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Childhood physical maltreatment may contribute to the onset of borderline personality disorder (BPD) features in adolescence; however, the mechanisms explaining this association warrant investigation. This study focused on insecure attachment styles as mediators in this relationship among a sample of adolescents. Analyses were also conducted to determine whether gender moderated the association between physical maltreatment and BPD features. The sample consisted of 529 Italian adolescents between 14 and 18 years (Mage = 16.48, SD = 1.37). Participants completed a survey including three self-report questionnaires: CTQ-SF, ASQ, and BPI. Physical abuse was related to BPD features through insecure-anxious and insecure-avoidant attachment styles, whereas physical neglect was associated with BPD features only through insecure-avoidant attachment. Gender moderated the pathway between physical maltreatment and BPD features so that boys who experienced childhood physical abuse and neglect reported more BPD features than girls. This study expanded our knowledge of the role of insecure attachment styles in the onset of BPD features among adolescents with early experiences of childhood physical maltreatment. This study also advances our understanding of potential gender differences in the childhood maltreatment-BPD features link in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Challenges for some women meeting the physical employment standards (PES) for ground close combat (GCC) roles stem from physical fitness and anthropometric characteristics. The purpose of this study was to identify the modifiable and nonmodifiable characteristics predictive of passing GCC‐based PES tasks and determine the modifiable characteristics suitable to overcome nonmodifiable limitations. 107 adults (46 women) underwent multiday testing assessing regional and total lean mass (LM), percent body fat (BF%), aerobic capacity (V̇O2peak), strength, power, and PES performance. Predictors with p‐value <0.200 were included in stepwise logistic regression analysis or binary logistic regression when outcomes among sexes were insufficient. Relative and absolute arm LM (OR: 4.617–8.522, p < 0.05), leg LM (OR: 2.463, p < 0.05), and upper body power (OR: 2.061, p < 0.05) predicted medicine ball chest throw success. Relative and absolute arm LM (OR: 3.734–11.694, p < 0.05), absolute trunk LM (OR: 2.576, p < 0.05), and leg LM (OR: 2.088, p < 0.05) predicted casualty drag success. Upper body power (OR: 3.910, p < 0.05), absolute trunk LM (OR: 2.387, p < 0.05), leg LM (OR: 2.290, p < 0.05), and total LM (OR: 1.830, p < 0.05) predicted maximum single lift success. Relative and absolute arm LM (OR: 3.488–7.377, p < 0.05), leg LM (OR: 1.965, p < 0.05), and upper body power (OR: 1.957, p < 0.05) predicted water can carry success. %BF (OR: 0.814, p = 0.007), V̇O2peak (OR: 1.160, p = 0.031), and lower body strength (OR: 1.059, p < 0.001) predicted repeated lift and carry success. V̇O2peak (OR: 1.540, p < 0.001) predicted 2‐km ruck march success. Modifiable characteristics were the strongest predictors for GCC‐based PES task success to warrant their improvement for enhancing PES performance for women. Highlights: Women in GCC roles require sufficient military‐specific physical fitness and anthropometric parameters, independent of sex, for successfully passing GCC‐based PES tasks as part of assessment testing and selection procedures for GCC roles.Passing GCC‐based PES tasks involving heavy lifting, dragging, pushing/throwing, and carrying may benefit from increased upper body (arm and trunk) and lower body lean mass and upper body power and maximal strength, whereas passing material handling tasks may benefit from lower percent body fat, greater lower body muscular strength, and higher aerobic capacity with the latter important for passing load carriage tasks.Military trainers should target modifiable characteristics, including upper body lean mass, power, and maximal strength to improve GCC‐based PES task performance in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender differences in wage negotiations have been offered as a popular explanation for why the gender gap in pay persists in the United States. In this study, we use data from an artificial wage negotiation experiment (N = 307) to examine the relationship between gender and wage negotiations and to test whether gender-role attitudes moderate this relationship. We find that gender-role attitudes moderate how gender influences the decision to negotiate, but not the outcomes of negotiations, and that forced negotiations do not lead to additional gains for women regardless of their gender-role attitudes. We conclude with a discussion of implications and directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated runners' experiences of public harassment and the association between gender and sexual orientation and harassment. We hypothesized that cisgender women and LGBQ+ individuals would report more harassment, fear of harassment, and behavioral changes than cisgender men and straight individuals. Adult United States runners (N = 1,645, primarily cisgender women) completed an online survey assessing lifetime and past-year experiences of harassment, fear, behavioral changes, and harassment attributions. Most participants (84.2%) reported at least one form of harassment while running (M = 3.55 types). Gender interacted with sexual orientation such that sexual minority cisgender women reported significantly more lifetime and past-year harassment than straight cisgender women (g s = 0.44–0.45). For fear and behavioral changes, only gender was significant, with cisgender women reporting more fear and behavioral changes than cisgender men (g s = 0.99–1.06). Cisgender women also were more likely than cisgender men to attribute the harassment to gender (ϕ =.70). LGBQ+ individuals reported significantly more attributions to sexual orientation (ϕ =.16) than straight individuals but not more fear or behavioral changes. This study, the largest investigation of harassment among runners, highlights the need for prevention campaigns to make public spaces safer for all runners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the predictors of loneliness, with a focus on the roles that discrimination plays and how it intersects with gender and educational attainment among three subgroups of adults at different life stages (young, middle, and late adulthood). In sum, our study found that the link between discrimination and loneliness varied across age groups, making the examination of its root cause from the ecological perspective and identifying symptoms/triggers for loneliness critical in developing different targeted interventions. Findings from this study can be used to guide social work intervention efforts undertaken to prevent and reduce loneliness [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpersonal touch buffers against stress under challenging conditions, but this effect depends on familiarity. People benefit from receiving touch from their romantic partners, but the results are less consistent in the context of receiving touch from an opposite-gender stranger. We propose that there may be important gender differences in how people respond to touch from opposite-gender strangers. Specifically, we propose that touch from an opposite-gender stranger may only have stress-buffering effects for men, not women. Stress was induced as participants took part in an emotion recognition task in which they received false failure feedback while being touched by a romantic partner or stranger. We measured subjective and physiological markers of stress (i.e., reduced heart rate variability) throughout the experiment. Neither stranger's nor partner's touch had any effect on subjective or physiological markers of stress for men. Women, however, subjectively experienced a stress-buffering effect of partner and stranger touch, but showed increased physiological markers of stress when receiving touch from an opposite-gender stranger. These results highlight the importance of considering gender when investigating touch as a stress buffer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Comprehensive Cancer Control Program, a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention funded program, supports cancer coalitions across the United States (US) in efforts to prevent and control cancer including development of comprehensive cancer control (CCC) plans. CCC plans often focus health equity within their priorities, but it is unclear to what extent lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, plus (LGBTQ+) populations are considered in CCC plans. We qualitatively examined to what extent LGBTQ+ populations were referenced in 64 U.S. state, jurisdiction, tribes, and tribal organization CCC plans. A total of 55% of CCC plans mentioned LGBTQ+ populations, however, only one in three CCC plans mentioned any kind of LGBTQ+ inequity or LGBTQ+ specific recommendations. Even fewer plans included mention of