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This article demonstrates the use of structural equation modeling to develop norms for a translated version of a standardized scale, the Supports Intensity Scale-Children's Version (SIS-C). The latent variable norming method proposed is useful when the standardization sample for a translated version is relatively small to derive norms independently but the original standardization sample is larger and more robust. Specifically, we leveraged a large, representative US standardization sample (n = 4,015) to add power and stability to a smaller Spanish (n = 405) standardization sample. Using a series of multiple-group mean and covariance structures confirmatory factor analyses using effects-coded scaling constraints, measurement invariance was tested across (a) Spanish only and (b) both US and Spanish age bands (5-6, 7-8, 9-10, 11-12, 13-14, and 15-16). After establishing measurement invariance across the US and Spain, tests for latent means and variance differences within age-bands were only performed for Spanish data; the latent means and variances in the US sample were freely estimated. The study findings suggest that the information in the US data stabilized the overall model parameters, and the inclusion of the US sample did not influence on the norms of the SIS-C Spanish Translation.

Background: Total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is an effective treatment for end-stage osteoarthritis, but postoperative pain has been poorly managed. The purpose of this study was to (1) assess how much narcotic medication was prescribed after TJA; (2) assess if patients were satisfied with their pain management; (3) compare these same data between total hip arthroplasty (THA)/total knee arthroplasty (TKA); (4) compare these same data between preoperative opioid users/opioid-naïve patients. Methods: An IRB-approved prospective study was conducted at a US academic joint replacement practice. Patients were evaluated by an independent observer at three weeks, three months, and six months postoperatively using the Detroit Interventional Pain Assessment (DIPA) scale. Patients verbally rated their pain with their current medication regimen as 0 (no pain), 1 (tolerable pain), or 2 (intolerable pain) on the DIPA scale. Narcotic usage was verified by the Michigan Automated Prescription System (MAPS). Patients were divided into THA, TKA, previously on opioids, and opioid-naïve groups. Provider efficiency scores reflected pain management satisfaction and were calculated as the percentage of patients reporting no pain or tolerable pain. Results: Out of 200 patients, the percentage of patients using narcotics and their daily usage (MMEs) significantly decreased from 75.5% (27.5 MMEs) at three weeks to 42.9% (5.3 MMEs) at six months (P < 0.001). In 80% of patients, narcotics taken at six months were prescribed by outside providers. Significantly fewer patients used narcotics at six months for THA (15.4%) compared to TKA (52.7%) (P < 0.021). There was a significant difference in daily narcotic usage between patients who took narcotics preoperatively (22.9 MMEs) and opioid-naïve ones (13.4 MMEs) (P < 0.001). Provider efficiency scores were best at three weeks (76.6%) and three months (70%) but declined at six months (57.2%). Conclusions: Narcotic tapering practices were observed as postoperative daily narcotic intake decreased across six months. However, outside providers prescribed 80% of narcotics at six months, necessitating a better-coordinated practice with surgeons. Patients taking preoperative narcotics experienced higher daily MME requirements than their opioid-naïve counterparts. In terms of the percentage of patients on narcotics, THA is a better procedure for tapering patients off narcotics by six months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Early identification of incoming military personnel at elevated odds for bone stress injury (BSI) is important for the health and readiness of the US military. Design: Prospective cohort study. Methods: Knee kinematic data of the incoming US Military Academy cadets were collected while performing a jump-landing task (The Landing Error Scoring System) using a markerless motion capture system and depth camera. Data on incidence of lower-extremity injury, including BSI, were collected throughout the study period. Results: A total of 1905 participants (452 females, 23.7%) were examined for knee valgus and BSI status. A total of 50 BSI occurred during the study period (incidence proportion = 2.6%). The unadjusted odds ratio for BSI at initial contact was 1.03 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94–1.14; P =.49). Adjusted for sex, the odds ratio for BSI at initial contact was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.87–1.06; P =.47). At the instant of maximum knee-flexion angle, the unadjusted odds ratio was 1.06 (95% CI, 1.02–1.10; P =.01), and the odds ratio was 1.02 (95% CI, 0.98–1.07; P =.29) after adjusting for sex. This suggests that there was not a significant enough association for an increase in the odds of BSI based on either degree of knee valgus. Conclusions: Our results did not demonstrate an association between knee valgus angle data during a jump-landing task and future increased odds of BSI in a military training population. Further analysis is warranted, but the results suggests the association between kinematics and BSI cannot be effectively screened by knee valgus angle data in isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construct of Developmentally Appropriate Practices (DAP) has become a hallmark for educational practice in the United States. From DAP's initial publication in 1986 to the most recent revision published in 2022, DAP serves as a reference point for teacher education to support effective teachers' development and practice. However, DAP is a construct shaped by individuals' experiences and sociopolitical contexts and not a uniformly understood construct. Teacher educator faculty's role is central to supporting students' understanding and faculty serve as interpreters of information by making choices and drawing on their beliefs and experiences to shape students' understanding and implementation of DAP. Faculty use reflection as a tool to support their choices of resources, assignments, and content related to DAP. This manuscript will offer important considerations related to students' understanding of DAP and illustrate how faculty beliefs and reflection guide faculty in this role of interpreter of the construct of DAP within the sociopolitical contexts that influence teacher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a historic event impacting children around the globe. Prior research on the educational experiences of children during the COVID-19 pandemic focused almost exclusively on spring 2020. This article extends this literature past the initial shock of spring 2020, capturing the first full school year (2020–2021) during the COVID-19 pandemic. This registered report study utilized a national sample of 1,666 United States twins in kindergarten through 12th grade from 43 states to provide the current descriptive report of children's educational experiences during this time, as reported by their parents. Specifically, we reported on school format, parents' role in education, parent–teacher interactions, schoolwork struggles, technology access, and school services. About half of children attended in-person schooling, with many children switching from online to in-person throughout the school year. Parents saw the pandemic as a risk to their children's education. During the 2020–2021 school year of the pandemic, parents felt they had a larger role in their children's education and were less satisfied in their interactions with teachers than what they experienced during the prepandemic part of the 2019–2020 school year. Children experienced more schoolwork struggles than they had in previous years, and this was similar across age groups. For most constructs, results were equivalent across age group, but parents of younger children tended to provide more schoolwork help. Overall, this article highlights the disruptions in their educational environments that children continued to experience through the first full school year (2020–2021) of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Significance Statement: This study provides important insights into what the educational experiences were of U.S. families with K-12 children during the first full school year (2020–2021) of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, in many cases how this differed from the prepandemic part of the 2019–2020 school year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grant (1994) and Holt (2001) deemed it necessary to provide international teaching experiences to assist in a teacher's preparation program with the overall goal of becoming globally educated. Therefore, the purpose of this qualitative study was to describe four student teachers' experiences related to completing an international student teaching internship in Australia. Student teachers returned to the United States more confident and independent. In addition, each student teacher was exposed to many global issues and became more globally aware while in Australia. Overall, each student teacher felt that the international student teaching experience was life changing. (Contains 1 figure.)

