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The COVID-19 pandemic influenced academia in many ways, impacting learners and teachers. This article is authored by six sustainable urban development doctoral researchers from various backgrounds and stages of their journey, and an academic advisor. The article is an outcome of remote collaboration through a substantial period during the pandemic. We offer self-reflective and collaborative accounts of how the pandemic affected doctoral research in a domain that requires in-depth connection with a physical field or site. We explore the impact of COVID-19 on the field through the themes of resonance and credibility, ethics and rapport, and the doctoral researchers' academic experience with regard to physical disconnection and virtual connectivity. In lieu of a conclusion, the supervisor's perspective offers insights into the future of the field and links the discussions in this article to wider debates in the literature on the role of the screen in delivering, presenting, and sharing research. The key takeaway is that the field and how we approach doctoral research and teaching have changed irrevocably. While we adjust to these new realities, it is important to look outwards as much as inwards to navigate the new complexities we now face.

This article aims to identify how digital public opinion was articulated on Twitter during the visit of the Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump to Mexico City in 2016 by invitation from the Mexican government, which was preceded by the threat to construct a border wall that Mexico would pay for. Using a mixed methodology made up of computational methods such as data mining and social network analysis combined with content analysis, the authors identify conversational patterns and the structures of the networks formed, beginning with this event involving the foreign policy of both countries that share a long border. The authors study the digital media practices and emotional frameworks these social network users employed to involve themselves in the controversial visit, marked by complex political, cultural and historical relations. The analysis of 352,203 tweets in two languages (English and Spanish), those most used in the conversations, opened the door to an understanding as to how transnational public opinion is articulated in connective actions detonated by newsworthy events in distinct cultural contexts, as well as the emotional frameworks that permeated the conversation, whose palpable differences show that Twitter is not a homogeneous universe, but rather a set of universes codetermined by sociocultural context.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and pursuant to the governments' order of citizens remaining at home, several countries were required to transition from face-to-face instruction to an online model to provide higher education to their students. While factors affecting the use of online learning are diverse and have been studied by models of use and acceptance of technology, this cross-sectional study explores the factors unique to the current emergency situation that influence students' use and acceptance of emergency online learning. Moreover, it proposes a model to predict a student's cognitive engagement in Mexico, Peru, Turkey, and the USA. This is a quantitative study with an exploratory and descriptive scope and cross-sectional design. Data was collected from 1009 students from the four countries, who completed surveys anonymously. The factors analyzed were attitude, affect, and motivation, perceived behavioral control (ease of use, self-efficacy, and accessibility), and cognitive engagement. The data was analyzed using descriptive, correlation, and regression analysis. The predictive model shows that students' attitude toward online learning impacts their cognitive engagement in Mexico, Peru, and the USA. Furthermore, self-efficacy is a significant moderator for cognitive engagement in all four countries. The model also shows that each country has different determinants for cognitive engagement. Understanding the factors that affect the use of emergency online learning is essential for the success and/or achievement of its maximum benefits in situations like a global pandemic. Limitations of this study have been identified as use of convenience sampling, and an inability to explore factors related to instruction and system attributes. Professors who did not teach online learning lacked knowledge about online educational strategies and used the technological resources that were immediately available to them. Therefore, research that explores the use of instructional strategies and the use of technological systems during emergency online learning is necessary. This study includes suggestions to incorporate open educational resources that use microlearning and emphasizes the importance of student self-efficacy; because it was predictor of cognitive engagement in all four countries. Faculty and higher education institutions can and should develop strategies to increase students' sense of self-efficacy.

One strand of historical research in education that sails on the waves of the visual turn in history concerns the progressive image of education. A major reference point is an article written in 2007 by Burke and Grosvenor, who, on the basis of the photographic archives of two progressive schools in England, constructed a visual typology of progressive education. After a content analysis of 944 images published in the educational journal "The New Era" and 1827 images in "Progressive Education" in the period 1920-1939, it is concluded that this typology is partly adequate for describing a common image of new education in the UK and progressive education in the USA. But it should be extended with two more elements: (a) urban discovery and nature exploration, and (b) cultural-historical representations and recapitulation. In the latter children are first portrayed as 'primitive savages' who later become little bankers and shopkeepers in a capitalist economy.

Social inclusion policy in higher education--also referenced as affirmative action, reservations, schedules, or antidiscrimination--has been used widely to promote equity and access for minority and historically discriminated subgroups who wish to participate in tertiary education. Inclusion is often protected de jure through a country's constitution. Even so, the effects of the legislation vary according to the context within which it was instituted. This article offers a comparative review of the historical and legal evolution of social inclusion in higher education in Brazil, India, South Africa, and the United States and the educational outcomes created by systems of social inclusion around the world. The development and impacts of these policies are discussed within the frameworks of social inclusion and critical legal studies to suggest that social inclusion policy links higher education to its place.