LGBTQ+ specific resources, organizations, or citations. At the same time almost three fourths of plans conflated sex and gender throughout their CCC plans. The findings of this study highlight the lack of prioritization of LGBTQ+ populations in CCC plans broadly while highlighting exemplar plans that can serve as a roadmap to more inclusive future CCC plans. Comprehensive cancer control plans can serve as a key policy and advocacy structure to promote a focus on LGBTQ+ cancer prevention and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To understand athletic performance before and after puberty, this study determined 1) the age at which the sex difference increases among elite youth track and field athletes for running and jumping events, and 2) whether there is a sex difference in performance before ages associated with puberty among elite youth athletes. Methods: Track and field records of elite USmale and female youth (7-18 yr) across 3 yr (2019, 2021, and 2022) were collected from an online database (athletic.net). The top 50 performances were recorded for 100-, 200-, 400-, and 800-m track running, long jump, and high jump. Results:Males ran faster than females at every age in the 100, 200, 400 and 800 m (P < 0.001). When combining all running events, the sex difference (%) was 4.0% ± 1.7% between 7 and 12 yr and increased to 6.3% ± 1.1% at 13 yr and 12.6% ± 1.8% at 18 yr (P < 0.001). Similarly, males jumped higher and farther than females at every age (P < 0.001). For long jump, the sex differencewas 6.8%± 2.8% between 7 and 12 yr, increasing to 8.5% ± 1.7% at 13 yr and 22.7% ± 1.4% at 18 yr (P < 0.001). For high jump, the sex difference was 5.3% ± 5.2% between 7 and 12 yr, increasing to 12.4% ± 2.9% at 15 yr and 18.4% ± 2.04% at 18 yr (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Before 12 yr of age in elite youth track and field athletes, there was a consistent and significant sex difference of ~5%, such that males ran faster and jumped higher and farther than females. The magnitude of the sex difference in performance increased markedly at 12-13 yr for running and long jump and 14 yr for high jump and thus was more pronounced after ages associated with puberty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although men of color are disproportionately the victims of violence in the United States, Black women face a substantial risk. This work presents a layered commentary on the growing epidemic of Black femicide. First, hypervisibility and invisibility within institutions is explored. Second, using feminist victimology and intersectionality frameworks, four forms of Black femicide are analyzed: gun violence, intimate partner violence, targeted violence, and institutional violence. Third, topics of missing and insufficient information on Black femicide are probed. Fourth, procedural limitations and recommendations for future works are proposed. This essay seeks to improve discussions surrounding Black femicide in research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have noted a rise in sexting behavior in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the association between religion and sexual behavior has been widely studied, researchers have yet to consider whether sexting behavior might vary according to levels of religiosity. Building on prior research, this study uses national survey data to formally test whether several dimensions of religiosity (religious attendance, divine control, and religious/spiritual struggles) are associated with the sexting behavior of women (n = 619, Mage = 40.28, SD = 11.50) and men (n = 548, Mage = 40.04, SD = 11.51). Results suggest that the odds of sexting are lower among women who report higher levels of in-person religious attendance (not virtual attendance) and greater perceptions of divine control. Among women and men, the odds of sexting are higher among those who report more religious/spiritual struggles. This study is among the first to show how various dimensions of religiosity might influence sexting behavior in different ways for women and men during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is important for future research to replicate our findings and to consider whether other dimensions of religiosity might also contribute to the likelihood of sexting in an increasingly digital world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A crisis of faith is an intrapersonal struggle with ultimate meaning that occurs when one's supramundane reality is called in question. We propose a theoretical model which suggests that a crisis of faith will contribute to poorer sleep quality by undermining a general sense of meaning and purpose in life, especially among women. We use national survey data from the Wave 5 of the Baylor Religion Survey United States (N = 1395). Ordinary least squares regression models with robust standard errors are utilized. Sobel–Goodman mediation techniques are used to test the proposed mediating pathway. Our results suggest that a crisis of faith is associated with lower sleep quality, and that this pathway is partially mediated by a lower sense of meaning and purpose in life. Finally, we found that the relationship between a crisis of faith and lower sleep quality was weaker for women. We discuss the implications of our results and suggest how future research may explore the relevance of a crisis of faith for well-being as well as other aspects of the human condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voice assistants (VAs), such as Alexa, Siri, or Google Now, are becoming increasingly ubiquitous. Consequently, the potential societal impacts of such systems are gaining relevance in public and academic discourses. Investigating the effects of VA voice features on user perception of VAs is one central aspect of research. Here, the potential effects of VAs on the perception of gender roles and the attribution of gender stereotypes stand out. Following the Computers as Social Actors paradigm, it is assumed that gendered voices have the potential to reproduce existing gender stereotypes. Yet, recently, the implementation of gender-ambiguous voices has been suggested to mitigate such effects and promote more diverse technology design. In this study, we set out to inquire about the relationship between gendered VA voice (male, female, gender-ambiguous) and gender stereotype activation. In two online surveys with an experimental manipulation (Study 1: N = 140, Study 2: N = 397), we test stereotype activation as a function of VA voice, user gender, and conversation topic. Empirical findings are mixed, with no effects for conversation topic but indications of small effects of VA voice. Implications for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study identifies five common, cultural beliefs that women perceive as encouraging motherhood in the United States and examines how they impact the parenthood decision‐making and experiences of currently childless women. Background: Research shows how cultural ideas about "good" motherhood impact women's lives. We know less about the role of cultural beliefs that encourage motherhood despite its well‐known hardships, nor how currently childless women navigate these beliefs. Method: This study uses 107 interviews with American women ages 35–50 who for varied reasons have not (yet) had children. It identifies five prominent beliefs about motherhood and examines how currently childless women consider and respond to them. Results: Two beliefs—that motherhood provides fulfillment and that children ensure future security—functioned more as "myths" and were often rejected by interviewees. Three beliefs—that women are "wired" to want children; women are nurturing; and motherhood bestows a unique form of joy —functioned as essentialist "mystiques," remaining unquestioned or only slightly revised by interviewees. Further, all beliefs, but particularly the "mystiques," complicated many women's parenthood decision‐making processes and experiences of childlessness. Conclusion: To understand how the institution of motherhood impacts women who have not (yet) had children, it is crucial to account for the role of cultural beliefs that support its appeal. This study highlights the heterogeneous ways that cultural beliefs that encourage motherhood impact women's parenthood decision‐making and their experiences of childlessness. It emphasizes, in particular, the durability and universality of essentialist ideas (mystiques) about motherhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Background Method Results Conclusion Implications Parental time with children varies across cultures but has mostly been studied in a European context. In this paper we estimate whether the association of work and gender with parental allocation of time is different in South Korea and the United States.We suggest that household level characteristics are associated with the time parents spend with their children, but that these associations are more gendered in South Korea than in the United States.We used data from the 2003–2018 American Time