Early learning standards--documents that outline what children should know and be able to do before kindergarten entry--are increasingly common in the United States. Data from a national survey are presented to illustrate trends in how states have developed and implemented early learning standards within the past four years. Results indicate that almost all states have developed early learning standards for prekindergarten-age children, and the number of states that have developed infant-toddler early learning standards has increased markedly. States have used a variety of strategies to support teachers in their use of early learning standards, and a number of states have or are developing monitoring systems to gauge the extent to which programs are using the standards. The authors discuss the implications that trends related to the development and implementation of early learning standards have for early childhood policies and practices, and they discuss areas where further research is needed.

Background: High‐income countries offer social assistance (welfare) programs to help alleviate poverty for people with little or no income. These programs have become increasingly conditional and stringent in recent decades based on the premise that transitioning people from government support to paid work will improve their circumstances. However, many people end up with low‐paying and precarious jobs that may cause more poverty because they lose benefits such as housing subsidies and health and dental insurance, while incurring job‐related expenses. Conditional assistance programs are also expensive to administer and cause stigma. A guaranteed basic income (GBI) has been proposed as a more effective approach for alleviating poverty, and several experiments have been conducted in high‐income countries to investigate whether GBI leads to improved outcomes compared to existing social programs. Objectives: The aim of this review was to conduct a synthesis of quantitative evidence on GBI interventions in high‐income countries, to compare the effectiveness of various types of GBI versus "usual care" (including existing social assistance programs) in improving poverty‐related outcomes. Search Methods: Searches of 16 academic databases were conducted in May 2022, using both keywords and database‐specific controlled vocabulary, without limits or restrictions on language or date. Sources of gray literature (conference, governmental, and institutional websites) were searched in September 2022. We also searched reference lists of review articles, citations of included articles, and tables of contents of relevant journals in September 2022. Hand searching for recent publications was conducted until December 2022. Selection Criteria: We included all quantitative study designs except cross‐sectional (at one timepoint), with or without control groups. We included studies in high income countries with any population and with interventions meeting our criteria for GBI: unconditional, with regular payments in cash (not in‐kind) that were fixed or predictable in amount. Although two primary outcomes of interest were selected a priori (food insecurity, and poverty level assessed using official, national, or international measures), we did not screen studies on the basis of reported outcomes because it was not possible to define all potentially relevant poverty‐related outcomes in advance. Data Collection and Analysis: We followed the Campbell Collaboration conduct and reporting guidelines to ensure a rigorous methodology. The risk of bias was assessed across seven domains: confounding, selection, attrition, motivation, implementation, measurement, and analysis/reporting. We conducted meta‐analyses where results could be combined; otherwise, we presented the results in tables. We reported effect estimates as standard mean differences (SMDs) if the included studies reported them or provided sufficient data for us to calculate them. To compare the effects of different types of interventions, we developed a GBI typology based on the characteristics of experimental interventions as well as theoretical conceptualizations of GBI. Eligible poverty‐related outcomes were classified into categories and sub‐categories, to facilitate the synthesis of the individual findings. Because most of the included studies analyzed experiments conducted by other researchers, it was necessary to divide our analysis according to the "experiment" stage (i.e. design, recruitment, intervention, data collection) and the "study" stage (data analysis and reporting of results). Main Results: Our searches yielded 24,476 records from databases and 80 from other sources. After screening by title and abstract, the full texts of 294 potentially eligible articles were retrieved and screened, resulting in 27 included studies on 10 experiments. Eight of the experiments were RCTs, one included both an RCT site and a "saturation" site, and one used a repeated cross‐sectional design. The duration ranged from one to 5 years. The control groups in all 10 experiments received "usual care" (i.e. no GBI intervention). The total number of participants was unknown because some of the studies did not report exact sample sizes. Of the studies that did, the smallest had 138 participants and the largest had 8019. The risk of bias assessments found "some concerns" for at least one domain in all 27 studies and "high risk" for at least one domain in 25 studies. The risk of bias was assessed as high in 21 studies due to attrition and in 22 studies due to analysis and reporting bias. To compare the interventions, we developed a classification framework of five GBI types, four of which were implemented in the experiments, and one that is used in new experiments now underway. The included studies reported 176 poverty‐related outcomes, including one pre‐defined primary outcome: food insecurity. The second primary outcome (poverty level assessed using official, national, or international measures) was not reported in any of the included studies. We classified the reported outcomes into seven categories: food insecurity (as a category), economic/material, physical health, psychological/mental health, social, educational, and individual choice/agency. Food insecurity was reported in two studies, both showing improvements (SMD = −0.57, 95% CI: −0.65 to −0.49, and SMD = −0.41, 95% CI: −0.57 to −0.26) which were not pooled because of different study designs. We conducted meta‐analyses on four secondary outcomes that were reported in more than one study: subjective financial well‐being, self‐rated overall physical health, self‐rated life satisfaction, and self‐rated mental distress. Improvements were reported, except for overall physical health or if the intervention was similar to existing social assistance. The results for the remaining 170 outcomes, each reported in only one study, were summarized in tables by category and subcategory. Adverse effects were reported in some studies, but only for specific subgroups of participants, and not consistently, so these results may have been due to chance. Authors' Conclusions: The results of the included studies were difficult to synthesize because of the heterogeneity in the reported outcomes. This was due in part to poverty being multidimensional, so outcomes covered various aspects of life (economic, social, psychological, educational, agency, mental and physical health). Evidence from future studies would be easier to assess if outcomes were measured using more common, validated instruments. Based on our analysis of the included studies, a supplemental type of GBI (provided along with existing programs) may be effective in alleviating poverty‐related outcomes. This approach may also be safer than a wholesale reform of existing social assistance approaches, which could have unintended consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retaining pregnant women and mothers is a prevalent challenge for companies in the United States. In this paper, we highlight the importance of