To determine whether endorsement patterns of psychosocial symptoms revealed distinct subgroups, or latent classes, of people living with HIV who use substances (PLWH-SU), and to assess whether these classes demonstrated differential health outcomes over time. This study uses data from 801 PLWH-SU initially enrolled across 11 US hospitals during 2012–2014 and followed up in 2017. Latent class analysis included 28 psychosocial items. Regression analysis examined class membership as a predictor of viral suppression. Survival analysis examined class as a predictor of all-cause mortality. The selected model identified five unique classes. Individuals in classes characterized by more severe and more numerous psychosocial symptoms at baseline had lower likelihoods of viral suppression and survival. The study demonstrated the importance of considering patterns of overlapping psychosocial symptoms to identify subgroups of PLWH-SU and reveal their risks for adverse outcomes. Integration of primary, mental health, and substance use care is essential to address the needs of this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine whether immigrant generation is associated with caregiver-reported vision loss in children adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Nationally representative data from the National Survey of Children's Health (2018–2020) was used. The primary exposure was immigrant generation defined as: first (child and all reported parents were born outside the United States); second (child was born in the United States and at least one parent was born outside the United States); third or higher (all parents in the household were born in the United States). The main outcome was caregiver-reported vision loss in child. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals were computed based on immigration generation. The study sample included 84,860 US children aged 3–17 years. First generation children had higher adjusted odds of caregiver-reported vision loss (aOR 2.30; 95% CI 1.21, 4.35) than third or higher generation children after adjusting for demographic characteristics and social determinants of health. For Hispanic families, first generation (aOR 2.99; 95% CI 1.34, 6.66), and second-generation children (aOR 1.70; 95% CI 1.06, 2.74) had a higher adjusted odds of vision loss compared with third or higher generation children. Even when adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, first generation children had greater odds of vision loss, especially in Hispanic households, than third generation children. Immigration generation should be treated as an independent risk factor for vision loss for children and is a social determinant of eye health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited research has compared cognition of people with non-central nervous system metastatic cancer (NCM) vs. metastatic brain cancer (BM). This prospective cross-sectional study was comprised 37 healthy controls (HC), 40 NCM, and 61 BM completing 10 neuropsychological tests. The NCM performed below HCs on processing speed and executive functioning tasks, while the BM group demonstrated lower performance across tests. Tasks of processing speed, verbal fluency, and verbal memory differentiated the clinical groups (BM < NCM). Nearly 20% of the NCM group was impaired on at least three neuropsychological tests whereas approximately 40% of the BM group demonstrated the same level of impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, doctoral education has undergone a sea change with several global trends increasingly apparent. Drivers of change include massification and professionalization of doctoral education and the introduction of quality assurance systems. The impact of these drivers, and the forms that they take, however, are dependent on doctoral education within a given national context. This paper is frontline in that it contributes to the literature on doctoral education by examining the ways in which these global trends and drivers are being taken up in policies and practices by various countries. We do so by comparing recent changes in each of the following countries: Canada, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, the UK, and the USA. Each country case is based on national education policies, policy reports on doctoral education (e.g., OECD and EU policy texts), and related materials. We use the same global drivers to examine educational policies of each country. However, depending each national context, these drivers are framed in considerably different ways. This raises questions about (1) their comparability at a global level and (2) the universality of the PhD. Also we find that this global-local nexus reveals unresolved tensions within the national doctoral educational frameworks.

This paper has as its aim to analyze how CityVille, a videogame hosted on Facebook and oriented to the construction of a virtual city, can favor collaboration between gamers along with the exchange of strategies, equally contributing to learning transfer and skill acquisition. The first step consists in identifying the opportunities which the said game can offer in order to develop skills and promote learning formats linked with planning and resource management, after which a presentation is made of the opinions expressed by a sample of gamers (N = 105)--belonging to the Fans-CityVille community--about the priorities established by them to communicate with their neighbors and the skills that they believe to have acquired playing this game. 85.7% of them state that they communicate with others to share strategies and expand their city. Unlike women, who value collaboration, men prioritize competition. Designing their city has enhanced a number of gamer skills in different proportions: creative skills (71.4%); organizational ones (68.0%); skills associated with decision-making and problem-solving (67.0%); and interpersonal skills through interaction with others (61.9%). The CityVille game mode favors skill development and helps to create a ludic atmosphere of collaboration and optimal strategy exchange through communication between neighbors by strengthening their mutual relationships. Its formula moves away from the often-criticized competitive practices of other games.

We correlate county-level partial and full vaccination rates with results from the 2020 United States (U.S.) election, obtaining Pearson correlation values for each individual state, noting top and bottom values, and observing an almost absolute positive correlation between Biden support and vaccination rates, and inversely a negative correlation when considering Trump support. This trend holds for other territorial categories: regions and subdivisions. Correlation values based on county-level data for two other categories of interest are found: urbanization level and ethnic group majority by county. We find a higher degree of correlation for White majority counties, and a lower one for majority minority counties. When analyzing urbanization level we find the lowest values in highly urban counties. We posit a relationship between these two categories, based on the fact that urban counties are generally more ethnically diverse, and suburban and rural areas generally retain white majorities. Our results showcase the current process of political polarization and history leading to this phenomenon, which includes the role that health topics and issues have played in it, reinforcing the idea of politics and health being strongly linked subjects in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the monetary poverty of families headed by same-sex couples, a group understudied in the poverty literature. This research contributes to the literature by documenting how same-sex couples rank with respect to different-sex couples when (a) employing poverty indicators that allow us to move beyond the poverty incidence; (b) measuring not only absolute poverty, which is the usual approach in US studies, but also relative poverty; and (c) distinguishing between married and cohabiting same-sex couples to determine whether they have the same marriage premium as different-sex couples do. Using a reweighting procedure to account for differences in basic characteristics, we document that married/cohabiting male same-sex couples have conditional poverty levels similar to those of married different-sex couples with some indicators, although when using other indicators, they have more poverty. The disadvantage of married male same-sex couples with respect to married different-sex couples increases when moving beyond poverty incidence. Female same-sex couples have more conditional poverty than married different-sex couples regardless of the poverty measure and marital status of the couple. We also find that the marriage premium is unclear for families headed by same-sex couples. Married same-sex couples tend to have more poverty than their cohabiting peers when we move beyond the poverty incidence, with differences among these two groups in the very low tail of their income distributions. Far from the stereotype that married same-sex couples are well off, our results suggest the existence of higher extreme poverty among married female same-sex couples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP), a therapy based on radical behaviorism, establishes the priority of the therapeutic interaction as a mechanism of change in psychotherapy. Since the first book on FAP appeared in 1991, it has been the focus of many papers and has been incorporated by the community of behavior therapists. This paper is a review of 80 international publications on FAP from 1990 to 2010, including publications from Brazil, the United States, Spain, Switzerland and Colombia. The goal was to analyze how FAP has been treated and developed across these 20 years, and also to propose some directions for further studies. The analysis suggests a diverse range of FAP publications, points to the necessity of more empirical studies with tighter control of variables and objective measurement of data to better understand FAP's process and effectiveness, and highlights the importance of increased communication between international research groups to increase the potential benefits of singular and collective research efforts on FAP. (Contains 2 tables and 7 figures.)

Teacher rating scales have been used widely throughout the United States as part of a comprehensive plan for identifying potentially gifted and talented students. The Scales for Rating the Behavioral Characteristics for Superior Students (SRBCSS) are among the most frequently used teacher rating scales to assess the characteristics of and nominate high-ability students for gifted and enrichment programs. These scales also have been used to make decisions about identification and the range of services provided to these students. Four new SRBCSS subscales in mathematics, reading, science, and technology are introduced in an effort to guide teacher nomination of talent in each of these content areas. The reading scale measures accelerated reading, enjoyment of reading, advanced reading processing, and advanced language. The mathematics scale is designed to measure students' interest and approaches to solving mathematical problems and their ease in understanding mathematical concepts. The science scale is designed to measure students' interest in and approaches to solving problems in science and their ease in understanding scientific concepts. The technology scale examines four specific student characteristics: expertise using technology, interest and initiative in using technology, mentoring others in technology, and creative integration of technology. (Contains 2 tables.)