Use Survey (n = 38,562) and 2004–2014 Korean Time Use Survey (n = 12,828). Using ordinary least squares, we estimated the association of the intersection of gender and work in predicting parental time with children.Gender is an important factor in time allocation in South Korea, where education was positively associated and working hours were negatively associated with mothers', but not fathers', time spent with their children. In the United States, resources and work have a dominant role, as both parents tend to spend more time with their children if they have higher education and income and work fewer hours.In South Korea, a gendered regime is associated with the allocation of parental time only; mothers are influenced by their spouses' time allocation and resources. The United States follows a trade‐off regime, where resources are associated with time spent with children, whereas gender plays a smaller role in parental time allocation.Studying parental time allocation should account for the intertwined relationship of culture, resources, and gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Methods Results Conclusion The intersection of ageism and racism is underexplored in geriatric emergency medicine (GEM) research.We performed a scoping review of research published between January 2016 and December 2021. We included original emergency department‐based research focused on falls, delirium/dementia, medication safety, and elder abuse. We excluded manuscripts that did not include (1) original research data pertaining to the four core topics, (2) older adults, (3) subjects from the United States, and (4) for which full text publication could not be obtained. The primary objective was to qualitatively describe reporting about older adults' social identities in GEM research. Secondary objectives were to describe (1) the extent of inclusion of minoritized older adults in GEM research, (2) GEM research about health equity, and (3) feasible approaches to improve the status quo of GEM research reporting.After duplicates were removed, 3277 citations remained and 883 full‐text articles were reviewed, of which 222 met inclusion criteria. Four findings emerged. First, race and ethnicity reporting was inconsistent. Second, research rarely provided a rationale for an age threshold used to define geriatric patients. Third, GEM research more commonly reported sex than gender. Fourth, research commonly excluded older adults with cognitive impairment and speakers of non‐English primary languages.Meaningful assessment of GEM research inclusivity is limited by inconsistent reporting of sociodemographic characteristics, specifically race and ethnicity. Reporting of sociodemographic characteristics should be standardized across different study designs. Strategies are needed to include in GEM research older adults with cognitive impairment and non‐English primary languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Data Sources and Study Setting Study Design Data Collection/Extraction Methods Principal Findings Conclusions To determine the barriers transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) adults face when accessing or receiving healthcare in the United States.Primary data were collected between September 2022 and March 2023 from a purposive sample of TGNC adults (N = 116 participants) using an online survey with a series of open‐ended and closed‐ended questions.Thematic analysis was employed to extract and analyze participants' responses to an open‐ended question about challenges they experienced when accessing or receiving healthcare. Two members of the research team conducted qualitative data analyses using Dedoose. The quality of each analysis was subsequently reviewed by a third research team member.Data were collected from responses to one open‐ended question that asked about participants' healthcare barriers as a TGNC individual.Five main themes surrounding healthcare barriers emerged from the content analysis: (1) acceptability, (2) accommodation, (3) affordability, (4) availability, and (5) accessibility. First, participants who noted acceptability issues reported explicit discriminatory treatment from providers, providers not using their chosen names and pronouns (e.g., misgendering), and provider refusal to provide gender‐affirming care. Second, participants who experienced accommodation challenges identified provider medical training gaps on TGNC patient needs and administrative barriers to care. Third, participants explained affordability issues due to a lack of adequate health insurance coverage. Fourth, participants described availability challenges with accessing hormone therapy prescriptions. Finally, participants noted accessibility issues with obtaining TGNC‐specific care at LGBTQ+‐affirming clinics.There is a growing interest in the needs of TGNC adults within healthcare settings. This requires that health policies are enacted to ensure that TGNC adults have access to healthcare that is accommodating and accepting/affirming. Study findings may provide insight into the potential impact of current legislation on transgender access and availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women are more directly involved in combat operations today than ever before, currently making up 18.6% of officers and 16.8% of enlisted personnel in the United States military. However, women continue to be under-represented in military research. Studies that do consider gender differences in traumatic brain injury (TBI) outcomes have shown that women report significantly more post-concussive symptoms than men. Conclusions for true gender differences related to TBI are hard to make without controlling for non-TBI factors. The effects previously identified in the literature may be an artifact of how men and women differ in their response to injury, unrelated to the neurological recovery process associated with TBI. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of gender specifics on mild TBI (mTBI) sequelae on injured and uninjured control groups, and to investigate the role of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on symptom reporting. It should be noted that the terms "gender" and "men/women" are used in this article in place of "sex" or "males/females" given that we are not discussing biological attributes. A total of 966 United States military service members and veterans were included in the study. Of the total sample, 455 men and 46 women were in the mTBI group, 285 men and 31 women were in the injured controls group (IC), and 111 men and 38 women in the non-injured controls group (NIC). Post-concussive and quality of life symptoms were compared for men and women while controlling for combat exposure. MTBI and IC groups were also stratified by PTSD presentation. Measures used included the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI), PTSD Checklist (PCL-C), Traumatic Brain Injury Quality of Life (TBI-QOL), and Combat Exposure Scale. In the mTBI group, women had worse scores on NSI total, NSI Somatosensory and Affective clusters, and the TBI-QOL Anxiety, Fatigue, and Headache scales (n2 = 0.018–0.032, small to small-medium effect sizes). When PTSD was present, women had worse scores on the NSI Somatosensory cluster only (n2 = 0.029, small-medium effect size). In contrast, when PTSD was absent, women had worse scores than men on the NSI Somatosensory and Affective clusters, and the TBI-QOL Anxiety and Headache scales (n2 = 0.032–0.063, small to medium effect sizes). In the IC group, women had worse scores on the NSI Cognitive cluster and the TBI-QOL Fatigue and Pain Interference scales (n2 = 0.024–0.042, small to small-medium effect sizes). However, group differences were no longer found when stratified by PTSD sub-groups. In the NIC group, there were no significant group differences for any analyses. We were able to identify symptoms unique to women recovering from mTBI that were not present following other forms of physical injury or in healthy controls. However, the impact of PTSD exacerbates the symptom profile and its comorbidity with mTBI equates to most of the noted gender differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we describe a study in which a validated motivational survey was used to investigate the effect of working in mixed or same-gender groups on physics self-efficacy and self-reported peer influence on self-efficacy in a calculus-based introductory physics course in which women are severely underrepresented both in our sample and in the United States overall. Likely due to societal stereotypes and biases, we found that men tended to have higher physics self-efficacy and reported higher peer influence on self-efficacy than women both before and at the end of the physics course. Additionally, all students except those who worked in same-gender groups had a decrease in their average physics self-efficacy from the beginning to the end of the semester. Our findings suggest that instructors should implement classroom policies that encourage equitable and inclusive group work so that all students