favorable maternity benefits. Specifically, we argue that maternity benefits can signal how pregnant workers are treated within the organization, particularly as women compare their own benefits to referent others'. Drawing from identity threat response theory, we propose a conceptual framework that explains the influence of maternity benefit comparisons on perceptions of discrimination and, subsequently, turnover. Upon evaluating two studies using multi-wave survey data and two vignette studies, our results indicate that when women perceive their maternity benefits to be less favorable than referent others' benefits, they perceive more pregnancy discrimination. In turn, perceptions of pregnancy discrimination influence their subsequent turnover decisions. Consistent with identity threat response theory, our results also suggest that perceived supervisor support is a significant moderator, weakening the impact of maternity benefit comparisons on perceptions of pregnancy discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) toxins produced by transgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants have become an essential component of cotton pest management. Bt toxins are the primary management tool in transgenic cotton for lepidopteran pests, the most important of which is the bollworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the United States (U.S.). However, bollworm larvae that survive after consuming Bt toxins may experience sublethal effects, which could alter interactions with other organisms, such as natural enemies. Experiments were conducted to evaluate how sublethal effects of a commercial Bt product (Dipel) incorporated into artificial diet and from Bt cotton flowers impact predation from the convergent lady beetle (Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), common in cotton fields of the mid-southern U.S. Sublethal effects were detected through reduced weight and slower development in bollworm larvae which fed on Dipel incorporated into artificial diet, Bollgard II, and Bollgard 3 cotton flowers. Sublethal effects from proteins incorporated into artificial diet were found to significantly alter predation from third instar lady beetle larvae. Predation of bollworm larvae also increased significantly after feeding for three days on a diet incorporated with Bt proteins. These results suggest that the changes in larval weight and development induced by Bt can be used to help predict consumption of bollworm larvae by the convergent lady beetle. These findings are essential to understanding the potential level of biological control in Bt cotton where lepidopteran larvae experience sublethal effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inadequate sleep is an on-going risk to the health and mission readiness of U.S. Armed Forces, with estimates of sleep problems high above U.S. civilian populations. Intervening early in the career of active duty Air Force personnel (or "Airmen") with education and the establishment of healthy behaviors may prevent short and long term-detriments of sleep problems. This paper describes the results of a qualitative study seeking to understand the facilitators and barriers to achieving good sleep in a technical training school during the first year of entry into the United States Air Force. Using the social ecological framework and content analysis, three focus groups with Airmen were conducted to explore themes at the individual, social, environmental, and organizational/policy level. Overall, results indicated a cohort motivated to achieve good sleep, and also struggling with a number of barriers across each level. This paper highlights opportunities for population health interventions during technical training aimed at supporting Airmen in developing healthy sleep behaviors early in the course of their career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health for Children and Youth outlines body structures and functions and activities and participation to fully describe elements that support or detract from participation. While flourishing has gained attention in recent literature, research also points to the role of functional difficulties among autistic youth in influencing participation. Clearly, function is a multi-dimensional and complex construct and likely consists of both indicators of flourishing and functional difficulties. We used data from the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) from 2016 to 2020 to identify aspects of flourishing functional difficulties to achieve the following aims: (1) Investigate the factor structure of flourishing and functional difficulties among autistic youth ages 10–17 years; and (2) examine the extent to which child variables (i.e., sex, age, race, ethnicity, autism severity, poverty) are associated with flourishing and functional difficulties. Autistic children (n = 2960) between the ages of 10 and 17 years were included. We used confirmatory factor analysis followed by a multivariate general linear model (GLM) to examine the association between child variables and factors. Results indicated a six-factor structure (medical conditions, instrumental activities of daily living, activities of daily living, social competence, behavioral control, and school motivation) with good model fit (root mean square error of approximation = 0.08 [p = 0.926], comparative fit index = 0.94, Tucker–Lewis index = 0.91). Multivariate GLM showed that child factors were differentially and significantly associated with factors of functional difficulties and flourishing. Current findings suggest that 16 items measured by the NSCH result in a six-factor structure of flourishing and functional difficulties among autistic youth. A comprehensive approach to capture function among autistic youth must assess aspects of flourishing and difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Vetscan Imagyst system (Zoetis) is a novel, artificial intelligence–driven detection tool that can assist veterinarians in the identification of enteric parasites in dogs and cats. This system consists of a sample preparation device, an automated digital microscope scanner, and a deep-learning algorithm. The EasyScan One scanner (Motic) has had good diagnostic performance compared with manual examinations by experts; however, there are drawbacks when used in veterinary practices in which space for equipment is often limited. To improve the usability of this system, we evaluated an additional scanner, the Ocus 40 (Grundium). Our objectives were to 1) qualitatively evaluate the performance of the Vetscan Imagyst system with the Ocus 40 scanner for identifying Ancylostoma, Toxocara, and Trichuris eggs, Cystoisospora oocysts, and Giardia cysts in canine and feline fecal samples, and 2) expand the assessment of the performance of the Vetscan Imagyst system paired with either the Ocus 40 or EasyScan One scanner to include a larger dataset of 2,191 fecal samples obtained from 4 geographic regions of the United States. When tested with 852 canine and feline fecal samples collected from different geographic regions, the performance of the Vetscan Imagyst system combined with the Ocus 40 scanner was correlated closely with manual evaluations by experts. Sensitivities were 80.0‒97.0% and specificities were 93.7‒100.0% across the targeted parasites. When tested with 1,339 fecal samples, the Vetscan Imagyst system paired with the EasyScan One scanner successfully identified the targeted parasite stages; sensitivities were 73.6‒96.4% and specificities were 79.7‒100.0%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the increasing usage of non-English terms in U.S. court opinions since World War II, reflecting the nation's linguistic diversity. It discusses how courts handle these terms, often relying on external sources like dictionaries or translators. It highlights the growing importance of understanding and accurately translating non-English terms in legal contexts, given the significant impact they can have on legal interpretations and decisions.

