administrators and faculty. Although most schools used classroom observation as a method of faculty evaluation, further clarification and research is needed in the following areas: purpose of classroom observation; number of observations necessary; weight given to classroom observation in relation to other evaluation methods; and tools used.

On June 20, 1979, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) enacted all aspects of its Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) program. The program was instituted to ensure the quality and integrity of the safety data submitted to FDA in support of the approval of regulated products, including human and animal drugs, food additives, biologicals, radiation-emitting products and human medical devices. Moreover, these considerations include all safety data submitted to support applications for research and marketing permits. These steps were taken in response to the appalling circumstances uncovered in a limited series of inspections of laboratories that was performed during 1975. FDA found careless experimentation, improperly trained employees, unreviewed data, omitted data, improper laboratory and animal care procedures and improperly monitored contract studies, including the failure of sponsors to validate the data appearing in the final study reports. The Congress responded to this situation by allocating FDA 600 new positions and .$16 million to remedy the problems that were evident. In their final form, the GLP's represent regulations fine tuned to assure proper safety testing with a minimum of increased cost. It is hoped that these regulations will increase public confidence in FDA decision making and will help to ensure that safe products are approved for marketing.