can thrive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I argue that the US Citizenship and Immigration Services' current guidelines for LGBTQ+ asylum adjudication are both underinclusive and improperly restrictive. They are underinclusive because they are insufficiently attentive to LGBTQ+ applicants' right to protection from persecution on the basis of gender expression. They also flatten the concept of gender identity by conflating it with transgender identity, thus reconsolidating a transgender/cisgender binary that impedes asylum officers' ability to find cognizable those gender identities that exceed these two terms. The guidelines are also improperly restrictive because they forbid specific discussions of sex acts during the asylum interview. To be sure, this proscription is a response to widespread recent reports of abuse of applicants around the world. Nevertheless, it overcorrects for the problem and, in turn, hinders asylum officers' ability to elicit detailed testimonies as well as impedes, in all likelihood, the ability of some applicants to furnish credible testimonials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the relationship between White American men's endorsement of precarious manhood (i.e., the belief that manhood is a status that must be earned, needs to be demonstrated in public, and can be lost) and their beliefs about confronting racism targeting Black people. Three preregistered studies revealed that White men from the United States who scored higher on precarious manhood beliefs were less motivated to confront racism (Studies 1 and 3; Ns = 398 and 447), reported they would view themselves negatively if they confronted racism (Studies 1–3), and reported more negative attitudes toward Black people in general (Study 3). Exploratory free-response data from Study 2 (N = 366) showed that the more strongly White men endorsed precarious manhood, the less likely they were to report they would feel proud of themselves for confronting racism. Together, these findings suggest that White men's precarious manhood beliefs may represent a hindrance to confronting racism. Public Significance Statement: Across three studies, we find that White American men who endorse precarious manhood (i.e., believe that manhood must be earned and can be lost) are less motivated to confront racism and report that they would view themselves negatively if they confronted racism. Precarious manhood may prevent some White men from becoming allies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Research on prosocial behavior among Black1 Americans should account for the daily realities that many face, including racial discrimination and cultural resources which may provide sources of resilience amidst injustice, such as religiosity and spirituality. We assessed whether racial discrimination, religiosity, and existential well-being (EWB) are related to the odds of engaging in prosocial behaviors for Black men. Method: Using data from a community-dwelling sample of 171 Black men in the United States, we used logistic regression tests to assess whether racial discrimination, organizational religiosity, personal religiosity, and EWB were associated with Black men's volunteering, mentoring, and charitable giving. We also examined whether racial discrimination moderated the association between religiosity and prosocial behavior. Results: Discrimination was not significantly associated with Black men's odds of engaging in prosocial actions. Odds of volunteering were significantly greater among Black men who reported more regular involvement at their religious institutions. Personal religiosity was also significantly associated with greater odds of mentoring youth and charitable giving. Discrimination did not significantly moderate any associations. Conclusions: Black men's faith is a relevant contributor to their prosocial action. Religious institutions and psychologists can work collaboratively in supporting this positive trajectory. Public Significance Statement: Actions oriented toward helping others (prosocial behavior) are healthy for individuals who are prosocial and for society as a whole; yet, Black men are rarely considered in research on this topic. Further, Black men make decisions to be prosocial despite the antisocial racial adversity they face commonly. This study tested whether racial discrimination, religious involvement in places of worship, personal acts of religiosity and spirituality (e.g., praying), and a sense of purpose in life is related to Black men's volunteering, mentoring, and charitable giving. Black men who were more involved in their places of worship and who practiced more personal faith-based behaviors volunteered, gave to charities, and mentored youth more often than those who were not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic violence has been a cause of concern during the pandemic. Immigrants have been more vulnerable to the impacts of COVID-19, given systemic and cultural barriers. Utilizing a bio-psycho-social framework, the goal of this exploratory cross-sectional study was to examine the correlates of DV victimization among immigrants (N = 419, 41.5% male and 56.8% female) across the United States. Gender, age and race were included as biological and demographic factors (model 1); mental health and psychological stress were included as psychological factors (model 2); and generational position, household income, and family connections were included as social factors (model 3). A hierarchical logistic regression was performed. The sample comprised male and female participants. About 31.3% of participants were White, while the remaining were from diverse racial groups and 43.5% were 1st generation. We observed that 35.1% (60) men and 28.3% (66) women experienced at least one form of DV victimization. Women and those who were older were less likely to experience victimization. An increase in mental health distress and limited family connections were associated with a higher likelihood of DV victimization. This study examined the rates of physical, sexual, verbal, emotional, financial and immigration-related abuse experiences of immigrants in the United States. Our findings point to the need for services to be offered to all genders and the need for more social support for immigrants. The inclusion of male and female survivors of DV adds to the novelty of this study. Practitioners in particular can play an important role in providing culturally responsive support to immigrants experiencing victimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an exploratory study of differences in international students’ adjustment and social-emotional outcomes based on key demographic variables. Drawing on a sample of 558 international students attending 14 colleges and universities in the United States, we examined students' belonging, social support, academic stress and confidence, COVID-19-related stress, and social integration by students' gender, graduate level, and region of origin as well as by combinations of gender, graduate level, and region of origin. Key findings include that graduate and undergraduate female students as well as graduate male students reported better social-emotional experiences compared with undergraduate male students and that students' region of origin accounted for a range of differences in student outcomes. Findings are discussed both in relation to the current literature and with respect to opportunities for methodological development in the field of international student engagement and global student mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We document a positive relationship between culturally inherited beliefs about gender equity and female smoking, using data on first and second‐generation immigrants living in the United States. We find that a one standard deviation increase in our measure of gender equity is associated with an increase in the probability that a female immigrant smokes of approximately 1.4 and 1.8 percentage points or 23% and 20% for first and second‐generation immigrants respectively. As male smoking behavior is largely unaffected by gender equality, we find that gender equity tends to reduce the size of the gender gap in smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPast research suggests that adoptees face a higher risk of insecure attachment and encounter more challenges related to trust and commitment in their romantic relationships compared to nonadopted individuals. However, limited studies have used nationally representative data to systematically examine these relationships, and even fewer, if any, have explored potential gender differences in this context. Using data from a representative sample of newly married couples in the United States (n = 2,110), we examined the relationship between adoption status and multiple measures of marital security, including gender as a potential moderator. Findings from OLS regression models indicate that adult adoptees exhibited similar levels of both avoidant and anxious attachment, trust, and commitment when