Children throughout the world are exposed to traumatic events such as sexual or physical abuse, severe accidents, cancer or other life threatening illness, natural or man-made disasters, war, terrorism, the sudden death of a parent or close friend or relative, among other things. Recently, natural disasters have caused property damage and loss of life in locations throughout the world. This special issue summarizes interventions that have been used in the aftermath of traumatic events in diverse locations throughout the world. These include Greece (earthquakes, fires, and the H1N1 virus outbreak), Indonesia (earthquake), China (earthquake), Sri Lanka (tsunami), and the United States (hurricanes). In addition, a general discussion of empirically-based treatment approaches for children is provided. The amount and severity of childhood trauma is an issue that should concern school psychologists across the globe and the importance of including a diverse global perspective in designing and implementing interventions is stressed.

Introduction: The prevalence of mental health conditions among children and adolescents in the United States has become a pressing concern, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Collaborative care is an evidence-based model for identifying and treating depression and anxiety in healthcare settings, with additional promise for remote healthcare delivery. This study aims to evaluate the impact of a telehealth collaborative care model for adolescents with depression and anxiety in pediatric and primary care settings. Methods: Secondary analysis was conducted using de-identified national data from Concert Health, a behavioral health medical group offering remote collaborative care across 17 states. Baseline, 90-day, and 120-day assessments of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were collected, along with baseline covariates. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to determine the contribution of select covariates to improvement rates. Results: Among the analyzed data, 263 participants had complete PHQ-9 data, and 230 had complete GAD-7 data. In both the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 groups, over 50% of patients experienced treatment success based on success at discharge, as well as 90- and 120-day improvement rates. Predictors of success at discharge for the GAD-7 group included age at enrollment (OR 1.2258, 95% CI 1.01-1.496), clinical touchpoints (OR 1.1469, 95% CI 1.086-1.218), and lower baseline GAD-7 score (OR 0.9319, 95% CI 0.874-0.992). For the PHQ-9 group, Medicaid was significantly associated with not achieving a 50% reduction in PHQ-9 score at 120 days (OR 0.5874, 95% CI 0.349-0.979). Discussion: Collaborative care has demonstrated its effectiveness in treating adolescent populations, providing an opportunity to expand access to evidencebased behavioral health treatment for young individuals. Notably, collaborative care is already integrated into the Medicaid fee schedule for 22 states and accepted by all commercial payers. Given that individuals often turn to their trusted primary care providers for behavioral health care, offering collaborative care to adolescents can play a crucial role in addressing the ongoing mental health crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction We sought to determine what type of treatment reengagement after smoking relapse would increase long-term cessation. Aims and Methods Participants were military personnel, retirees, and family members (TRICARE beneficiaries) recruited across the United States from August 2015 through June 2020. At baseline, consented participants (n = 614) received a validated, four-session, telephonic tobacco-cessation intervention with free nicotine replacement therapy. At the 3-month follow-up, 264 participants who failed to quit or relapsed were offered the opportunity to reengage in cessation. Of these, 134 were randomized into three reengagement conditions: (1) repeat initial intervention ("recycle"), (2) Smoking reduction with eventual cessation goal ("rate reduction"), or (3) Choose #1 or #2 ("choice"). Prolonged abstinence and 7-day point prevalence abstinence were measured at 12 months. Results Despite being in a clinical trial advertised as having the opportunity for reengagement, only 51% (134 of the 264) of participants who still smoked at 3-month follow-up were willing to reengage. Overall, participants randomized to recycle had higher prolonged cessation rates at 12 months than rate reduction conditions (OR = 16.43, 95% CI: 2.52 to 107.09, Bonferroni adjusted p =.011). When participants who randomly received recycle or rate reduction were pooled, respectively, with participants who chose recycle or rate reduction in the Choice group, recycle had higher prolonged cessation rates at 12 months than rate reduction (OR = 6.50, 95% CI: 1.49 to 28.42, p =.013). Conclusions Our findings suggest service members and their family members who fail to quit smoking but are willing to reengage in a cessation program are more likely to benefit from repeating the same treatment. Implications Finding methods that are both successful and acceptable to reengage people who smoke who want to quit can have a significant impact on improving the health of the public by reducing the portion of the population who smoke. This study suggests that repeating established cessation programs will result in more people ready to quit successfully achieving their goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey was conducted of teachers' classroom management practices in the United States and Greece. The United States sample consisted of 149 teachers in Arizona, Illinois, Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama. The Greek sample consisted of 97 teachers in Athens and the surrounding area. The survey asked questions regarding teachers' use of important classroom management principles (e.g. rules, classroom management practices). Responses of the teachers in the two samples were remarkably similar which indicates that, overall, teachers are reporting the use of empirically validated classroom management procedures (e.g. rules, positive reinforcement) in relatively high frequencies. Results and implications are discussed in terms of the importance of cross-cultural research of this type.

