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Background Diabetes is more prevalent among overweight/obese individuals, but has become a significant public health challenge among normal-weight populations. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to estimate diabetes/prediabetes incidence and its temporal trends by weight status. Methods PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched until 8 December 2021. Prospective cohort studies reporting diabetes incidence by baseline body mass index (BMI) categories in adults were included. The median year of data collection was used to assess the temporal trends. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were also performed. Results We included 94 studies involving 3.4 million adults from 22 countries. The pooled diabetes incidence in underweight, normal-weight, and overweight/obese adults was 4.5 (95% confidence interval (CI)=2.8-7.3), 2.7 (95% CI=2.2-3.3), and 10.5 (95% CI=9.3-11.8) per 1000 person-years, respectively. The diabetes incidence in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) was higher than in high-income countries among normal-weight (5.8 vs 2.0 per 1000 person-years) or overweight/obese (15.9 vs 8.9 per 1000 person-years) adults. European and American regions had a higher diabetes incidence than the non-Western areas, regardless of weight status. Underweight diabetes incidence decreased significantly from 1995-2000 to 2005-2010. Diabetes incidence in normal-weight populations has increased continuously since 1985 by an estimated 36% every five years. In overweight/obese adults, diabetes incidence increased between 1985-1990 and 1995-2000, stabilised between 2000 and 2010, and spiked suddenly after 2010. Conclusions Diabetes incidence and its temporal trends differed by weight status. The continuous upward trend of diabetes incidence among overweight/obese individuals requires urgent attention, particularly in LMICs. Furthermore, diabetes among normal-weight individuals is becoming a significant public health problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:Nonylphenol (NP) has provoked much environmental concern because of their weak estrogenic activities; however, few data are available on the environmental levels of the chemical in China.Method:Environmental or river samples were assayed for NP by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique.Results:The concentration for NP measured in Xiangjiang River, ranging from 0.174 to 3.411 μg/L with a mean value of 1.73 μg/L, was lower than the Water Quality Criteria for NP of the US (6.6 μg/L); however, the NP concentration was maintained at a higher level compare to the developed countries and other civil cities. NP concentration in downstream water was markedly higher than that both in midstream and upstream water. Tissue accumulation of NP was observed in aquatics. A ratio of mean concentration of NP in aquatic (chlamys farreri and hemiculter leucisculus) to that in river water was 241 and 1087, respectively. The presence of NP in tap water in two urban districts of Zunyi was common with a detectable rate reached 100.0%. Mean NP concentration in terminal tap water in Huichuan district was six times as high as Honghuagang district, which was above Standards for the Drinking Water Quality for Phenols of China (2 μg/L).Conclusion:The pollution of NP in Xiangjiang River, tap water, and aquatic in Zunyi belongs to moderate or severe level in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiological studies have suggested that there are many risk factors associated with breast cancer. Silencing tumor suppressor genes through epigenetic alterations play critical roles in breast cancer initiation, promotion and progression. As a growth promoter, Zeranol (Z) has been approved by the FDA and is widely used to enhance the growth of beef cattle in the United States. However, the safety of Z use as a growth promoter is still under debate. In order to provide more evidence to clarify this critical health issue, the current study investigated the effect of Z on the proliferation of primary cultured human normal and cancerous breast epithelial cells (PCHNBECs and PCHBCECs, respectively) isolated from the same patient using MTS assay, RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. We also conducted an investigation regarding the mechanisms that might be involved. Our results show that Z is more potent to stimulate PCHBCEC growth than PCHNBEC growth. The stimulatory effects of Z on PCHBCECs and PCHBCECs may be mediated by its down-regulating expression of the tumor suppressor gene p53 at the mRNA and protein levels. Further investigation showed that the expression of DNA methylatransferase 1 mRNA and protein levels is up-regulated by treatment with Z in PCHBCECs as compared to PCHNBECs, which suggests a role of Z in epigenetic modification involved in the regulation of p53 gene expression in PCHBCECs. Our experimental results imply the potentially adverse health effect of Z in breast cancer development. Further study is continuing in our laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In 1999, the American Academy of Pediatrics and U.S. Public Health Service recommended suspending the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine due to concerns about potential mercury exposure. A previous report found that overall national hepatitis B vaccination coverage rates decreased in association with the suspension. It is unknown whether this underimmunization occurred uniformly or was associated with how providers changed their practices for the timing of hepatitis B vaccine doses. We evaluate the impact of the birth dose suspension on underimmunization for the hepatitis B vaccine series among 24-month-olds in five large provider groups and describe provider practices potentially associated with underimmunization following the suspension. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of children enrolled in five large provider groups in the United States (A-E). Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between the birth dose suspension and a child's probability of being underimmunized at 24 months for the hepatitis B vaccine series. Results: Prior to July 1999, the percent of children who received a hepatitis B vaccination at birth varied widely (3% to 90%) across the five provider groups. After the national recommendation to suspend the hepatitis B birth dose, the percent of children who received a hepatitis B vaccination at birth decreased in all provider groups, and this trend persisted after the policy was reversed. The most substantial decreases were observed in the two provider groups that shifted the first hepatitis B dose from birth to 5-6 months of age. Accounting for temporal trend, children in these two provider groups were significantly more likely to be underimmunized for the hepatitis B series at 24 months of age if they were in the birth dose suspension cohort compared with baseline (Group D OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.7 - 4.4; Group E OR 3.1, 95% CI 2.3 - 4.2). This represented 6% more children in Group D and 9% more children in Group E who were underimmunized in the suspension cohort compared with baseline. Children in the reversal cohort in these groups remained significantly more likely to be underimmunized compared with baseline. In contrast, in a third provider group where the typical timing of the third dose was unchanged and in two other provider groups whose hepatitis B vaccination schedules were unaffected by the birth dose suspension, hepatitis B vaccination coverage either was maintained or improved. Conclusion: When the hepatitis B birth dose was suspended, provider groups that moved the first dose of vaccination to 5-6 months of age or later had decreases in hepatitis B vaccine coverage at 24 months. These findings suggest that as vaccine policy changes occur, providers could attempt to minimize underimmunization by adopting vaccination schedules that minimize delays in the recommended timing of vaccine doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compares smoking statistics and trends in China and the U.S. in 1990. Prevalence of smoking by age among Chinese males and females; Percentage of cigarettes smoked per day by Chinese smokers by sex in 1984; Tobacco use patterns and health outcome projections for China.

Recently, the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th staging manual stipulated the World Health Organization (WHO) G3 pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas (p-NECs) should all be classified by the system for pancreatic exocrine adenocarcinomas, which had ignored the heterogeneity of G3 p-NECs. We focused on demonstrating whether the heterogeneous subgroups of G3 p-NECs would influence the accurate application of AJCC 8th staging systems.G3 p-NECs were divided into well-differentiated and poorly-differentiated subgroups, whose clinical features and overall survival (OS) were compared. Survival analysis by applying 2 new AJCC 8th staging systems to well-differentiated G3 p-NECs were performed to validate whether these subgroup patients should also be staged by the system proposed for all G3 p-NECs.We enrolled 172 patients who were histopathologically diagnosed as G3 p-NECs, including 64 well-differentiated G3 p-NECs and 108 poorly-differentiated ones, whose patient demographics and tumor characteristics present no notably differences (P > .05), except their Ki-67 index and mitotic rate (P = .031, P = .025; respectively). The estimated OS of well-differentiated G3 p-NECs was significantly better than those of poorly-differentiated tumors (P < .001). When applying the new AJCC system for all G3 p-NECs to well-differentiated G3 tumors, 18, 22, 12, and 12 patients were respectively distributed in the new AJCC Stage I, Stage II, Stage III, and Stage IV. Using the AJCC 8th staging system for WHO G1/G2 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (p-NETs) to well-differentiated G3 p-NECs, there were 5, 25, 22, and 12 patients classified from the new AJCC Stage I to Stage IV, respectively. The system for G1/G2 p-NETs could significantly differentiate the survival differences between each new stage of well-differentiated G3 p-NECs (P < .05), while comparisons of survivals between Stage II with Stage III or Stage III with Stage IV by the system for G3 p-NECs were not statistically different (P = .334, P = .073; respectively).G3 p-NECs were heterogeneous with well-differentiated and poorly-differentiated subgroups. Both AJCC 8th staging systems proposed for all G3 p-NECs and G1/G2 p-NETs were practical for well-differentiated G3 p-NECs, while the one originally applied to G1/G2 p-NETs appeared to be superior in performance due to its better prognostic stratification and more accurate predicting ability.