compared to nonadoptees. Gender differences in attachment patterns were observed among nonadopted individuals, with nonadopted women showing significantly lower levels of avoidant attachment and significantly higher levels of anxious attachment compared to nonadopted men. Interestingly, however, these gender differences were not significant among adoptees, suggesting that adoption status potentially attenuates gender-related differences in attachment. Our findings support the view that adoptees demonstrate resilience and, overall, experience comparable relationship outcomes to nonadoptees in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In a diverse society, individuals often need to make prosocial decisions toward others who vary on a range of intertwined social identities. Adolescence is a prime time to promote intergroup prosociality due to identity salience during this developmental stage. In this study, our goal was to develop and provide initial validation, of a novel measure on intergroup prosocial behavior considering gender and race/ethnicity. Method: We used two independent samples of early adolescents (N1 = 118, Mage = 12.21 years, 55% boys, 59% White collected nationally in the United States.; N2 = 133, Mage = 12.77, 51.1% boys, 77% White collected locally in Arizona). Results: Using the data from Sample 1, Exploratory Factor Analyses revealed a two‐factor solution capturing intergroup prosociality and personal distress. Confirmatory Factor Analyses with data from Sample 2 confirmed the factor structure. The reliability of intergroup prosociality was acceptable. Prosociality subscale was positively correlated with adolescents' empathy, sympathy, compliant, emotional, dire, and anonymous prosocial behaviors indicating convergent validity and negatively correlated with adolescents' public prosocial behavior indicating discriminant validity. Further, we examined whether youth engage in differential intergroup prosocial behavior using both variable‐centered and person‐centered approaches, combining data from Samples 1 and 2. While adolescents did not engage in differential intergroup prosocial behavior, Latent Profile Analyses revealed five distinct profiles of early adolescents' intergroup prosociality. Overall, this study advances research on youth's intergroup prosociality across two intersectional social identities, moving beyond the conceptualization of single social identities in intergroup research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the southern USA, where religiosity is higher than in other parts of the country, many researchers have questioned if the religiosity of parents plays a role in emerging adults' risky sexual behavior (RSB). Specifically, research suggests that certain aspects of religiosity (i.e., conservatism) are especially detrimental when examining RSB. In the current study, college students (N = 585, 65.5% women, 69.2% White, 25.0% Black) completed the following self-report measures: the Stearns-McKinney Assessment of Religious Traits – Short Form, the Parental Environment Questionnaire, and the Student Sexual Risks Scale. Results of path analysis (reported statistics have p <.05) indicated that perceived maternal relationship quality had a significant negative association with RSB in emerging adult women, β = −.27, and men, β = −.20; perceived paternal relationship quality also associated negatively with RSB in women, β = −.12, and men, β = −.20. Of all the parental religiosity variables, only perceived maternal conservatism had a significant effect, where it demonstrated a positive association with RSB in women, β =.34, and men, β = −.20. These results suggest that perceived parent–child relationship quality and perceived maternal conservative religiosity influence emerging adult RSB. This study presents novel insight into the specific aspects of perceived parental religiosity that, at least in the current study, are found to influence RSB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prevalence estimates for body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs) such as trichotillomania differ greatly across studies owing to several confounding factors (e.g. different criteria). For the present study, we recruited a diverse online sample to provide estimates for nine subtypes of BFRBs and body-focused repetitive disorders (BFRDs). Methods: The final sample comprised 1481 individuals from the general population. Several precautions were taken to recruit a diverse sample and to exclude participants with low reliability. We matched participants on gender, race, education and age range to allow unbiased interpretation. Results: While almost all participants acknowledged at least one BFRB in their lifetime (97.1%), the rate for BFRDs was 24%. Nail biting (11.4%), dermatophagia (8.7%), skin picking (8.2%), and lip-cheek biting (7.9%) were the most frequent BFRDs. Whereas men showed more lifetime BFRBs, the rate of BFRDs was higher in women than in men. Rates of BFRDs were low in older participants, especially after the age of 40. Overall, BFRBs and BFRDs were more prevalent in White than in non-White individuals. Education did not show a strong association with BFRB/BFRDs. Discussion: BFRBs are ubiquitous. More severe forms, BFRDs, manifest in approximately one out of four people. In view of the often-irreversible somatic sequelae (e.g. scars) BFRBs/BFRDs deserve greater diagnostic and therapeutic attention by clinicians working in both psychology/psychiatry and somatic medicine (especially dermatology and dentistry). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Men are overrepresented in criminal offending, arrest, and incarceration rates, resulting in a gender gap in crime data. I use the mathematical structure and propositions of affect control theory to understand how the symbolic meanings society holds for gender and crime relate to this observed difference in women's and men's offending. While criminal behaviors are deviant for both men and women, I hypothesize that they produce even more deflection when enacted by a woman actor than by a man actor in computer simulations. This first hypothesis is supported in a dataset containing 109 criminal behaviors drawn from three affect control theory dictionaries collected in English in the United States in 1998, 2002 to 2004, and 2012 to 2014. Second, I hypothesize that when a crime produces a greater gender gap in deflection in simulations, there will be a greater observed gender gap in alleged offending. I test this hypothesis using four sources of crime data: victim self-reports, police reports, arrest data, and juvenile court statistics. I find hypothesis support using all data sources except victim self-reports. Affect control theory provides an explicit social psychological understanding of how gendered meanings of behavior translate into criminal behavior as recorded in offending data (e.g., Uniform Crime Report). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep duration changes across the life course and differs by education in the United States. However, little research has examined whether educational differences in sleep duration change over age—or whether sleep duration trajectories over age differ by education. This study uses a life course approach to analyze American Time Use Survey data (N = 60,908), examining how educational differences in weekday sleep duration change from middle to older adulthood (ages 40–79). For men only, differences in total sleep time between individuals with less than a high school degree and those with more education converge in older adulthood. Results suggest that this leveling is explained by decreasing educational stratification in work hours as men enter older adulthood. Findings highlight the importance of employment for shaping gendered socioeconomic differences in sleep and demonstrate differences by education in how sleep duration changes over age, with possible implications for health disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes to work and family norms and polices over the last several decades have reshaped both the job quality and the nature of job and family formation in the United States. Neoliberal policies have generated a slew of flexible but precarious working conditions; labor force participation is now the modal path for all genders regardless of parental or marital status. Leveraging data on 3,419 working men and women from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, I use granular measures of job quality to identify distinct job quality–family typologies among both men and women in early adulthood to midadulthood to examine differential implications for psychological and physiological stress. I find four types among men and three among women. Family formation and job prestige appear to differentiate stressful from nonstressful jobs for men; stress outcomes for women are more complex, with job characteristics such as flexibility playing a greater role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Media messaging matters for public opinion and policy, and