Purpose: This study examined perceived brand attractiveness of and identification with fashion luxury brands given different levels of sexuality in advertisements. Sex in advertisements has become increasingly more common to generate attention and interest in fashion luxury products, with limited research on its influence on the consumer. However, the use of sexuality in luxury advertisements may counter the ethical expectations of brands by the current consumer in the United States. Design/methodology/approach: A sample of 1,266 males and females completed a survey on brand attractiveness and identification after examining an advertisement of a luxury fashion product. Participants were assigned an advertisement that featured a same-gendered model at one of four levels of sexuality (fully clothed to nude). IBM SPSS Statistics was used to analyze the data which included descriptive statistics and a two-way multivariate analysis of variance followed by an analysis of variance. Findings: The results indicated that less sexuality in luxury advertisements was better in generating attractiveness to and identification with the brand. The advertisements with models fully clothed were rated highest on brand attractiveness and identification. These relationships were statistically significant among groups of men and women. Originality/value: These findings are important to scholars and marketers of luxury brands as sexuality in luxury brands continues to increase and becomes more provocative, as well as socially conscious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The main objective of this report was to comprehensively analyze the clinical characteristics of children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in 2021 during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to compare them with those in the five previous RSV seasons. We hypothesized that the clinical and demographic features of children hospitalized with RSV infection in 2021 were different from those hospitalized in previous respiratory seasons. Study Design In this retrospective observational study, children younger than 2 years hospitalized with RSV bronchiolitis from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2021, at the Department of Pediatrics of the Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, were included. We compared the clinical characteristics of children hospitalized with RSV bronchiolitis in the five seasons before the COVID-19 pandemic and during the subsequent off-seasonal surge of RSV infections. Results We found a significant reduction in hospitalizations for RSV bronchiolitis during the usual winter epidemic period due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Children hospitalized with RSV infection in 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, were older than children hospitalized in the prepandemic period (2015–2020; 4.0 [1.6–9.2] vs. 3 [1.5–6.5] months; p < 0.01). We also found shorter duration of oxygen days during the COVID-19 period compared with previous respiratory seasons (3 [2–5] vs. 4 [2–6] days; p = 0.02). Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic modified the RSV seasonality with a significant reduction in RSV hospitalizations during the expected 2020–2021 season and a reappearance of RSV 7 months later than expected. We also found changes in the median age of children with RSV bronchiolitis during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic compared with the prepandemic RSV seasons and shorter duration of oxygen days suggesting a modest reduction in disease severity. We hypothesize that this observation reflects the lack of RSV circulation in the previous months (April 2020-March 2021), with a larger pool of vulnerable infants that had not been previously infected. Key Points The COVID-19 pandemic shifted RSV seasonality. RSV children hospitalized during the pandemic were older. Modest reduction in disease severity was observed during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 1,000 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) are assessed by emergency medical services in the United States every day, and approximately 90% of patients do not survive, leading to substantial years of potential life lost (YPLL). Chicago emergency medical services data were used to assess changes in mean age and YPLL from nontraumatic OHCA in adults in biennial cycles during 2014-2021. Among 21,070 reported nontraumatic OHCAs during 2014-2021, approximately 60% occurred among men and 57% among non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black) persons. YPLL increased from 52,044 during 2014-2015 to 88,788 during 2020-2021 (p = 0.002) and mean age decreased from 64.7 years during 2014-2015, to 62.7 years during 2020-2021. Decrease in mean age occurred among both men (p<0.001) and women (p = 0.002) and was largest among Black men. Mean age decreased among patients without presumed cardiac etiology from 56.3 to 52.5 years (p<0.001) and among patients with nonshockable rhythm from 65.5 to 62.7 years (p<0.001). Further study is needed to assess whether similar trends are occurring elsewhere, and to understand the mechanisms that underlie these trends in Chicago because these mechanisms could help guide prevention efforts. Increased public awareness of the risk of cardiac arrest and knowledge of how to intervene as a bystander could help decrease associated mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the United States, health insurance coverage and quality mediate access to health care, a key social determinant of health. Objective: To perform a scoping review regarding the impact of insurance coverage and benefit design on health care access and both clinical and quality of life outcomes in people with MS (pwMS). Methods: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines were followed. A literature search was conducted from January 2010 to February 2022. Included studies were in English, peer-reviewed, US-based, and evaluated elements of insurance and their relationship with access and quality outcomes for adult pwMS. Results: Our search identified 1619 articles, of which 32 met inclusion criteria. Privately insured pwMS were more likely to be on disease-modifying therapy (DMT). Increased out-of-pocket spending was associated with lower DMT adherence and greater discontinuation rates. Access to specialty pharmacy programs was associated with improved DMT adherence. Conclusion: Health insurance coverage and design strongly influences health care for pwMS in the United States and may be a modifiable social determinant of health. Increased pharmaceutical cost-sharing is associated with declines in DMT utilization and adherence. Further study is needed to better characterize the impacts of other core elements of health insurance, including prior authorization requirements and step therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Identity threats, such as stereotype threat and microaggressions, impair learning and erode well‐being. In contrast to identity threat, less is known about how learners experience feelings of safety regarding their identity. This exploratory study aims to develop a theory of identity safety in the clinical learning environment. Methods: This multi‐institutional, qualitative interview study was informed by constructivist grounded theory and critical pedagogy. Participants were clinical students at three public medical schools in the United States in 2022. Investigators purposively sampled participants for interviews based on their responses to an 11‐item survey with an open‐ended question soliciting students' personal identities and responses to both the racial/ethnic and gender Stereotype Vulnerability Scales. The investigators interviewed, coded, constantly compared and continued sampling until the codes could be developed into categories, then concepts and finally into a theory. The team engaged in critical reflexivity throughout the analytic process to enrich data interpretations. Results: Sixteen diverse students were interviewed. We organised their identity‐salient experiences into identity threat, threat mitigation and identity safety. Participants experienced identity threat through unwelcoming learning environments, feeling compelled to change their behaviour in inauthentic ways or sociopolitical threat. Threat mitigation occurred when a participant or supervisor intervened against an identity threat, dampening but not eliminating the threat impact. Participants characterised identity safety as