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Background: Average paternal age in the United States has increased substantially in the last few decades. Children of advanced age fathers have a higher incidence of early onset cancer and neuropsychiatric disease. Objectives: To quantify the number of population adjusted cases of early‐onset cancer and neuropsychiatric disease in children attributable to increasing paternal age in the United States. Methods: Paternal age in the United States from 1972 to 2015 was collected using the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS). Population attributable fraction and paternal age‐specific cumulative incidence rates of several cancers and neuropsychiatric disorders were obtained from peer‐reviewed publications. Paternal age‐specific birth rates were correlated with paternal age‐specific cumulative incidence rates to determine the number of attributable cases of disease caused by advancing age of fathers in the United States. Results: The 2015 birth cohort in the United States is estimated to expect 9.2% more cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) diagnosed before 16 years of age (157 additional cases), 13.2% more cases of embryonal tumors in children <5 years of age (209 additional cases), and 13.0% more cases of breast cancer in females younger than 40 years old (424 additional cases) compared to the 1972 birth cohort. We can estimate to expect 10.5% more cases of schizophrenia diagnosed before 21 years of age (2864 additional cases), 6.3% more cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in adolescents <17 years of age (2934 additional cases), 4.5% more cases of anorexia nervosa (AN) in females 8–30 years old (620 additional cases), and 9.2% more cases of bipolar disorder in young patients 16–25 years old (252 additional cases) in the 2015 birth cohort compared to the 1972 birth cohort. Conclusion: Increasing paternal age in the United States is associated with a substantial increase in the number of cases of early‐onset cancer and neuropsychiatric disease in offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have investigated associations between herbicides such as 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and dyshormonogenesis, specifically low testosterone, in human, rodent, and cell models, but results have been conflicting and inconclusive., Methods: Using data from a cross-sectional study of 456 adult men in the 2013-2014 NHANES survey cycle, we examined the relationship between urinary concentrations of 2,4-D and serum testosterone levels., Results: Multivariable regression models adjusting for potential confounders revealed a significant, negative association between urinary 2,4-D and mean serum testosterone among U.S. adult males (β =  - 11.4 ng/dL, p = 0.02). Multivariable logistic regression models using a cutoff defining abnormally low testosterone (i.e., serum testosterone < 300 ng/dL) revealed no significant associations between 2,4-D and the odds of low testosterone., Conclusion: These findings expand on previous literature implicating a role for 2,4-D in the etiology of low testosterone and dyshormonogenesis. Future studies are warranted to corroborate these findings, determine clinical significance, and to investigate the proposed potential biological mechanisms underlying this association., (© 2021. This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.)

Background: Several studies have linked vasectomy with the risk of prostate cancer; however, this association has been attributed to selection bias. Since vasectomy is a common and effective form of contraception, these implications are significant. Therefore, we sought to test this association in a large observational cohort., Objective: To evaluate the potential association between prior vasectomy and the risk of developing prostate cancer., Materials and Methods: We evaluated the relationship between vasectomy and prostate cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Of the 111,914 men, prostate cancer was identified in 13,885 men and vasectomies were performed in 48,657. We used multivariate analysis to examine the relationship between prostate cancer and vasectomy. We also performed propensity score-adjusted and propensity score-matched analysis., Results: Men utilizing vasectomy were more likely to be ever married, fathers, educated, white, and screened for prostate cancer. During 4,251,863 person-years of follow-up, there was a small association between vasectomy and incident prostate cancer with a hazard ratio of 1.05 (95% CI, 1.01-1.11). However, no significant association was found when looking separately at prostate cancer by grade or stage. Conclusions were similar when using propensity adjustment and matching. Importantly, a significant interaction between vasectomy and PSA screening was identified., Discussion: Estimates of the association between vasectomy and prostate cancer are sensitive to analytic method underscoring the tenuous nature of the connection. Given the differences between men who do and do not utilize vasectomy, selection bias appears likely to explain any identified association between vasectomy and prostate cancer., Conclusions: With over 20 years of follow-up, no convincing relationship between vasectomy and prostate cancer of any grade was identified., (© 2019 American Society of Andrology and European Academy of Andrology.)