analyzing patterns of campaign strategy can provide important windows into policy priorities. Methods: The authors used content analysis supplemented with keyword-based text analysis to assess the volume, proportion, and distribution of media attention to race-related issues in comparison to gender-related issues during the general election period of the 2022 midterm campaigns for federal office in the United States. Findings: Race-related mentions in campaign advertising were overwhelmingly focused on crime and law and order, with very little attention to racism, racial injustice, and the structural barriers that lead to widespread inequities. In stark contrast to mentions of gender, racial appeals were less identity focused and were competitively contested between the parties in their messaging, but they were much more likely to be led by Republicans. Conclusions: The results suggest that discussions of race and gender were highly polarized, with consequences for public understanding of and belief in disparities and policies important to population health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of LGBTQ picture books—literary works for children containing lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer characters and themes—has increased considerably since 2000. While different segments of this category of books have been examined, there has been a limited examination of the entire genre. Using 234 English-language LGBTQ picture books available in the United States between 1972 and 2018, I conducted a content analysis of the main themes and central characters as well as investigate how the main themes changed over time and the extent to which they reflected the larger historical contexts in which they were created. I find that very few LGBTQ characters are cast as main protagonists and some (i.e., bisexuals) are completely absent. Similarly, I find an increase in diversity of themes over the decades yet with most centering on marriage, parenting, and domesticity. Together, LGBTQ picture books convey a limited view of the LGBTQ lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White, male-dominated professions in the United States are marked with substantial gender and racial inequality in career advancement, yet they often face pressures to increase diversity. In these contexts, are theories of employer biases based on gender and racial stereotypes sufficient to explain patterns of hiring discrimination during common career transitions in the external labor market? If not, how and why do discrimination patterns deviate from predictions? Through a case study of software engineering, we first draw from a large-scale audit study and demonstrate unexpected patterns of hiring screening discrimination: while employers discriminate in favor of White men among early-career job applicants seeking lateral positions, for both early-career and senior workers applying to senior jobs, Black men and Black women face no discrimination compared to White men, and White women are preferred. Drawing on in-depth interviews, we explain these patterns of discrimination by demonstrating how decision-makers incorporate diversity value—applicants' perceived worth for their contribution to organizational diversity—into hiring screening decisions, alongside biases. We introduce diversity commodification as the market-based valuative process by which diversity value varies across job level and intersectional groups. This article offers important implications for our understanding of gender, race, and employer decision-making in modern U.S. organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children's early exposure and participation with science activities may help reduce underrepresentation issues that are often seen later in some disciplines of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors and occupations. To help understand these trends, this study investigated the repertoire of parental support during hands-on science activities with their children with regards to ethnicity (Latiné families of predominantly Mexican origin and non-Latiné, primarily White, families) and gender. It was informed by work that examines gender, race, and ethnicity differences in STEM participation. Participants were 153 girls and boys, aged 8 to 12 years, and their mothers and fathers in the Southwestern United States. Each parent–child dyad's behaviors during hands-on science activities together were examined. After controlling for family annual income and parental level of education, there were several variations by ethnicity and gender in parents' support of their children (e.g., help and encouragement), children's exploration of the activities, children's talkativeness, and the amount of time they engaged in the activities. Suggestions for expanding STEM education programs to be more inclusive of underrepresented communities are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the influence of gender and formal organizational status on the formation of discussion ties. Network data, gathered through surveying employees from a municipal organization in the United States, garnered a 92% response rate (n = 143). Results of exponential random graph modeling indicate women supervisors are more likely to send discussion ties, while women in general are more likely to receive discussion ties. These exploratory results suggest women may be perceived as more approachable for work discussions, but not as supervisors. Finally, the results identified a consistent homophily effect of gender in the discussion network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter approaches issues of ecospirituality through Gender and the Environment analytical lenses. We propose the need to actively queer human/Nature relations and understandings by exploring studies related to ecospirituality, Earth relations, and gender dynamics. The chapter considers ecospirituality as ritual practices, material cultures, codified ethics, and/or cosmological structures related to a category of "the sacred," which influence how various gendered and sexed bodies interact with the non-human world. Here, we propose that ecospiritual categories can shape the ways that humans conceive of their humanness and their sexed and gendered bodies. Within the context of religion/Nature interactions white evangelical masculinist subcultures in the United States are considered as an example that demonstrates the paradoxical characteristics of the gender binary and human/Nature dualisms. The chapter proceeds to offer queered ecologies as alternative narratives that can assist the larger Gender and Environment discourse in better understanding ecospiritual practices and world-views, and how the latter can contribute to prosustainable lifeways as a viable alternative to masculinist hegemonies that are continuing to predominate the ways that many humans -- especially those in the Global North -- understand and relate to the natural world at great cost to life on the planet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Shoulder injuries account for approximately 8% to 24% of all musculoskeletal injuries in the military. Recently, a change was made to service-specific physical fitness tests. Knowledge of relative shoulder labral injury rates before and after this change would help guide future directions and preventive strategies. However, we found no previous literature evaluating the rates of labral injury among United States Military branch personnel by enlistment status (enlisted versus officer), gender, age, or race. Materials and Methods In this retrospective epidemiological study, we queried the Defense Medical Epidemiology Database for International Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) code S43.43 (superior glenoid labrum lesion) to determine the total number of patients with a shoulder labral injury from 2016 to 2019. Results were assessed for demographic associations of shoulder labral injury with branch, service occupation, rank, gender, race, and age. Queries were limited to first-time occurrences and ambulatory data only. Results Overall, our study found the incidence of shoulder labral injuries to be largely conserved each year from 2016 to 2019 (3.22–3.35/1000/year). Incidence of labral injury was highest in males, White service members, the junior enlisted, the Army service branch, ages 20 to 29, and enlisted non-combat personnel. Conclusions With knowledge of injury patterns in specific military populations, initiatives may be taken to identify at-risk service members with the goal of informing future preventive strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For 49 years, the right to abortion was taken for granted—inhaled by every girl, every woman—by all people assigned female at birth in the United States. This right no longer exists. In 2022, with the Dobbs v. Jackson decision, the Supreme Court removed federal protection for the legal right to abortion and therefore women's agency over their bodies. This paper will contextualize abortion as part of a continuum that