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INTRODUCTION E-cigarette use is disparately high among sexual minoritized populations. As e-cigarette advertising may influence product appeal, this study tested sexual orientation- and gender-based differences in response to e-cigarette advertisement exposure on advertisement perceptions and product appeal. METHODS We recruited 497 adults (mean age=31.9 years, 45.1% women, 54.3% heterosexual, 71.2% Non-Hispanic White) living in the United States via the crowdsourcing platform Prolific. Participants viewed two randomly selected e-cigarette advertisements (from n=173 advertisements). Post-exposure, participants rated the perceived advertisement effectiveness, relevance, and product use intention. Associations between sexual orientation and outcomes were estimated using multivariable linear mixed-effects models. We tested interaction effects between sexual orientation, gender, and advertisement feature (e.g. presence of humans, flavors, and product packaging), and ran Tukey post hoc tests for pairwise comparisons. RESULTS Post-exposure, heterosexual women, sexual minoritized men, and sexual minoritized women (reference group: heterosexual men) rated perceived advertisement effectiveness and relevance lower after viewing advertisements featuring flavors (vs no flavors; all p<0.001). Sexual minoritized men and sexual minoritized women rated perceived advertisement relevance lower after viewing advertisements featuring humans (all p<0.001) or fruit (all p<0.001). Heterosexual women, sexual minoritized men, and sexual minoritized women reported lower product use intention after viewing advertisements featuring an e-liquid bottle (vs no e-liquid bottle; all p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Sexual minoritized women and men reported lower e-cigarette advertisement appeal and product use intentions than heterosexual men. More evidence is needed to understand advertisement perceptions and product appeal in this group to inform e-cigarette advertising regulations and anti-tobacco messaging campaigns that aim to reduce tobacco-related health inequities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, people need secondary prevention strategies to identify osteoarthritis at its earliest stages so that interventions can be implemented to halt or slow the progression toward its long-term burden. The Osteoarthritis Action Alliance formed an interdisciplinary Secondary Prevention Task Group to develop a consensus on recommendations to provide clinicians with secondary prevention strategies that are intended to reduce the risk of osteoarthritis after a person has an ACL injury. The group achieved consensus on 15 out of 16 recommendations that address patient education, exercise and rehabilitation, psychological skills training, graded-exposure therapy, cognitive-behavioral counseling (lacked consensus), outcomes to monitor, secondary injury prevention, system-level social support, leveraging technology, and coordinated care models. We hope this statement raises awareness among clinicians and researchers on the importance of taking steps to mitigate the risk of osteoarthritis after an ACL injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are participating in postsecondary education at an increasing rate. Yet, we know little about what types of accommodations or services disability resource providers employ to support students with ASD. The purpose of this study was to examine how postsecondary institutions are fostering the academic success of students with ASD. Using a randomly selected, nationally representative sample of postsecondary institutions (n =1,245 response rate 38.8%; return rate 41.9%), this study explored enrollment trends of students with ASD and the types of reasonable accommodations and support services offered to those students. This study used predictive modeling to isolate factors that are strong indicators of whether or not and institution provided ASD-specific programs. Findings indicate that although students with ASD are more likely to attend two-year public institutions, there are no differences in accommodations or student support services by institution type. Over 90% of institutions used academically focused accommodations (e.g., extended exam time), but only 44.7% of institutions provided sensory accommodations and 28.3% of institutions offered ASD-specific services. The existence of peer mentoring programs was the strongest predictor of whether or not an institution had ASD-specific services. Implications for practitioners working in postsecondary environments and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify links among professional development, teacher knowledge, practice, and student achievement, researchers have called for study designs that allow causal inferences and that examine relationships among features of interventions and multiple outcomes. In a randomized experiment implemented in six states with over 270 elementary teachers and 7,000 students, this project compared three related but systematically varied teacher interventions- Teaching Cases, Looking at Student Work, and Metacognitive Analysis-along with no-treatment controls. The three courses contained identical science content components, but differed in the ways they incorporated analysis of learner thinking and of teaching, making it possible to measure effects of these features on teacher and student outcomes. Interventions were delivered by staff developers trained to lead the teacher courses in their regions. Each course improved teachers' and students' scores on selected-response science tests well beyond those of controls, and effects were maintained a year later. Student achievement also improved significantly for English language learners in both the study year and follow-up, and treatment effects did not differ based on sex or race/ethnicity. However, only Teaching Cases and Looking at Student Work courses improved the accuracy and completeness of students' written justifications of test answers in the follow-up, and only Teaching Cases had sustained effects on teachers' written justifications. Thus, the content component in common across the three courses had powerful effects on teachers' and students' ability to choose correct test answers, but their ability to explain why answers were correct only improved when the professional development incorporated analysis of student conceptual understandings and implications for instruction; metacognitive analysis of teachers' own learning did not improve student justifications either year. Findings suggest investing in professional development that integrates content learning with analysis of student learning and teaching rather than advanced content or teacher metacognition alone. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 49: 333-362, 2012 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Department of Defense (DoD) is exploring the holistic construct of total force fitness for individual service members. This exploration provides an opportunity to understand fitness concepts in the context of military families. Currently, there are no developed operational definitions or integrated models for the concept of "total family fitness." This article used the U.S. Navy experience with family programs to begin the discourse of family fitness and identify potential family fitness-related metrics. A proposed definition of family fitness was developed from the conservation of resources theory and a model of family resilience. This article identifies eight dimensions of family functioning: problem solving, communications, family roles, affective responsiveness, affective involvement, behavior control, global health, and spiritual support. Four potential instruments are identified that could provide metrics for these family dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial carbon-use efficiency (CUE) is defined as the portion of carbon (C) incorporated into biomass relative to the total carbon consumed and plays a pivotal role in regulating microbially-mediated C and nutrient transformations in soil. However, little is understood about how CUE is impacted by edaphic properties, like soil moisture. Soil moisture physically regulates microbial activity through its effects on both water potential and water content. Low water potential can result in high, compensatory intracellular solute concentrations that may inhibit biochemical functions through cytoplasmic desiccation, whereas low soil water content results in thin water films that can limit substrate diffusion, reducing microbial access to dissolved substrates. Because these two aspects of soil moisture may affect microbial respiration differently than C assimilation, they may have different effects on CUE. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the relative importance of water potential and water content in regulating CUE of soil microbial communities. Moist soil incubations of a sandy loam soil were used to determine the impact of both aspects of soil moisture on CUE, and soil slurries were used to determine the impact of water potential alone. Both 13C-acetate and 15N-ammonium were added to moist soils and slurries to quantify gross rates of C and N transformations. In moist soils, acetate assimilation and respiration rates and gross N mineralization and immobilization rates increased exponentially with increasing soil moisture (−3.0 to −0.03 MPa). In contrast, acetate assimilation and respiration and gross N transformation rates remained constant in soil slurries across a similar water potential gradient, created by modifying solute concentrations. Similarly, values of CUE in moist soils increased exponentially with increasing soil moisture, whereas slurry values of CUE remained constant across the soil water potential gradient. Because no changes in rates and CUE were observed in slurries, changes observed in moist soils were attributed to limited substrate diffusion associated with low water contents rather than to adverse physiological effects associated with low water potentials. Results of this study demonstrate that limited substrate diffusion is the primary physical mechanism through which soil moisture regulates microbially-mediated C and N transformation rates and CUE in this sandy loam soil. • Mechanistic effects of soil moisture on CUE evaluated. • Water content regulated CUE in a sandy loam soil. • No effect of water potential per se on CUE in a sandy loam soil. • Water content alone may be a sufficient predictor of microbial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: The Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program publicly reports and financially penalizes hospitals according to 30-day risk-standardized readmission rates (RSRRs) exclusively among traditional Medicare (TM) beneficiaries but not persons with Medicare Advantage (MA) coverage. Exclusively reporting readmission rates for the TM population may not accurately reflect hospitals' readmission rates for older adults., Objective: To examine how inclusion of MA patients in hospitals' performance is associated with readmission measures and eligibility for financial penalties., Design, Setting, and Participants: This is a retrospective cohort study linking the Medicare Provider Analysis and Review file with the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set at 4070 US acute care hospitals admitting both TM and MA patients. Participants included patients admitted and discharged alive with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), congestive heart failure (CHF), or pneumonia between 2011 and 2015. Data analyses were conducted between April 1, 2018, and November 20, 2020., Exposures: Admission to an acute care hospital., Main Outcomes and Measures: The outcome was readmission for any reason occurring within 30 days after discharge. Each hospital's 30-day RSRR was computed on the basis of TM, MA, and all patients and estimated changes in hospitals' performance and eligibility for financial penalties after including MA beneficiaries for calculating 30-day RSRRs., Results: There were 748 033 TM patients (mean [SD] age, 76.8 [83] years; 360 692 [48.2%] women) and 295 928 MA patients (mean [SD] age, 77.5 [7.9] years; 137 422 [46.4%] women) hospitalized and discharged alive for AMI; 1 327 551 TM patients (mean [SD] age, 81 [8.3] years; 735 855 [55.4%] women) and 457 341 MA patients (mean [SD] age, 79.8 [8.1] years; 243 503 [53.2%] women) for CHF; and 2 017 020 TM patients (mean [SD] age, 80.7 [8.5] years; 1 097 151 [54.4%] women) and 610 790 MA patients (mean [SD] age, 79.6 [8.2] years; 321 350 [52.6%] women) for pneumonia. The 30-day RSRRs for TM and MA patients were correlated (correlation coefficients, 0.31 for AMI, 0.40 for CHF, and 0.41 for pneumonia) and the TM-based RSRR systematically underestimated the RSRR for all Medicare patients for each condition. Of the 2820 hospitals with 25 or more admissions for at least 1 of the outcomes of AMI, CHF, and pneumonia, 635 (23%) had a change in their penalty status for at least 1 of these conditions after including MA data. Changes in hospital performance and penalty status with the inclusion of MA patients were greater for hospitals in the highest quartile of MA admissions., Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, the inclusion of data from MA patients changed the penalty status of a substantial fraction of US hospitals for at least 1 of 3 reported conditions. This suggests that policy makers should consider including all hospital patients, regardless of insurance status, when assessing hospital quality measures.

Background: Technological developments allow for a variety of applications of video recording in health care, including endoscopic procedures. Although the value of video registration is recognized, medicolegal concerns regarding the privacy of patients and professionals are growing. A clear understanding of the legal framework is lacking. Therefore, this research aims to provide insight into the juridical position of patients and professionals regarding video recording in health care practice., Methods: Jurisprudence was searched to exemplify legislation on video recording in health care. In addition, legislation was translated for different applications of video in health care found in the literature., Results: Three principles in Western law are relevant for video recording in health care practice: (1) regulations on privacy regarding personal data, which apply to the gathering and processing of video data in health care settings; (2) the patient record, in which video data can be stored; and (3) professional secrecy, which protects the privacy of patients including video data. Practical implementation of these principles in video recording in health care does not exist., Conclusion: Practical regulations on video recording in health care for different specifically defined purposes are needed. Innovations in video capture technology that enable video data to be made anonymous automatically can contribute to protection for the privacy of all the people involved.