the ability to exist as their authentic selves without feeling the need to monitor how others perceive their identities. Identity safety manifested when participants demonstrated agency to leverage their identities for patient care, when others upheld their personhood and saw them as unique individuals and when they felt they belonged in the learning environment. Discussion Attending to identity safety may lead to educational practices that sustain and leverage team members' diverse identities. Identity safety and threat mitigation may work together to combat identity threats in the learning environment. In this edition of @medEd_journal, @jbullockruns et al. describe identity safety, where learning environments allow learners to exist as their authentic selves. The figure is worth 1000 words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using family income as a class measure, this article explores whether gender and racial/ethnic gaps in hourly wages are the same across classes in the United States for 2015–2019. The study shows that the "mark of gender" extends beyond race/ethnicity and class. The conditional wages of women of any race/ethnicity are lower than those of any group of men of the same class (except that lower-class Asian women rank above lower-class Black men). Beyond differences in human capital, the wage disadvantage of Black and Hispanic workers, especially Black women, is (partially) associated with class stratification. Additionally, the study explores the role of occupations in explaining whether a group's wage is above or below average. Black women's wage disadvantage stems from occupational sorting, regardless of class. However, among White and Hispanic women, occupational sorting and underpayment within occupations are equally important. Occupational sorting does not seem to penalize Asian women. HIGHLIGHTS Intersectional analysis shows that in the US, class shapes the labor experiences of women and men of different racial/ethnic groups. Class limits White women's progress in the labor market. Black women are overrepresented in the lower class beyond their educational levels. Occupational barriers are especially strong for Black women even in the upper class. Racial differences in conditional wages among same-class groups of women are small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protective athletic equipment may hamper the delivery of effective chest compressions. Unfortunately, an algorithm for managing cardiac arrest emergencies with equipment-laden athletes has yet to be established by national CPR certifying agencies. Further, athletes classified as being overweight or obese carry adipose in the thoracic region, which has been reported to inhibit the ability of rescuers to provide quality chest compressions. Thus, the purpose of this study was two-fold. The first purpose was to assess the ability of emergency responders to perform CPR chest compressions on an obese manikin. The second purpose was to analyze the effect of American football protective equipment on the performance of chest compressions by emergency responders. Fifty emergency responders completed four 2-minute bouts of compression-only CPR. The scenarios included performing chest compressions on both traditional and obese CPR manikins, and performing chest compressions over a set of shoulder pads/chest protector that is used in the sport of American football on both traditional and obese manikins. The most notable outcomes in this study were related to chest compression depth, which fell well below the minimum recommended depth published by the American Heart Association in all conditions. Mean compression depth was significantly lower when performed on the obese manikin (avg over pads = 32.8, SD = 9.2 mm; avg no pads = 38.2, SD = 9.1 mm) compared to the traditional manikin (avg over pads = 40.0, SD = 10.9 mm; avg no pads = 40.8, SD = 14.8 mm), with statistical analyses revealing a significant effect due to both manikin size (p < 0.001) and the presence of equipment (p = 0.003), and a statistically significant interaction effect (p = 0.035). Chest recoil data revealed a statistically significant effect due to both manikin size (p = 0.017) and the presence of chest/shoulder safety pads (p = 0.003). Within this sample of emergency responders, chest compressions were adversely affected both by the equipment and obesity. Additionally, the traditional manikin received comparable chest compressions regardless of the presence or absence of football protective equipment, albeit both conditions resulted in poor depth performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mental health (MH) disorders are major causes of disability in Guatemala. Unfortunately, limited academic training and funding resources make MH care inaccessible to most people in rural Guatemala. These disparities leave many indigenous populations without care. Project ECHO™ is an educational model used globally to deliver virtual training for providers in rural/ underserved communities. The aim of this project was to implement and evaluate a Project ECHO™ program bridging MH training gaps for providers who serve rural communities in Guatemala. Methods: The Project ECHO™ curriculum was implemented through a partnership between educational and nonprofit institutions in Guatemala City and the United States. Participants were primary care physicians and nurses working in rural Guatemala as well as medical/nursing/psychology students. Evaluation of its implementation was guided by a RE-AIM framework. Reach, effectiveness, adoption, fidelity, sustainability, acceptability, feasibility, and appropriateness were evaluated using a mixed-methods approach, using a pre-post survey and semi-structured focus groups. Results: Forty unique participants attended the five sessions. Attitudes about mental health did not change quantitatively but self-efficacy improved in four of five modules. High quality fidelity scores were noted in two of five sessions. Sustainability scores across multiple domains were highly rated. Scores on instruments measuring acceptability, feasibility, and appropriateness were high. Focus groups showed two main themes: the curriculum filled a gap in education and further adaptation of the model might help improve the experience. Conclusion: Implementation of the Project ECHO™ educational model appeared to have good reach/adoption, showed improvements in self-efficacy, illuminated facilitators and barriers to sustainability, and was felt to be acceptable, feasible, and appropriate. Qualitative analysis supported these conclusions. Future directions would include ongoing evaluation and monitoring of further Project ECHO™ curricular experiences through this partnership and adaptation of this project to other learners and settings in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural climate solutions provide opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the United States is among a growing number of countries promoting storage of carbon in agricultural soils as part of the climate solution. Historical patterns of soil organic carbon (SOC) stock changes provide context about mitigation potential. Therefore, our objective was to quantify the influence of climate-smart soil practices on SOC stock changes in the top 30 cm of mineral soils for croplands in the United States using the DayCent Ecosystem Model. We estimated that SOC stocks increased annually in US croplands from 1995 to 2015, with the largest increase in 1996 of 16.6 Mt C (95% confidence interval ranging from 6.1 to 28.2 Mt CO2 eq.) and the lowest increase in 2015 of 10.6 Mt C (95% confidence interval ranging from − 1.8 to 22.2 Mt C). Most climate-smart soil practices contributed to increases in SOC stocks except for winter cover crops, which had a negligible impact due to a relatively small area with cover crop adoption. Our study suggests that there is potential for enhancing C sinks in cropland soils of the United States although some of the potential has been realized due to past adoption of climate-smart soil practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hispanics are disproportionately affected by low rates of physical activity and high rates of chronic diseases. Hispanics generally and Mexican Americans specifically are underrepresented in research on physical activity and its impact on mental well-being. Some community-based interventions have been effective in increasing physical activity among Hispanics. This study examined data from a sample of low-income