encompasses gender, motherhood and the meaning of reproduction and reproductive rights as sociocultural and intrapsychic phenomena. The expectation that mature female-bodied people are child-desiring women persists and is not conceptualized as optional. It is the original choice women do not have. The next choice women no longer have, if they become pregnant, is whether or not to continue a pregnancy. The Dobbs decision means the cultural reinstatement of female de-sexualization, along with the suffocating and silencing of agency—a negation of women's voices, desire, power and subjectivity—a recipe for psychological destabilization. Personal and clinical material will illustrate these points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The population of the United States continues to grow in diversity, particularly within sex and gender. In recent years, there has been a surge in aesthetic procedures in the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual (LGB) community. Herein, we discuss a tailored approach to these patient populations and offer guidance to address their concerns both safely and effectively based on a comprehensive review of the literature as well as a roundtable series focusing on diversity in aesthetics. METHODS: A literature search was conducted on PubMed using the following terms: "aesthetics," "cosmetics," "lesbian," "gay," and "bisexual." Additionally, an eight-part roundtable series focusing on diversity in aesthetics was conducted from August 2021 to August 2022. RESULTS: The results of the literature search as well as the discussion from the roundtable series addressing the LGB community are reviewed within. LIMITATIONS: We are limited by the paucity of data available in the existing literature. We also acknowledge differences within LGB subgroups and a need for individualization. CONCLUSION: A tailored approach to the LGB patient with regards to fillers, neuromodulators, and energy-based devices may offer improved patient satisfaction and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine associations between past-year mental illness (MI) diagnoses and e-cigarette use status. Design: Data were obtained from the National College Health Assessment, a nationally recognized cross-sectional survey of university students. Setting: Participants were recruited from 2-year and 4-year public and private universities across the United States from 2017-2019. Subjects: The analytic sample included 277 291 university students. Measures: Self-reported past-year MI diagnosis, binarily coded, served as the primary predictor. The outcome was e-cigarette use status (never, noncurrent, and current user). Analysis: Multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate relative risk ratios (RRR) of e-cigarette use, as predicted by past-year MI diagnoses, age, race/ethnicity, sex and gender, sexual identity, geographic region, and other combustible tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use. Results: Compared to those who had never received any MI diagnosis in the past year, those who did had a 16% higher relative risk (RRR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.20) of being a noncurrent e-cigarette user and a 33% higher relative risk (RRR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.28, 1.38) of being a current e-cigarette user. Schizophrenia, substance use or addiction, bipolar disorder, and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnoses demonstrated the strongest associations with noncurrent and current e-cigarette use. Conclusion: Results suggest the need to screen young adults for e-cigarette use and mental health indicators to facilitate early detection and timely intervention for at-risk university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stalking is a public health concern that affects both heterosexual and non-heterosexual individuals. Consequences to victims include being blamed for their stalking victimization and having their victimization minimized by others. However, less research has been conducted regarding attitudes toward non- heterosexual stalking victims and the fear individuals feel for stalking victims in general. Therefore, using a scenario-based approach, we examined how participants blamed stalking victims, minimized stalking incidents, and felt subjective fear for heterosexual and non-heterosexual stalking victims in hypothetical scenarios. Participants were recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk for two separate research studies. In Study 1, participants read about heterosexual stalking situations, and in Study 2, participants read about same-gender stalking situations. Participants responded to dependent variable questionnaires that assessed blame, minimization, and subjective fear. Participants also responded to predictor variables questionnaires that assessed gender role ideology, ambivalent sexism, attitudes toward lesbian women, and attitudes toward gay men. MANOVAs and simultaneous multiple regression analyses were conducted to analyze the hypotheses. There were no main effects of participant gender or hypothetical scenarios for either of the two research studies regarding blame, minimization, or subjective fear. However, gender role ideology, ambivalent sexism, and homonegativity were significant predictors of participants' attitudes toward stalking. Explanation for the current studies' findings and implications of these findings were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a reflection, a critique, and, hopefully, an inspiration to think about how future generations can reshape physical education in the United States. To do so, we first pay homage to our pioneers, who, we argue, were transformative leaders because they used research to respond to the sociopolitical issues of their time. In saying this, we reflect on how these ideas from that time were critically important but have also been developed for a different time, place, and demographic of people. We then trace the social justice research in the United States by highlighting the promises and pitfalls of current scholarship because it often asks "tough questions" but provides "weak solutions." To conclude, we believe that the future of physical education needs to be about allowing those "new voices" to become the future leaders of our field. In so doing, they will change the landscape of physical education knowledge, movement, and practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing awareness of gender barriers and biases in academic institutions is an essential component of institutional change strategies to promote equity and inclusion. There is an established perception gap in recognizing gender inequities in the workplace, whereby men faculty under acknowledge the stressors, barriers, and biases faced by their women faculty colleagues. This study explored the gender gap in faculty perceptions of institutional diversity climate at a rural comprehensive regional university in the United States. In addition to gender, differences across academic discipline and time were explored using 2 (men and women) x 2 (STEM and other) x 2 (2017 and 2022) between-groups ANOVAs. Results revealed a gender gap that persisted across time and perceptions of stressors, diversity climate, student behavior, leadership, and fairness in promotion/tenure procedures, with marginalized (women) faculty consistently reporting greater barriers/concern for women faculty relative to the perceptions of their men faculty colleagues. These findings are largely consistent with the extant literature and are discussed both with regard to future research directions and recommendations for reducing the perception gap and addressing institutional barriers to gender equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Community college transfer pathways are critical for advancing gender equity in STEM. Yet, community college students are often ignored within studies of women's participation in undergraduate computing. In a first effort to address this gap in the literature, this paper explores the composition of transfer-intending computing students over time (Study One) and gender differences in the characteristics and experiences of transfer-intending computing students (Study Two). Methods: This descriptive paper uses Center for Community College Student Engagement (CCCSE) survey data. Study One relies on a sample of nearly 30,000 transfer aspirants in computing across the United States between 2011 and 2019, allowing us to explore trends over time. Study Two examines a subset of over 9,000 students from the most recent survey cohort, providing a more nuanced snapshot of transfer-intending computing students. Descriptive statistics were used to examine how student experiences differ by gender and race/ethnicity. Results: Study One findings show that women's representation among transfer-intending computing students has declined over time. Study Two results reveal that, relative to men, women spend more time caregiving, commuting, studying, in student groups, and utilizing advising