In a randomized clinical trial, we compare early neutralizing antibody responses after boosting with bivalent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines based on either BA.1 or BA.4/BA.5 Omicron spike protein combined with wild-type spike. Responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants exhibited the greatest reduction in titers against currently circulating Omicron subvariants for both bivalent vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An individual might have a net worth of $10,000 and believe they are in great shape financially, while another individual might have $100,000 and feel otherwise. Could personality explain this disparity between perception and reality of their financial situation? This study answers this research question using data from the 2018 Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Findings from this study show that conscientious and extraverted consumers believe they are doing better than they are. Conversely, consumers who exhibit traits relating to neuroticism, openness to experience, and agreeableness think their financial situation is worse than it is. These findings have implications for consumers, professional advisors, and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a growing number of informal science education (ISE) programs in Native communities that engage youth in science education and that are grounded in Native ways of knowing. There is also a growing body of research focusing on the relationship between culture, traditional knowledge, and science education. However, there is little research documenting how these programs are being developed and the ways in which culture and Western science are incorporated into the activities. This study outlines effective practices for using Native ways of knowing to strengthen ISE programs. These effective practices may also be used to promote change in formal education. The authors combine an overview of current research in informal science education with personal interviews with educators engaged in ISE programs offered to youth both on and off tribal reservations as well as experts in Indigenous education. Participating individuals and programs included Native communities across the United States, including Alaska and Hawai'i. Keeping in mind that each community is unique, ISE programs that are grounded in Native ways of knowing will benefit by utilizing the effective practices outlined here as a guide for starting or strengthening existing ISE programs relevant to the needs of their communities.

The present study is an exploration of the personality assessment practices of clinical neuropsychologists. Professional members of the National Academy of Neuropsychology and the International Neuropsychological Society (N = 404) were surveyed to examine use of several forms of personality, behavior, and emotional function measures. Results suggest that like prior surveys personality assessment is relatively uncommon in neuropsychological practice. Of the tests included, the Beck Scales were most common, followed by behavior ratings and the MMPI-2. Differences in clinician nationality, primary patient age, and reason for referral were examined and different patterns of test use emerged. Generally, it appears that neuropsychologists who assess younger patients are more likely to use personality assessment and that personality assessment is most likely to be included in assessment for learning disabilities, forensic issues, and psychiatric issues. Implications of these findings will be discussed. (Contains 4 tables.)

In this chapter, the authors examine developments in the teacher workforce and in the occupation of teaching across recent generations. They take their point of departure from the perspective of prevailing policy discourse on enduring problems of educational equity, asking not only how teaching has evolved in recent decades but more specifically how that evolution has mattered to the distribution of educational opportunity and the shape of educational outcomes. This terrain is arguably large, and the text necessarily reflects certain choices regarding focus and emphasis. Consistent with the overall volume, the authors focus principally on conditions in industrialized nations and on teachers as the object of policies intended to remedy problems of persistent inequity. They acknowledge but do not delve into the extensive and complex body of classroom-based research that locates issues of equity in teachers' pedagogical practices, their relationships with students and families, and the expectations they hold of low-income, minority, or special-needs students. They argue for a policy and research perspective that more fully integrates individual and collective conceptions of teacher quality and that attends more fully to institutional processes and organizational contexts for teaching. (Contains 26 notes.)

Every teacher can recall a range of experiences in professional development workshops. Some of these may have provided opportunities in which teachers felt engaged, empowered, and supported as learners, while others felt disconnected from practice. Although these authors recognize that workshops, particularly those with no follow-up support, are not the ideal learning experience for teachers, they also acknowledge that some form of workshop is still a common approach in professional development in the United States. Therefore, even within a context calling for more comprehensive professional development, the workshop merits careful examination in terms of the quality of learning it can provide. Designers, facilitators, and evaluators need tools to guide reflection on quality that will lead to the best possible learning experience for teachers. The authors developed and used the planning and evaluation framework described in this article as part of a statewide evaluation of professional development for K-12 teachers in a variety of disciplines. This article presents the six key criteria for high-quality learning within workshops: (1) coherence; (2) climate; (3) instructional strategies; (4) participant engagement; (5) logistical considerations for participant learning; and (6) assessment and feedback.

After-school learning, summer learning, and family involvement in learning are major predictors of children's development, educational achievement, and school success. The United States will not achieve its national goals of equal educational opportunity without addressing the importance of and inequities in out-of-school learning opportunities. This article offers six recommendations to enable the federal government to develop, implement, and test a national strategy for out-of-school learning.

