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This article reviews the motion picture Bowling for Columbine, directed by Michael Moore, which concerned the prevalence of violence in the U.S. The movie, which allegedly is the most commercially successful documentary of all time, looks at the U.S. gun debate through the lens of a number of tragedies involving gun deaths. The double frame story examines the April 20, 1999 shootings at Columbine High School by Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, and the continuing saga of socioeconomic strife in and around Flint, Michigan. Bowling for Columbine is allegedly an engaging film that provides a lot of interesting information. Viewer reactions to the film seem to fall into two categories, wherein one sees more left wing claptrap from the filmmaker that brought the audience the other witnesses a scathing indictment of a gun-loving, fear ridden society that is a menace to itself and its neighbors. Such distinctions neatly divide across lines already established in the gun debate between conservative, pro-gun lobbyists and liberal anti-gun protestors. The film begins with a black and white NRA promo-clip. Using a mixture of stock footage, cartoons, montages, and inter-views, Moore creates a film that allegedly is both frightening and entertaining.

• Techniques for late spontaneous recovery from stuttering clustered into six strategies. • The strategies reflect components of established treatments and naïve explanations. • Causal attributions of recovery clustered into three implicit theories about recovery. • Knowledge about strategies and implicit theories may help to improve treatment. (1) To survey the employed techniques and the reasons/occasions which adults who had recovered from stuttering after age 11 without previous treatment reported as causal to overcome stuttering, (2) to investigate whether the techniques and causal attributions can be reduced to coherent (inherently consistent) dimensions, and (3) whether these dimensions reflect common therapy components. 124 recovered persons from 8 countries responded by SurveyMonkey or paper-and-pencil to rating scale questions about 49 possible techniques and 15 causal attributions. A Principal Component Analysis of 110 questionnaires identified 6 components (dimensions) for self-assisted techniques (Speech Restructuring; Relaxed/Monitored Speech; Elocution; Stage Performance; Sought Speech Demands; Reassurance; 63.7% variance explained), and 3 components of perceived causal attributions of recovery (Life Change, Attitude Change, Social Support; 58.0% variance explained). Two components for self-assisted techniques (Speech Restructuring; Elocution) reflect treatment methods. Another component (Relaxed/Monitored Speech) consists mainly of items that reflect a common, non-professional understanding of effective management of stuttering. The components of the various perceived reasons for recovery reflect differing implicit theories of causes for recovery from stuttering. These theories are considered susceptible to various biases. This identification of components of reported techniques and of causal attributions is novel compared to previous studies who just list techniques and attributions. The identified dimensions of self-assisted techniques and causal attributions to reduce stuttering as extracted from self-reports of a large, international sample of recovered formerly stuttering adults may guide the application of behavioral stuttering therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]