services, pointing to unique demands on women's time. We also identify significant differences in how Black and Indigenous women financed their college, relative to other women. Conclusions: While women are underrepresented among transfer-intending computing students, they represent a diverse group to support. We point to recommendations for policy and practice to support transfer-intending women in STEM and future research that considers intersectional identities among this diverse group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study investigated the relationship between sleep disturbance and somatic symptoms among adolescents residing on a psychiatric inpatient unit. Given the evidence that sleep disturbance may precede the onset of depression and anxiety and the clear associations between mood and somatic symptoms, depression and anxiety were considered as potential mediators of this relationship. Gender was tested as a potential moderator of the relationship between sleep disturbance and depression and anxiety, respectively. Method: A convenience sample of 83 adolescents completed a packet of self-report measures after admission to the unit. Measures assessed depression, sleep disturbance, anxiety, and somatic symptoms. Mediation and moderation analyses were conducted using SPSS PROCESS macro. Results: With anxiety included as a covariate, the overall indirect effect of sleep disturbance on somatic symptoms through depression was significant. No significant moderation effects were found, although females reported significantly higher levels of sleep disturbance, depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms than males. Conclusions: Results indicated that depression mediated the relationship between sleep disturbance and somatic symptoms above and beyond the effects of anxiety. These findings suggest that interventions aimed at reducing the negative effects of sleep disturbance should also target mood in this population. Individual differences including gender should be considered when developing interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chronic mental health consequences of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) are a leading cause of disability. This is surprising given the expectation of significant recovery after mild TBI, which suggests that other injury-related factors may contribute to long-term adverse outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine how number of prior injuries, gender, and environment/context of injury may contribute to depressive symptoms after mild TBI among deployed United States service members and veterans (SMVs). Data from the Long-term Impact of Military-Relevant Brain Injury Consortium Prospective Longitudinal Study was used to assess TBI injury characteristics and depression scores previously measured on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) among a sample of 1456 deployed SMVs. Clinical diagnosis of mild TBI was defined via a multi-step process centered on a structured face-to-face interview. Logistical and linear regressions stratified by gender and environment of injury were used to model depressive symptoms controlling for sociodemographic and combat deployment covariates. Relative to controls with no history of mild TBI (n = 280), the odds ratios (OR) for moderate/severe depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) were higher for SMVs with one mild TBI (n = 358) OR: 1.62 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09–2.40, p = 0.016) and two or more mild TBIs (n = 818) OR: 1.84 (95% CI 1.31–2.59, p < 0.001). Risk differences across groups were assessed in stratified linear models, which found that depression symptoms were elevated in those with a history of multiple mild TBIs compared with those who had a single mild TBI (p < 0.001). Combat deployment-related injuries were also associated with higher depression scores than injuries occurring in non-combat or civilian settings (p < 0.001). Increased rates of depression after mild TBI persisted in the absence of post-traumatic stress disorder. Both men and women SMVs separately exhibited significantly increased depressive symptom scores if they had had combat-related mild TBI. These results suggest that contextual information, gender, and prior injury history may influence long-term mental health outcomes among SMVs with mild TBI exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study examined levels of mental health literacy amongst US university students, as well as relationships between mental health literacy, help-seeking behaviors, and mental health outcomes. Participants: Three hundred and twenty-six (326) US university students participated in this study online. Methods: Participants filled out questionnaires that assessed their mental health literacy, intentions to seek support, psychological distress, wellbeing, and self-compassion. Results: The mean mental health literacy score was 123.96 (SD = 16.01). Women scored significantly higher than men (p <.01) on mental health literacy. Individuals who had a previous mental disorder diagnosis had significantly higher scores than those with no previous diagnosis (p <.01). A significant positive relationship was found between mental health literacy and self-compassion (p <.01). Conclusions: Our research highlights significant differences between women and men in relation to mental health literacy, psychological distress, and help-seeking behavior. There is a need to design culturally competent interventions that involve diverse students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Drinking among college students has remained a prominent problem within the United States, with more than 50% of college students drinking alcohol, 30% considered binge drinkers, and 9% considered heavy drinkers (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2018). Evidence also shows that men are more likely to partake in risky drinking behaviors (e.g., binge drinking or drinking to intoxication) and are at higher risk to be diagnosed with an alcohol use disorder compared with women (Grant et al., 2004; Iwamoto et al., 2014). Recent findings suggest that adherence to particular masculine norms is a risk factor for problematic alcohol use among men (Lemle & Mishkind, 1989; Iwamoto et al., 2011; Liu & Iwamoto, 2007; Locke & Mahalik, 2005; Mahalik, 2000; Peralta, 2007; Radimer & Rowan-Kenyon, 2019), and that drinking in itself may be seen as masculine. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ways gender threat can influence alcohol use motivation. Methods: Using an experimental design, the interaction of gender and gender threat in the prediction of alcohol expectancies (i.e., motivation to use) was assessed in a college sample. Furthermore, exploratory analyses were conducted to investigate the impact of adherence to masculine norms on the relationship between gender, gender threat, and alcohol motivation. Results: Results indicated that both men and women who were threatened responded similarly on most measures of anxiety/distress. Further, women who were threatened were less likely to have positive expectancies toward alcohol than women who were not threatened. Lastly, no relationship was found between adherence to masculine norms and gender threat or alcohol motivation. Discussion: These findings highlight the need for further studies to investigate the role of gender threat on alcohol motivation and expectancies within a male and female sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The loss of the care infrastructure that occurred during the COVID-19 crisis exposed society's continued reliance on women and mothers as default caregivers. But less is known about how this crisis produced gendered mental health outcomes, especially in occupations characterized by intensive work cultures such as academia. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative responses from a May 2021 campus-wide survey of faculty at a large research university in the United States, we explore gendered patterns in faculty caregivers' time use, stress, and perceptions of institutional support. Our findings demonstrate that childcare responsibilities were not merely more substantial for women than men in terms of hours, but they were also qualitatively different, with women's hours being more unpredictable, interruptive, and mentally and emotionally demanding. We also show that the pandemic took a higher toll on women faculty's mental health compared to men's. This gap in mental health emerged not merely because women were spending more time caregiving on average, but also because the university's policies did not effectively support the most strained caregivers. This study contributes empirical evidence to research on academic caregivers during the pandemic and to work demonstrating how (1) gendered caregiving dynamics shape mental health and remote work experiences and (2) the reliance on individual solutions to balancing work and family has failed even relatively privileged workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]