Background: The purpose of this study was to describe the frequency and risk factors for orthopedic surgery in patients with achondroplasia. CLARITY (The Achondroplasia Natural History Study) includes clinical data from achondroplasia patients receiving treatment at four skeletal dysplasia centers in the United States from 1957 to 2018. Data were entered and stored in a Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) database. Results: Information from one thousand three hundred and seventy-four patients with achondroplasia were included in this study. Four hundred and eight (29.7%) patients had at least one orthopedic surgery during their lifetime and 299 (21.8%) patients underwent multiple procedures. 12.7% (n = 175) of patients underwent spine surgery at a mean age at first surgery of 22.4 ± 15.3 years old. The median age was 16.7 years old (0.1–67.4). 21.2% (n = 291) of patients underwent lower extremity surgery at a mean age at first surgery of 9.9 ± 8.3 years old with a median age of 8.2 years (0.2–57.8). The most common spinal procedure was decompression (152 patients underwent 271 laminectomy procedures), while the most common lower extremity procedure was osteotomy (200 patients underwent 434 procedures). Fifty-eight (4.2%) patients had both a spine and lower extremity surgery. Specific risk factors increasing the likelihood of orthopedic surgery included: patients with hydrocephalus requiring shunt placement having higher odds of undergoing spine surgery (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.14–3.26); patients having a cervicomedullary decompression also had higher odds of undergoing spine surgery (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.30–2.63); and having lower extremity surgery increased the odds of spine surgery (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.45–2.90). Conclusions: Orthopedic surgery was a common occurrence in achondroplasia with 29.7% of patients undergoing at least one orthopedic procedure. Spine surgery (12.7%) was less common and occurred at a later age than lower extremity surgery (21.2%). Cervicomedullary decompression and hydrocephalus with shunt placement were associated with an increased risk for spine surgery. The results from CLARITY, the largest natural history study of achondroplasia, should aid clinicians in counseling patients and families about orthopedic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services covers the cost of collaborative care for Medicare beneficiaries. However, only 24 states cover the costs of collaborative care in their Medicaid programs despite evidence indicating the cost-effectiveness of delivering behavioral health services in primary care. This study examines benchmark data from a behavioral health medical group embedded within primary care practices across the United States using a large dataset of patients treated in collaborative care. The study explores the effectiveness of collaborative care in reducing depression and anxiety symptoms by comparing Medicare, Medicaid, and privately insured populations, seeking to inform the importance of supporting advocacy for continued Medicaid fee adoption for collaborative care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine hospital costs and revenue of universal opt-out HIV ED screening. An electronic medical record (EMR)-directed, automated ED screening program was instituted at an academic medical center in San Diego, California. A base model calculated net income in US dollars for the hospital by comparing annual testing costs with reimbursements using payor mixes and cost variables. To account for differences in payor mixes, testing costs, and reimbursement rates across hospitals in the US, we performed a probabilistic sensitivity analysis. The base model included a total of 12,513 annual 4th generation HIV tests with the following payor mix: 18% Medicare, 9% MediCal, 28% commercial and 8% self-payers, with the remainder being capitated contracts. The base model resulted in a net profit for the hospital. In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, universal 4th generation HIV screening resulted in a net profit for the hospital in 81.9% of simulations. Universal 4th generation opt-out HIV screening in EDs resulted in a net profit to an academic hospital. Sensitivity analysis indicated that ED HIV screening results in a net-profit for the majority of simulations, with higher proportions of self-payers being the major predictor of a net loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systematic Review Briefs provide a summary of the findings from systematic reviews developed in conjunction with the American Occupational Therapy Association's Evidence-Based Practice Program. Each systematic review brief summarizes the evidence on a theme related to a systematic review topic. This systematic review brief presents findings from the systematic review on interventions to support participation in basic and instrumental activities of daily living by autistic1 children and adolescents (birth to 18 yr). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple imputation (MI) is a popular and well-established method for handling missing data in multivariate data sets, but its practicality for use in massive and complex data sets has been questioned. One such data set is the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), a longstanding and extensive survey of household income and wealth in the United States. Missing data for this survey are currently handled using traditional hot deck methods because of the simple implementation; however, the univariate hot deck results in large random wealth fluctuations. MI is effective but faced with operational challenges. We use a sequential regression/chained-equation approach, using the software IVEware, to multiply impute cross-sectional wealth data in the 2013 PSID, and compare analyses of the resulting imputed data with those from the current hot deck approach. Practical difficulties, such as non-normally distributed variables, skip patterns, categorical variables with many levels, and multicollinearity, are described together with our approaches to overcoming them. We evaluate the imputation quality and validity with internal diagnostics and external benchmarking data. MI produces improvements over the existing hot deck approach by helping preserve correlation structures, such as the associations between PSID wealth components and the relationships between the household net worth and sociodemographic factors, and facilitates completed data analyses with general purposes. MI incorporates highly predictive covariates into imputation models and increases efficiency. We recommend the practical implementation of MI and expect greater gains when the fraction of missing information is large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Findings: The present study examined the transition practices reported by 59 pre-kindergarten (pre-k) and 186 kindergarten teachers in the rural Southeastern United States, and asked if transition practices related to skills at the beginning and end of kindergarten for 387 children. Analyses indicated kindergarten teachers offered more transition practices than pre-k teachers, and the transition practices children received varied depending on the students served. Pre-k settings with more students from families with low incomes were more likely to hold individual meetings with parents but less likely to offer classroom visits and orientations. Kindergarten teachers in schools with higher proportions of ethnically and racially minoritized students were more likely to engage in classroom visits and sharing individual child data. Although overall we found little to no association with child outcomes, data sharing on individual children was associated with higher literacy skills at entry to kindergarten. Practice or Policy: This study raises several future directions for policy and practice related to school transitions. Although most transition practices are designed to help children feel better about moving into kindergarten, it appears that some practices, such as data sharing, may also improve school readiness skills, making them a promising focus for future policy investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People from minoritized populations have historically been targeted by tobacco companies. Little is known about exposure to tobacco-related messages among military personnel from disadvantaged backgrounds. Objectives: The current study aimed to examine exposure to tobacco-related messaging across many nicotine products and through a variety of mediums (i.e., family, friends, advertisements, event promotions, social media) among diverse military populations