Hispanic participants in free community exercise classes to characterize the association between self-reported frequency of exercise class attendance, intensity of physical activity, and participant well-being. As part of two cross-sectional samples recruited from a stratified random sample of community exercise classes, 302 participants completed a questionnaire consisting of a modified version of the Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (LTEQ) and the Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF). Adjusted logistic regression analyses indicated that those who achieve mild, moderate, and strenuous self-reported physical activity have 130% higher odds (p = 0.0422) of positive mental well-being after adjustment for age, frequency of attendance, and self-reported health. This study provides evidence that the intensity of physical activity is associated with flourishing mental well-being among Hispanic adults. The association between physical activity and mental well-being is more pronounced when considering participants engaged in mild levels of physical activity. The study further provides insight into the planning and development of community-based physical activity programming tailored to low-income populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of the study were: 1) Describe the thematic structure and evolution of the field of physical therapy; 2) identify the main research producers (i.e. countries and institutions); and 3) compare their research output and citation impact. Papers related to physical therapy indexed in Web of Science (2000–2018) were identified to delineate the field, using keywords, journals, and citation networks. VOSviewer software, advanced bibliometric text mining, and visualization techniques were used to evaluate the thematic structure. We collected data about the country and institutional affiliation of all the authors and calculated production and citation impact indicators. 85,697 papers were analyzed. Eleven thematic clusters were identified: 1) "health care and education"; 2) "biomechanics"; 3) "psychosocial, chronic pain and quality of life outcomes"; 4) "evidence-based physical therapy research methods"; 5) "traumatology and orthopedics"; 6) "neurological rehabilitation"; 7) "psychometrics and cross-cultural adaptation"; 8) "gait-balance analysis and Parkinson's disease"; 9) "exercise"; 10) "respiratory physical therapy"; and 11) "back pain." The United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia were the most productive countries. Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden had the highest citation impact. Our bibliometric visualization approach makes it possible to comprehensively study the thematic structure of physical therapy. The ranking of producers has evolved and now includes China and Brazil. High research production does not imply a high citation impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite numerous efforts to attenuate the Black–White discipline gap in U.S. schools, Black students are still suspended for minor infractions at a disproportionately higher rate than their White peers. Using a racially diverse sample (n = 1,515; Mage = 12.7; 50% boys; 72% Black, 28% White), this 3-year longitudinal study examined whether student perceptions of school racial socialization practices (i.e., cultural socialization, promotion of cultural competence) were linked to a lower likelihood of receiving a suspension for a minor infraction through improved school climate perceptions and whether these links differed between Black and White students. Results showed that school racial socialization was associated with a lower likelihood of receiving a suspension for a minor infraction and improved school climate perceptions for all students. Moreover, students' perceptions of school climate mediated the link between school racial socialization and suspensions among both Black and White students. Considering these results, school racial socialization is a promising means for improving students' school climate perceptions, reducing inequitable disciplinary practices, and fostering school equity. Public Significance Statement: The study found that when students had opportunities to learn about their own and others' cultural backgrounds, they perceived a more positive school climate, which was in turn associated with a lower likelihood of experiencing a suspension for a minor infraction. As such, school racial socialization may be a promising way to support equitable school climates and just disciplinary responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the leading commercial drivers applied in developing countries, especially in economies with conservative policies, is free trade agreements or tariff preferences with strategic economic zones worldwide. The countries of Latin America and the Caribbean are no exception. The United States is the region's leading trading partner; however, several countries have signed trade agreements with the European area in recent years. In this paper, we ask ourselves to what extent these agreements are beneficial. In addition, we evaluate the impact on exports with other world regions. Mainly, we analyze the effect of commercial firms in the European zone on the level of exports of the other partners, especially with the United States. The results consistently suggest that signing trade agreements with the European zone generates an export displacement effect. In other words, although the gross level of exports to the European zone increases, the level of exports to other regions of the world, especially to the United States, grows faster than other countries that do not even have agreements with the Europeans. Generally, exports do not have a statistically significant effect on signing trade agreements with the European zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) poses a significant disease burden globally. Glyphosate is the most commonly used herbicide in the United States, and exposure is believed to adversely affect metabolic organs may contribute to MetS. Currently, the relationship between glyphosate exposure and MetS in the United States is unknown. Data was leveraged from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Urinary glyphosate was quantified as exposure. MetS was defined according to criteria from the American Heart Association. Chi-square, Analysis of Variance, and multivariable, weighted linear and logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the relationship between glyphosate and MetS. A total of 338 adults were included in the final analyses. The prevalence of MetS was 19%. Continuous glyphosate was positively associated with MetS (OR = 2.24 95%CI [1.23, 4.08]). Stratification of total glyphosate into quartiles revealed increased odds of MetS among adults fourth quartiles, using the first quartile as the reference (OR = 1.17 95%CI [0.47, 2.89], OR = 1.56 95%CI [0.55, 4.55], OR = 3.29 95%CI [1.38, 7.42], for quartiles 2, 3, and 4, respectively). Our study represents the first investigation evaluating the relationship between general population-level glyphosate exposure and MetS prevalence. Future studies are warranted to validate these findings and to investigate mechanisms underlying these associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the relative impacts of three corporate social responsibility (CSR) types – namely corrective, compensating and cultivating CSR – on brand defense by considering customer–company's (C–C's) identification mediation role and CSR authenticity's moderation role in these relationships. A between-subject experiment was conducted on 573 coffee shop customers in the United States. The findings revealed corrective CSR is the strongest brand defense predictor, followed by compensating and cultivating CSR. The CSR types' relative effects are mediated by C–C identification, and as such, compensating CSR's indirect effects on brand defense through C–C identification are stronger than cultivating CSR's indirect effects on brand defense. When the CSR authenticity level is high, cultivating CSR has a significant indirect effect – through C–C identification – on brand defense that is stronger than when the CSR authenticity level is low. When the level is high, compensating CSR has an insignificant indirect effect – through C–C identification – on brand defense, similar to when the level is low. Finally, findings on moderated mediation revealed the indirect relationship between the three CSR types on brand defense – through C–C identification – is moderated by CSR authenticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chemoprotective effect of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARi) on bladder cancer (BCa) risk in men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) has been explored with conflicting results. We sought to examine the effect of 5-ARi on new BCa diagnoses in a large US database. Methods: Men ≥ 50 y/o with a prescription for 5-ARi after BPH diagnosis were identified in the IBM® Marketscan® Research de-identified Databases between 2007 and 2016 and matched with paired controls. Incident BCa diagnoses were identified after BPH diagnosis and/or pharmacologic treatment. Multivariable regression modeling adjusting for relevant factors was implemented. Sub-group analyses by exposure risk were performed to explore the association between 5-ARi and BCa over time. Administration of alpha-blockers (α-B) w/o 5-ARi was also examined. Results: In total, n = 24,036 men on 5-ARi, n = 107,086 on 5-ARi plus alpha-blockers, and n = 894,275 without medical therapy for BPH were identified. The percentage of men diagnosed with BCa was 0.8% for the 5-ARi, 1.4% for the 5-ARi + α-B, and 0.6% for the untreated BPH group of incident BCa (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.56 – 1.47), and 1.08, 95%CI 0.89 – 1.30, respectively). This was also true at both shorter (≤ 2 yr) and longer-term (> 2 yr) follow up. In addition, α-B alone had no change in BCa risk (HR 1.06, 0.86–1.30). Conclusions: We did not find any diminished risk of new BCa in men treated with 5-ARi (i.e., chemoprotective effect). The current report suggests that 5-ARi do not change a man's bladder cancer risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The classic psychedelic psilocybin, found in some mushroom species, has received renewed interest in clinical research, showing potential mental health benefits in preliminary trials. Naturalistic use of psilocybin outside of research settings has increased in recent years, though data on the public health impact of such use remain limited. Methods: This prospective, longitudinal study comprised six sequential automated web-based surveys that collected data from adults planning to take psilocybin outside clinical research: at time of consent, 2  weeks before, the day before, 1–3  days after, 2–4  weeks after, and 2–3  months after psilocybin use. Results: A sample of 2,833 respondents completed all baseline assessments approximately 2  weeks before psilocybin use, 1,182 completed the 2–4  week post-use survey, and 657 completed the final follow-up survey 2–3  months after psilocybin use. Participants were primarily college-educated White men residing in the United States with a prior history of psychedelic use; mean age  =  40  years. Participants primarily used dried psilocybin mushrooms (mean dose  =  3.1 grams) for “self-exploration” purposes. Prospective longitudinal data collected before and after a planned psilocybin experience on average showed persisting reductions in anxiety, depression, and alcohol misuse, increased cognitive flexibility, emotion regulation, spiritual wellbeing, and extraversion, and reduced neuroticism and burnout after psilocybin use. However, a minority of participants (11% at 2–4  weeks and 7% at 2–3  months) reported persisting negative effects after psilocybin use (e.g., mood fluctuations, depressive symptoms). Discussion: Results from this study, the largest prospective survey of naturalistic psilocybin use to date, support the potential for psilocybin to produce lasting improvements in mental health symptoms and general wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many multicenter randomized clinical trials in oncology are conducted through the National Clinical Trials Network (NCTN), an organization consisting of 5 cooperative groups. These groups are made up of multidisciplinary investigators who work collaboratively to conduct trials that test novel therapies and establish best practice for cancer care. Unfortunately, disparities in clinical trial leadership are evident. To examine the current state of diversity, equity, and inclusion across the NCTN, an independent NCTN Task Force for Diversity in Gastrointestinal Oncology was established in 2021, the efforts of which serve as the platform for this commentary. The task force sought to assess existing data on demographics and policies across NCTN groups. Differences in infrastructure and policies were identified across groups as well as a general lack of data regarding the composition of group membership and leadership. In the context of growing momentum around diversity, equity, and inclusion in cancer research, the National Cancer Institute established the Equity and Inclusion Program, which is working to establish benchmark data regarding diversity of representation within the NCTN groups. Pending these data, additional efforts are recommended to address diversity within the NCTN, including standardizing membership, leadership, and publication processes; ensuring diversity of representation across scientific and steering committees; and providing mentorship and training opportunities for women and individuals from underrepresented groups. Intentional and focused efforts are necessary to ensure diversity in clinical trial leadership and to encourage design of trials that are inclusive and representative of the broad population of patients with cancer in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Although many studies have linked prenatal exposure to PM2.5 to adverse birth outcomes, little is known about the effects of exposure to specific constituents of PM2.5 or mechanisms that contribute to these outcomes. OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to investigate effects of oxidative potential and PM2.5 metal components from non-exhaust traffic emissions, such as brake and tire wear, on the risk of preterm birth (PTB) and term low birth weight (TLBW). METHODS: For a birth cohort of 285,614 singletons born in Los Angeles County, California, in the period 2017–2019, we estimated speciated PM2.5 exposures modeled from land use regression with cokriging, including brake and tire wear related metals (barium and zinc), black carbon, and three markers of oxidative potential (OP), including modeled reactive oxygen species based on measured iron and copper (ROS), OH formation (OPOH), and dithiothreitol (DTT) loss (OPDTT). Using logistic regression, we estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for PTB and TLBW with speciated PM2.5 exposures and PM2.5 mass as continuous variables scaled by their interquartile range (IQR). RESULTS: For both metals and oxidative potential metrics, we estimated increased risks for PTB (ORs ranging from 1.01 to 1.03) and TLBW (ORs ranging from 1.02 to 1.05) per IQR exposure increment that were robust to adjustment for PM2.5 mass. Associations for PM2.5 mass, black carbon, metal components, and oxidative potential (especially ROS and OPOH) with adverse birth outcomes were stronger in Hispanic, Black, and mixed-race or Native American women. DISCUSSION: Our results indicate that exposure to PM2.5 metals from brake and tire wear and particle components that contribute to oxidative potential were associated with an increased risk of PTB and TLBW in Los Angeles County, particularly among Hispanic, Black, and mixed-race or Native American women. Thus, reduction of PM2.5 mass only may not be sufficient to protect the most vulnerable pregnant women and children from adverse effects due to traffic source exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To foster retention of people living with HIV (PLWH) in HIV care in the Southern United States, we aimed to develop a stakeholder-driven mobile HIV clinic (MHC) model. From June 2019 to May 2021 we conducted a mixed-methods study: 50 surveys with out-of-care PLWH and 41 in-depth interviews with PLWH, HIV clinic staff, city officials, AIDS service organizations, and mobile clinics to examine preferences for MHC implementation. Survey data was analyzed descriptively, and interview transcripts were coded thematically. Participants recommended the MHC: (1) have nondescript exterior and HIV services nested in non-HIV care to foster confidentiality, (2) be located along public transportation and have extended hours to promote accessibility, (3) have established protocols addressing security, biosafety, and data safety; (4) provide comprehensive clinical and support services to address retention