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Iran criminal law and United States of America have considered the threat as a crime and have imposed the penalty for it. The threat importance is considered in where that from one side the persons and civilians in accordance with domestic laws and international documents are involved very important right entitled of "Freedom of speech" and the mentioned rights violation is associated with domestic and foreign criminal sanctions and on the other hand, the expression of some words or commit a certain attitude with them and in accordance with the same laws are prohibited and to be considered as the criminal threat. However, the laws of both countries have adopted different approaches regarding the circumstances realization of the mentioned crime and some of its examples, although in some criminal threat characteristics such as lack of necessity to apply the means are unlawful and have similarity in its intentionality. In order to detailed understanding of the similarities and differences of criminal threats in Iran and America laws, which leads to the identification of existing disadvantages and advantages and providing the strategies regarding the deficiencies of the current laws and trends, so we are investigating the structure and threat features in criminal law of both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dramatic fall in state revenues during the Great Recession and the resultant large budget deficits accentuated concerns about state fiscal sustainability. I employ a model-based approach proposed by Bohn (1998) to test for sustainability. In this approach, a positive and significant reaction of the ratio of primary surplus ratio (s) to lagged debt constitutes a sufficient condition for sustainability. Based on a panel of 48 contiguous states (1961-2008) and several model specifications, I find robust evidence in favor of sustainability. Further analysis suggests that the adjustment of the components of s to debt is asymmetric with the revenue side bearing a heavier burden than the spending side. The response of s is also found to be asymmetric with respect to the level of debt. Finally, the magnitude of the response is larger in states with a higher degree of fiscal stringency in general and "own-revenue" and "no-deficit-carryover" provisions in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reexamine the Unemployment Rate (UR) – government expenditure nexus in a panel of 50 State and Local Governments (SLGs) over the period 1977–2006 to provide new pre-recession empirical evidence that helps put the expectations on the effects of the federal relief to SLGs in a broader context. We found that: (1) per capita real public spending (total and capital, assistance and subsidies, wages and salaries, and social insurance categories) was part of a cointegrating relationship with UR and real per capita state personal income. (2) With the exception of social insurance, other spending variables, when statistically significant, actually had a depressing effect on UR. The magnitude of this effect, however, was generally small. UR was most sensitive to increases in wages and salaries. (3) Long-term causality analysis based on panel error-correction coefficients provided consistent evidence of a causal effect from spending to UR, but less consistent evidence of such effect in the opposite direction. Social insurance, however, drove UR. (4) The size of the error-correction coefficients suggested a slow response of UR to deviations from the cointegrating relationship. (5) The marginal effect of spending on UR increased with the amount of the federal grants received. Our results suggest that public spending may not serve as a quick fix in relation to UR. They also seem to favour allocation of the federal funds to wage and salaries and assistance and subsidies, but not to capital and social insurance expenditures to lower UR. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Most state (and local) governments in the U.S. operate under formal fiscal rules which limit their ability to run budget deficits and resort to debt financing. A priori, one would expect to find evidence in favor of an intertemporally balanced budget, or fiscal sustainability, for these states, especially those characterized by a relatively high degree of fiscal stringency. We test this hypothesis for a panel of 47 state–local government units (1961–2006) using four budget balance definitions and several subsamples defined based on regional classifications, or presence of certain balanced budget requirements (BBRs). Our results, obtained from panel estimation techniques that allow for general forms of serial and cross-sectional dependence, suggest that a sufficient condition for “strong” sustainability is consistently satisfied for the full sample and all subsamples in relation to balances that include special funds and/or federal grants. However, we find evidence consistent with the “weak” version of sustainability for the full sample and some regional subsamples (particularly Far West dominated by California) in at least one of the two balances that exclude these items. Finally, the BBRs seem to matter only in relation to the sustainability of the more narrowly defined balances. We discuss the implications of these findings for the role of fiscal rules and federal grant policies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article focuses on the racial profiling by the U.S. government on Muslim looking citizens including Iranians which are frequently involved in private discrimination. The move formed a bad image to people with Middle East descent by viewing them as outsiders who do not belong to the American society. The Iranian community is one of those who are affected for they are assumed as one of those responsible for holding hostages and for terrorism. They are regarded as dangerous and undesirable and their outsider status led to their lack of identity citizenship and to depreciation of their formal rights.

The relationship between the dollar's effective exchange rate and the export price indexes for 13 two-digit US manufacturing industries is analysed to determine (i) which industry adjusts its dollar export price to dampen or amplify the effect of the exchange rate fluctuations on the foreign-currency price of its exports and (ii) whether the response of the export price index to appreciation and depreciation of the exchange rate is asymmetric. For several industries, evidence consistent with dampening the foreign-currency price of exports in an asymmetric fashion is found. The implications of the results for the price competitiveness of the industries studied is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article estimates the responses (elasticity coefficients) of the export price index to appreciation and depreciation of the nominal effective exchange rate using quarterly data (1973:1-1997:2) for Japan, Germany, and the United States. Cross-country comparisons of the elasticity magnitudes based on the statistically superior of the estimated models indicate that Japanese exporters, in the aggregate, have the highest tendency to dampen the effects of exchange rate fluctuations on the foreign currency export prices in both directions by adjusting their home currency prices. Intracountry comparisons provide some evidence of an asymmetric adjustment in export prices in the cases of Japan and Germany. (JEL F31) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an empirical analysis of the relationships between foreign capital inflows and measures of household consumption and government expenditures. Theoretical issues underlying the debate on the effects of foreign capital inflows; Discussion of the empirical methodology adopted in the study; Data and definitions of variables analyzed; Interpretation of empirical results.