and use one year later in a sample of young adults who recently enlisted in the U.S. Air Force. Methods: In this study, 8,901 U.S. Air Force trainees reported on demographics, tobacco use, and exposure to positive tobacco messages from social sources (i.e., friends, family, social media) and environmental sources (i.e., advertisements and promotions). Tobacco use was reported one-year later. Results: Compared to others of the same reported racial/ethnic background, Latino/a/x (Relative Risk Ratio [RRR] = 1.354, 95% CI: [1.145, 1.563]) and multiracial (RRR = 1.594, 95% CI: [1.173, 2.016]) participants who were exposed to positive tobacco messages from social sources were significantly more likely to report tobacco product use at one-year follow-up than those who were not exposed to social messages. Exposure to positive tobacco messages from environmental sources were not significantly associated with tobacco use one year later. Conclusions: Social messages may play an important role in increasing risk of tobacco use among some minoritized populations. Cultural as well as systemic factors could be addressed in future tobacco prevention programs to decrease the potency of positive tobacco-related social messages among Latino/a/x and multiracial communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To characterize the contemporary prevalence of eclampsia in the United States and determine whether eclampsia is taking place during the delivery hospitalization or a postpartum readmission. Study design: We conducted a retrospective cohort using the 2016 Nationwide Readmission Database, a discharge database of all hospitalizations in 27 states in the U.S. Through the database, we identified women with an admission for delivery of a neonate > 20 weeks gestation. We also identified readmissions that occurred within 6 weeks after discharge from that delivery admission. ICD-10-CM codes were used to identify deliveries, eclampsia and co-morbidities. The primary outcome was timing of eclampsia relative to discharge from the delivery admission. Results: We identified 1,590,563 deliveries of which 2955 (0.19%) were complicated by eclampsia during the delivery admission or a postpartum readmission. Of these cases of eclampsia, 1575 (53.5%) occurred during the delivery admission, 1354 (45.8%) during a postpartum readmission and 26 (0.88%) during both the delivery and a postpartum readmission. Of the 1380 readmissions with eclampsia, 1117 (81%) occurred within the first week after delivery discharge. Another 194 (14%) occurred in the second week after discharge. Women with readmissions for eclampsia were older (30.1 vs. 28.8 years; p < .01), delivered earlier (37.7 vs. 38.5 weeks; p < .01), and more likely to have a cesarean delivery (48.4 vs. 32.4%; p < .01) or multiple gestation (4.0 vs. 1.8%; p < .01) as compared to those not readmitted for eclampsia and 44% had any hypertensive disorder during the delivery admission (vs. 12.2% without an eclampsia readmission; p < .01). Conclusion: Of the 2955 cases of eclampsia identified, almost half of them occurred after discharge from the delivery admission, 95% of which occurred within the first 2 weeks after discharge, demonstrating the prominence of postpartum eclampsia which may warrant new strategies for prevention and education targeted at postpartum patients after delivery hospitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2018, the Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (CTEP) at the US National Cancer Institute published new protocol template language that focused on organ function and prior and concurrent cancers in an effort to modernize eligibility criteria for cancer treatment trials. We conducted an analysis of CTEP-supported trials to evaluate the uptake and incorporation of the new language. The analysis included evaluation of 122 protocols approved in the years 2018-2020 for inclusion of the modernized eligibility criteria and consistency with new protocol template language related to 7 major eligibility criteria. These were cardiac function, liver function, kidney function, HIV status, prior and/or concurrent malignancies, treated and/or stable brain metastasis, and new and/or progressive brain metastases. Overall, CTEP trials evaluated in this period demonstrated that eligibility criteria were implemented to a relatively high degree ranging from a low of 54.1% for prior and/or concurrent malignancies to a high of 93.4% for eligibility criteria related to HIV infection. The findings demonstrate that modernized eligibility criteria can be successfully implemented but that consistent implementation requires sustained focused effort. As a result of these findings, CTEP began a new initiative in January 2022 that incorporates a specific review of eligibility criteria for new protocols to promote and improve consistency with the modernization effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Older adults in North America face similar challenges to successful ageing as other adults around the world, including an increased risk of geriatric syndromes and functional decline, limited access to healthcare professionals specialising in geriatrics and constraints on healthcare spending for Long-Term Services and Supports. Geriatrics as a specialty has long been established, along with the creation of a variety of screening tools for early identification of geriatric syndromes. Despite this, workforce shortages in all older adult care service areas have led to significant gaps in care, particularly in community settings. To address these gaps, innovative programs that expand the reach of geriatric specialists and services have been developed. Opportunities exist for further dissemination of these programs and services, as well as for expansion of an ageing capable workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Mormon crickets (Anabrus simplex) are native to the United States and can become devastating rangeland pests. These insects can form migratory bands numbering in the millions, which can traverse the western U.S., damaging agricultural crops, invading urban areas, and producing hazardous slicks on roadways. Current methods of managing these insects involve targeted applications of non-specific chemical insecticides, which can potentially have negative effects on the environment. In this study, we took the first steps toward developing RNA interference (RNAi) methods, a type of gene silencing technique that has potential for pest management, for Mormon crickets as a potential alternative to traditional broad-spectrum insecticides. We first generated genomic resources to identify several candidate genes and developed double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) for these genes, which could be injected into the insect to induce gene silencing. We performed RNAi experiments to characterize gene knockdown efficiencies and demonstrated that it is possible to elicit RNAi responses in the Mormon cricket by injection, but knockdown efficiencies varied according to the target genes and tissue types. We conclude that RNAi silencing is possible in Mormon cricket, but more work needs to be done before it can be effectively used as a population management method. Mormon crickets are a major rangeland pest in the western United States and are currently managed by targeted applications of non-specific chemical insecticides, which can potentially have negative effects on the environment. In this study, we took the first steps toward developing RNAi methods for Mormon crickets as a potential alternative to traditional broad-spectrum insecticides. To design an effective RNAi-based insecticide, we first generated a de novo transcriptome for the Mormon cricket and developed dsRNAs that could silence the expression of seven housekeeping genes. We then characterized the RNAi efficiencies and time-course of knockdown using these dsRNAs, and assessed their ability to induce mortality. We have demonstrated that it is possible to elicit RNAi responses in the Mormon cricket by injection, but knockdown efficiencies and the time course of RNAi response varied according to target genes and tissue types. We also show that one of the reasons for the poor knockdown efficiencies could be the presence of dsRNA-degrading enzymes in the hemolymph. RNAi silencing is possible in Mormon cricket, but more work needs to be done before it can be effectively used as a population management method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a vulnerability framework as a means to contextualize inequities in reading achievement among children who are vulnerable to poor reading outcomes. Models to understand vulnerability have been applied in the social sciences and public health to