barriers; and (5) be integrated within the health system, use low-cost, diverse staffing, and establish appointment notification systems. By informing MHC design, these findings add to the toolbox of strategies that can render HIV care more accessible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research background: Audits are intended to ensure the reliability of financial statements, as this is fundamental for different stakeholders. However, both auditor tenure and audit fees could affect the earnings management of companies. In 2014, the European Union established a mandatory audit firm rotation policy. In the United States, although there is still no mandatory regulation in this regard, there has been a large public debate over the advisability of this policy. Another unresolved controversy is whether audit fees determine audit quality. Purpose of the article: The aim of this research is to study the effect of auditor tenure and audit fees on earnings management, i.e., to determine whether a longer-term relationship between the auditor and the audited company, as well as higher audit fees, reduce the audited company's earnings management, thereby making the financial statements more reliable for stakeholders and increasing the quality of the audit report. In addition, the Big Four auditing companies in the United States were analyzed in order to determine the influence of corporate culture. Methods: A sample of companies listed in the S&P 500 stock market index was employed for the analysis, covering the years 2012 to 2021, resulting in a dataset comprising 3,010 observations. To examine the research hypotheses while mitigating the potential bias from omitted variables, a linear regression analysis was conducted using panel data with fixed effects regression. To enhance the robustness of the results, winsorized variables were also employed. Findings & value added: Overall, the results confirm that the quality of financial statements improves as auditor tenure increases, and so implementing a mandatory auditor rotation may not be in a company's best interests. The results also support the market segmentation theory, as higher audit fees are aligned with higher quality financial reporting. Furthermore, by analyzing the Big Four audit companies in the US, it is shown that the influence of audit fees and auditor tenure on earnings management also depends on the internal aspects of the particular audit firm, especially its ethical culture. In sum, US policymakers should neither set limits on audit fees nor enforce a mandatory audit firm rotation similar to that of the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The associations among preschool teachers' attributions about child responsibility, intentionality, knowledge, and the seriousness of hypothetical displays of children's aggressive behavior are examined in United States ("N"?=?82) and Vietnamese ("N"?=?91) preschool teachers. The results suggest cross-cultural differences as well as similarities in the relations among preschool teachers' cognitions, affect, and disapproval of physical aggression. Teachers' perceptions of the seriousness of and their negative affective responses to aggression, but not their beliefs about intent, predict teacher disapproval for both Vietnamese and US samples. Cross-cultural comparisons indicate in general US teachers express more negative attributions about, and Vietnamese teachers endorse more disapproval of, child aggression. Although the overall cognitive model is consistent across cultures, cross-cultural differences are found on teacher perception and responses to child aggression. It is important to consider such group differences in light of considerations to employ Western educational models or psychological interventions with individuals in non-Western countries.

The validity of the Multidimensional School Anger Inventory (MSAI) was examined with adolescents from 5 Pacific Rim countries (N = 3,181 adolescents; age, M = 14.8 years; 52% females). Confirmatory factor analyses examined configural invariance for the MSAI's anger experience, hostility, destructive expression, and anger coping subscales. The model did not converge for Peruvian students. Using the top 4 loaded items for anger experience, hostility, and destructive expression configural invariance and partial metric and scalar invariances were found. Latent means analysis compared mean responses on each subscale to the U.S. sample. Students from other countries showed higher mean responses on the anger experience subscale (ds = 0.37-0.73). Australian (d = 0.40) and Japanese students (d = 0.21) had significantly higher mean hostility subscale scores. Australian students had higher mean scores on the destructive expression subscale (d = 0.30), whereas Japanese students had lower mean scores (d = -0.17). The largest latent mean gender differences (females lower than males) were for destructive expression among Australian (d = -0.67), Guatemalan (d = -0.42), and U.S. (d = -0.66) students. This study supported an abbreviated, 12-item MSAI with partial invariance. Implications for the use of the MSAI in comparative research are discussed.

Although US policies to limit lead (Pb) release into the environment have substantially decreased children's blood Pb concentrations over the past four decades, more than a million children are still exposed to harmful Pb levels. A social-ecological model (SEM) of childhood Pb exposure may help public health professionals and government officials prevent these exposures by identifying the combinations of individual and social environmental factors that have resisted previous Pb exposure control policies and programs. To develop such an SEM, we conducted a systematic review of studies of children's blood Pb in the United States published since 2005. Information on risk factors for Pb exposure was extracted from each article. Identified risk factors were then grouped into the five levels of an SEM: intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, community, and public policy. In total, the review identified 75 peer-reviewed studies of children's Pb exposure in the United States since 2005. The review revealed that while child blood Pb levels have declined over time, inequities of Pb exposure persist among Non- Hispanic Black, migrant, and low-income children. Mixed effects were reported for Hispanic/Latinx/Mexican- American populations, with some studies finding these groups were at higher risk and others showing lower risks. Surprisingly, some studies found higher blood Pb in children over age 5 than in younger children, though the reverse was generally true. Findings reveal new opportunities to target exposure prevention programs at the intrapersonal, institutional, community, and policy levels. Well-controlled studies of the effectiveness of interventions at each level are needed to guide future policymaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant genetic resources (PGR) underpin the security of global agriculture. Rapid global climate change presents formidable challenges for ex situ and in situ PGR management programs that operate over extended timeframes. The U.S. Department of Agriculture National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) maintains more than 605,000 PGR accessions representing over 16,300 plant species in 20 genebank locations. These PGR are maintained in cold storage as seeds and vegetative tissues that must be periodically regenerated; or as actively growing plants in fields, greenhouses, screenhouses, and in vitro; or in some cases within in situ reserves. The complicated relationships between crops and their growth environments present unique challenges regarding PGR maintenance under a changing climate. Here we present potential effects of climate change on ex situ PGR maintenance and reproductive success, pollinators and beneficial insects, pathogens and pests, infrastructure considerations, and wild populations within NPGS in situ reserves. We provide a novel tool that summarizes past US temperature and precipitation data alongside future climate projections to guide ongoing planning for the effects of climate change for NPGS genebanks throughout the United States. A series of case studies exemplify instances where climate change has already impacted NPGS PGR management. Ongoing improvements to NPGS PGR management in response to climate change require continued observations of the current effects, careful and innovative planning, and creative approaches to ensure that