This article uses stock market data to examine the effects of cost-based dumping and the subsequent trade agreements between the United States and Japan on U.S. semiconductor firms. Our empirical results show that the initial indication of dumping by Japanese semiconductor firms had a significant negative impact on stock prices of U.S. firms. On the other hand, the subsequent market-sharing trade agreement, under which Japan agreed to prevent the dumping of Japan-manufactured chinos in the United States and the United States agreed to suspend the application of antidumping duties, had a positive impact on the stock prices of U.S. semiconductor firms. Our findings support the neoclassical trade theory that the imposition of import relief leads to a wealth transfer to producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the authors discuss the impact of the decision by U.S. President Donald Trump to leave the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) between Iran and 5+1 group countries to Iran's cancer patients. Also cited are the disruption of the patients' radiation treatment program due to restrictions on radiotherapy equipment supply, and the worsening conditions on brachytherapy centers due to the U.S. sanctions.

Introduction: During Covid-19 pandemic, people have been reluctant to visit dentist due to the fear of infection. Dentists have also suffered from severe turmoil. Teledentistry has been considered as a key strategy for managing people's oral health. The aim of this study was to investigate teledentistry services in the world during the Covid-19 pandemic and to learn from different experiences., Materials and Methods: The Web of Science database was searched by scientometric analysis approach, using keywords such as Covid-19, telemedicine, teledentistry and synonymous keywords derived from MeSH. Consequently, 94 articles were extracted from which, 15 articles related to teledentistry during Covid-19 were included in the study, considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria., Results: Scientometric analysis and illustration of retrieved articles were performed to identify authors, organizations and countries, and to review cooperation and collaboration networks in this field. Teledentistry was studied during Covid-19 in countries such as China, United States, Japan, Italy and United Kingdom. Types of the software used for communication between dentists and patients were WeChat, BigWord telephone translator, iGAM, WhatsApp, Attend Anywhere (AA), DeRS. The software used for data storage were Mouthwatch TeleDent, and Proforma. For data processing and decision making decision tree algorithms, automated algorithms were employed., Conclusion: Teledentistry has the potential to improve the provision of dental services. A fundamental review and careful planning is required to provide such services, particularly in developing countries. Furthermore teledentistry needs more in-depth studies in order to overcome existing and future obstacles and risks while taking advantage of its benefits., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

It is necessary to investigate the efficiencies of filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) exposed to ultrafine particles (UFPs) for long periods of time, since the particle loading time may potentially affect the efficiency of FFRs. This article aims to investigate the filtration efficiency for a model of electrostatic N95 FFRs with constant and 'inhalation-only' cyclic flows, in terms of particle loading time effect, using different humidity conditions. Filters were exposed to generated polydisperse NaCl particles. Experiments were performed mimicking an 'inhalation-only' scenario with a cyclic flow of 85 l min(-1) as the minute volume [or 170 l min(-1) as mean inhalation flow (MIF)] and for two constant flows of 85 and 170 l min(-1), under three relative humidity (RH) levels of 10, 50, and 80%. Each test was performed for loading time periods of 6h and the particle penetration (10-205.4nm in electrical mobility diameter) was measured once every 2h. For a 10% RH, the penetration of smaller size particles (<80nm), including the most penetrating particle size (MPPS), decreased over time for both constant and cyclic flows. For 50 and 80% RH levels, the changes in penetration were typically observed in an opposite direction with less magnitude. The penetrations at MPPS increased with respect to loading time under constant flow conditions (85 and 170 l min(-1)): it did not substantially increase under cyclic flows. The comparison of the cyclic flow (85 l min(-1) as minute volume) and constant flow equal to the cyclic flow minute volume indicated that, for all conditions the penetration was significantly less for the constant flow than that of cyclic flow. The comparison between the cyclic (170 l min(-1) as MIF) and constant flow equal to cyclic flow MIF indicated that, for the initial stage of loading, the penetrations were almost equal, but they were different for the final stages of the loading time. For a 10% RH, the penetration of a wide range of sizes was observed to be higher with the cyclic flow (170 as MIF) than with the equivalent constant flow (170 l min(-1)). For 50 and 80% RH levels, the penetrations were usually greater with a constant flow (170 l min(-1)) than with a cyclic flow (170 l min(-1) as MIF). It is concluded that, for the tested electrostatic N95 filters, the change in penetration as a function of the loading time does not necessarily take place with the same rate under constant (MIF) and cyclic flow. Moreover, for all tested flow rates, the penetration is not only affected by the loading time but also by the RH level. Lower RH levels (10%) have decreasing penetration rates in terms of loading time, while higher RH levels (50 and 80%) have increasing penetration rates. Also, the loading of the filter is normally accompanied with a shift of MPPS towards larger sizes., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Occupational Hygiene Society.)