identify population disparities and design interventions to improve outcomes. Vulnerability is multifaceted and governed by context. Using a vulnerability framework for the science of reading provides an innovative approach for acknowledging multilevel factors contributing to disparities. The ecological considerations of both individual differences in learners and conditions within and outside of schools ensures that scientific advances are realized for learners who are more vulnerable to experiencing reading difficulty in school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess radiology representation, multimedia content, and multilingual content of United States lung cancer screening (LCS) program websites. We identified the websites of US LCS programs with the Google internet search engine using the search terms lung cancer screening , low-dose CT screening , and lung screening. We used a standardized checklist to assess and collect specific content, including information regarding LCS staff composition and references to radiologists and radiology. We also tabulated types and frequencies of included multimedia and multilingual content and patient narratives. We analyzed 257 unique websites. Of these, only 48% (124 of 257) referred to radiologists or radiology in text, images, or videos. Radiologists were featured in images or videos on only 14% (36 of 257) of websites. Radiologists were most frequently acknowledged for their roles in reading or interpreting imaging studies (35% [90 of 574]). Regarding multimedia content, only 36% (92 of 257) of websites had 1 image, 27% (70 of 257) included 2 or more images, and 26% (68 of 257) of websites included one or more videos. Only 3% (7 of 257) of websites included information in a language other than English. Patient narratives were found on only 15% (39 of 257) of websites. The field of Radiology is mentioned in text, images, or videos by less than half of LCS program websites. Most websites make only minimal use of multimedia content such as images, videos, and patient narratives. Few websites provide LCS information in languages other than English, potentially limiting accessibility to diverse populations. • Representation of radiologists on lung cancer screening program websites is low. • Improved presence may increase awareness of the key role of radiologists in cancer screening. • Website multimedia content could be increased to improve educational effectiveness. • Currently minimal website multilingual content could be augmented to improve accessibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to analyze the association between tooth loss and uncontrolled diabetes among US adults. The authors used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2011 through 2018. The sample included 16,635 participants 20 years and older who represent 187,596,215 people in the United States in a probability weighted sample. The authors used bivariate analysis and multiple regressions to analyze factors associated with edentulism and number of missing teeth. The multiple logistic regression model significantly predicted edentulism using diabetes status (adjusted odds ratio controlled diabetes, 1.44 [95% CI, 1.12 to 1.86]; adjusted odds ratio uncontrolled diabetes, 2.26 [95% CI, 1.33 to 3.85]), missing annual dental visits, seeing a dentist only for treatment, family income below 200% of the federal poverty guideline, being female, being 65 years or older, tobacco smoking, and no college education. After controlling for the same covariates, multiple Poisson regression analysis showed that dentate adults with controlled and uncontrolled diabetes had higher relative risk of tooth loss than those without diabetes (adjusted risk ratio controlled diabetes, 1.52 [95% CI, 1.35 to 1.71]; adjusted risk ratio uncontrolled diabetes, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.35 to 1.83]). US adults with uncontrolled (glycated hemoglobin ≥ 9%) and controlled diabetes (glycated hemoglobin < 9%) were more likely to be edentulous and experience tooth loss than adults without diabetes. US health policy officials should adopt benefits policies to provide regular dental examinations to people who have diabetes, have low income (< 200% of the federal poverty guideline), or are 65 years or older to reduce tooth loss and improve their quality of life. Dentists should work with physicians to help patients control glycemic levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, racial disparities in K-12 disciplinary outcomes in the United States have garnered considerable attention. Empirical studies have established that schools' discipline policies and practices play an important role; however, the lack of an integrated theoretical framework inhibits the discourse on bias and discrimination as a contributing factor. This study aims to close the gap between theory and empirical evidence by examining the contributors to the racial disparities in disciplinary outcomes through theoretical lenses. Our findings indicate that school discipline approaches that predominantly focus on policing minor and subjective behavior may facilitate racial bias in enforcement. Our results suggest that the racial discipline gap may be the product of the: (a) heightened focus on risk management, (b) cultural and demographic mismatch between the teaching workforce and students, and (c) transmission of dominant values through school discipline policies and practices that are reflective of upper and middle-class norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent national initiatives in nursing and public health have emphasized the need for a robust public health nursing (PHN) workforce. In this article, we analyze the extent to which recent national enumeration surveys base their counts of this workforce on the definitions, scope, and standards for practice and practice competencies of the PHN nursing specialty. By and large, enumeration surveys continue to rely on practice setting to define the PHN workforce, which is an insufficient approach for meeting the goals of major nursing and public health initiatives. We make recommendations for the development of new standards for PHN enumeration to strengthen the broader public health infrastructure and evaluate PHN contributions to population-level outcomes. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(S3):S292–S297. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306782) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fermentation of eight vegetables was studied as an alternative for reclamation of surplus volumes. Fermentation performance was predicted by comparing the amounts of acid that could be produced from the intrinsic sugar content with that buffered by the fresh vegetable matrices prior to reaching an inhibitory pH for fermentative microbes (3.30). Native fermentations were brined with 345.0 mM sodium chloride, 40.0 mM calcium chloride, 6.0 mM potassium sorbate, and vinegar to adjust the initial pH to 4.70. High‐performance liquid chromatography analysis, pH, and carbon dioxide measurements and spiral plating on selective media were employed to monitor the progress of fermentations. The average colony counts for yeast and/or molds and Enterobacteriaceae declined to undetectable levels from 3.6 ± 1.5 log CFU/ml within 7 days of fermentation. The fermentation of sugars produced lactic, acetic, succinic, and/or malic acids, and ethanol. As predicted, the fermentation of vegetables with low sugar content, such as broccoli, green leaf lettuce, and green pea proceeded to completion. The fermentation of vegetables with a moderate sugar content, such as green bell pepper, red ripened tomato, and green bean were incomplete at pH 3.1 ± 0.2. The fermentation of high sugar vegetables including sweet potato and corn were expected and observed to be incomplete. It is concluded that the intrinsic sugar content and buffer capacity of surplus vegetables are relevant parameters in obtaining complete fermentations. Practical Application: Vegetables are the second most wasted commodity in the United States and a substantial constituent of the global food waste. Development of fermentation to reclaim surplus vegetables from farms, grocery stores, and farmer's markets offers opportunities to ameliorate economic losses and environmental impact and add value to waste. The research described here suggests that a fraction of vegetables could be fermented in cover brines while others, with high sugar content, need specialized handling. Evidently, optimization of vegetable fermentation with starter cultures and added buffers represent an opportunity to stimulate complete bioconversions useful for reclaiming surplus volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]