PGR are successfully conserved for future generations. Core Ideas: Plant genetic resources (PGR) are crucial for continued crop improvement that underpins global food security.Climate change can threaten PGR safeguarded by the USDA‐ARS National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS).Approaches developed by the NPGS to adapt its PGR management operations to climate change are reviewed.The new NPGS Climate Futures Application delivers key estimates for future climatic conditions at NPGS locations.The NPGS's PGR management operations can adjust to climate change using current experience and those estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the effect of an evidence-based curriculum on stress perceptions across time. Participants: Hispanic college students from a Hispanic-serving institution in a U.S. southern border city. Methods: A permuted block design with repeated measures was used. Participants were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. The treatment group received the Coping with Work and Family Stress (CWFS) evidence-based curriculum while the control group did not receive any programming. Data were collected from both the groups at baseline, exit, and at 3-month follow-up. Results: Stress reduction was observed among program participants however an unintended negative consequence of the intervention was found among those who experience intimate partner violence. Conclusion: The CWFS evidence-based intervention may be appropriate to use in reducing general types of stress but perhaps not stress resulting from intimate partner violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study updates the prevalence of operator fatigue as a causative factor in accidents investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the associated injury severity in fatigue-related accidents. In total, 394 investigations were analyzed and 12% of them identified fatigue. The prevalence of fatigue varied among the transportation modes, ranging from 28% of aviation to 7% of marine. Most fatigue-related accidents (48%) occurred during late night or morning. Compared to non-fatigued operators, fatigued operators were more involved in severe or fatal injuries (odds ratio [OR] 2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.66, 2.95]) and injuries to non-operators (OR 3.32; 95% CI [2.70, 3.95]). Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was identified as a probable cause, contributing cause or finding in 15% of fatigue-related accidents, and in 85.7% of these accidents the operator met OSA screening criteria. Thus, opportunities remain for preventing fatigue-related accidents, including through more systematic operator screening for OSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, new evidence is presented of marked sex differences in the distribution of insecure attachment patterns in middle childhood. Attachment was assessed with the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task (MCAST) in a sample of 122 Italian 7-year-olds. The four-way distribution of attachment patterns was significantly unbalanced, with insecure boys more often avoidant (27%) than ambivalent (2%), and insecure girls more often ambivalent (25%) than avoidant (4%). In addition, boys were rated as more severely disorganized than girls on a continuous disorganization score. A survey of previous literature strongly collaborates these findings, showing that similar attachment distributions have been obtained cross-culturally (US, Canada, and Israel) in nearly all of the (relatively few) studies in which children's sex had been taken into account. It is argued that sex biases in attachment avoidance/ambivalence become apparent starting at about 6-7 years, in contrast with the lack of sex-related effects in infancy and early childhood, and probably anticipate the pattern of sex differences found in adults with romantic attachment questionnaires.

Teachers play a key role in the identification and training of talented mathematicians, and their attitudes are important in improving math instruction for gifted students. We surveyed secondary mathematics teachers from South Korea, Turkey, and the United States. These teachers completed a survey instrument called the Teachers' Judgments of Gifted Mathematics Student Characteristics (TJGMSC) that measured how important they believed 40 behaviors were with regards to students' mathematics giftedness. They also evaluated different strategies for teaching mathematics. The more years teachers taught mathematics, the more likely they were to report that students' computational skills, students' ability to relate mathematics to everyday life, and students' ability to generate multiple and unique solutions to problems were indicators of mathematical talent. The opposite was true for the highest level of mathematics taught. The higher the grade level of mathematics teachers taught, the less they valued each of these. Teachers with advanced degrees were less impressed with computation skills. Teachers from South Korea, whose students score near the top on international mathematics exams, were less likely to view mathematical talent as innate. They saw mathematics as an abstract subject in which students who were having difficulty should be given time in class to practice by themselves. They were less likely to regard mathematics as a practical topic or a formal way of representing the world. They were also less likely to use a variety of representations (pictures, concrete objects, and symbols) when teaching mathematics. (Contains 11 tables and 1 figure.)

In this article, the author analyzes the policies that since the early 1990s have actively promoted the status of Spanish both as an international and global language. The focus is on the actions and discourses of Spain's primary language policy agencies, namely, the Cervantes Institute and the Spanish Royal Academy. Although the Institute has mainly assumed the responsibility of promoting Spanish as a foreign language and the Academy has concentrated on the defense of Pan-Hispanic linguistic unity, their respective missions often merge. In this analysis, the protection of linguistic unity embraced by these agencies is grounded in a language-ideological system--which the author terms "hispanofonia"--that supports Spain's geostrategic interests, mainly in Latin America and the United States. He argues that the discursive construction of the "hispanofonia," although displaying post-nationalist and even making openly anti-nationalist statements, continues to rely on the conceptual structure of linguistic nationalism. (Contains 16 footnotes.)

Self-tests* to detect current infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, are valuable tools that guide individual decision-making and risk reduction† (1-3). Increased self-test use (4) has likely contributed to underascertainment of COVID-19 cases (5-7), because unlike the requirements to report results of laboratory-based and health care provider-administered point-of-care COVID-19 tests,§ public health authorities do not require reporting of self-test results. However, self-test instructions include a recommendation that users report results to their health care provider so that they can receive additional testing and treatment if clinically indicated.¶ In addition, multiple manufacturers of COVID-19 self-tests have developed websites or companion mobile applications for users to voluntarily report self-test result data. Federal agencies use the data reported to manufacturers, in combination with manufacturing supply chain information, to better understand self-test availability and use. This report summarizes data voluntarily reported by users of 10.7 million self-tests from four manufacturers during October 31, 2021-June 11, 2022, and compares these self-test data with data received by CDC for 361.9 million laboratory-based and point-of-care tests performed during the same period. Overall trends in reporting volume and percentage of positive results, as well as completeness of reporting demographic variables, were similar across test types. However, the limited amount and quality of data reported from self-tests currently reduces their capacity to augment existing surveillance. Self-tests provide important risk-reduction information to users, and continued development of infrastructure and methods to collect and analyze data from self-tests could improve their use for surveillance during public health emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]