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Even though cigarette smoking (CS) has been on the decline over the past 50 years, it is still the leading cause of preventable premature death in the United States. Preclinical models have investigated the cardiopulmonary effects of CS exposure (CSE), but the structure-function relationship in the respiratory system has not yet been fully explored. To evaluate these relationships, we exposed female apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe - / - ) mice to mainstream CS ( n = 8 ) for 5 days/week over 24 weeks with room air as a control (AE, n = 8 ). To contextualize the impact of CSE, we also assessed the natural aging effects over 24 weeks of air exposure (baseline, n = 8 ). Functional assessments were performed on a small animal mechanical ventilator (flexiVent, SCIREQ), where pressure–volume curves and impedance data at four levels of positive end-expiratory pressure ( P peep ) and with increasing doses of methacholine were collected. Constant phase model parameters ( R N : Newtonian resistance, H: coefficient of tissue elastance, and G: coefficient of tissue resistance) were calculated from the impedance data. Perfusion fixed-left lung tissue was utilized for quantification of parenchyma airspace size and tissue thickness, airway wall thickness, and measurements of elastin, cytoplasm + nucleus, fibrin, and collagen content for the parenchyma and airways. Aging caused the lung to become more compliant, with an upward–leftward shift of the pressure–volume curve and a reduction in all constant phase model parameters. This was supported by larger parenchyma airspace sizes, with a reduction in cell cytoplasm + nucleus area. Airway walls became thinner, even though low-density collagen content increased. In contrast, CSE caused a downward–rightward shift of the pressure–volume curve along with an increase in H, G, and hysteresivity ( η = G / H ). Organ stiffening was accompanied by enhanced airway hyper-responsiveness following methacholine challenge. Structurally, parenchyma airspaces enlarged, as indicated by an increase in equivalent airspace diameter ( D 0 ), and the septum thickened with significant deposition of low-density collagen along with an influx of cells. Airway walls thickened due to deposition of both high and low-density collagen, infiltration of cells, and epithelial cell elongation. In all, our data suggest that CSE in female Apoe - / - mice reduces respiratory functionality and causes morphological alterations in both central and peripheral airways that results in lung stiffening, compared to AE controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We tested whether participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) moderated the relation between household food insecurity and HbA1c among Cambodian Americans with depression enrolled in a diabetes prevention trial. Community health workers assessed household food insecurity and SNAP participation. HbA1c was ascertained using direct enzymatic assay. Among the n = 189 respondents, 19% were food insecure, 41% received SNAP benefits, and mean HbA1c = 5.5%. There was a significant interaction between SNAP and food insecurity. HbA1c was highest among participants without SNAP who were food insecure. Simple effects analysis revealed a significant difference within the no SNAP group [Mean (SD): Secure = 5.38 (0.38), Insecure = 5.78 (0.36)] and no difference within the SNAP group [Secure = 5.61(0.44), Insecure = 5.61(0.55)]. Differences remained significant after controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical indicators. SNAP may protect against the deleterious association between household food insecurity and HbA1c. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Managed honey bees are key pollinators of many crops and play an essential role in the United States food production. For more than ten years, beekeepers in the United States have been reporting high rates of colony losses. One of the drivers of these losses is the parasitic mite Varroa destructor. Maintaining healthy honey bee colonies in the United States is dependent on a successful control of this mite. The pyrethroid tau‐fluvalinate (Apistan®) was among the first synthetic varroacides registered in the United States. With over 20 years of use, mites resistant to Apistan® have emerged, and so it is unsurprising that treatment failures have been reported. Resistance to tau‐fluvalinate in US mite populations is associated with point mutations at position 925 of the voltage‐gated sodium channel. RESULTS: Here, we have generated a distribution map of pyrethroid resistance alleles in Varroa samples collected from US apiaries in 2016 and 2017, using a high throughput allelic discrimination assay based on TaqMan®. Our results evidence that knockdown resistance (kdr)‐type mutations are widely distributed in Varroa populations across the country showing high variability among apiaries. We used these data to predict the phenotype of the mites in the case of treatments with pyrethroids. CONCLUSION: We highlight the relevance of monitoring the resistance in mite populations to achieve an efficient control of this pest. We also put forward the benefits of implementing this methodology to provide data for designing pest management programs aiming to control Varroa. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has documented the severe consequences of deportation and conceptualised deportability as a key factor that produces and sustains immigrant illegality. Drawing on interview and survey data with 1.5 generation undocumented young adults in California, we explore the mechanisms that structure the salience of deportability in everyday life. We argue that deportability is a situationally triggered fear that is reduced when individuals occupy protective spatial and social locations that limit their exposure to immigration enforcement mechanisms. Drawing on the case of Californian undocumented young adults, we demonstrate that the more protective locations one occupies, the less likely they are to experience their own deportability as a salient dimension of illegality. In this case, deportability mostly emerges as a fear of family separation and preoccupation with undocumented parents who are less likely to occupy protective locations. Our findings nuance theoretical conceptualisations of the role deportability plays in constructing immigrant illegality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historic and primarily Latino 2006 immigrant rights protest wave occurred in response to proposed federal anti-immigrant legislation (H.R. 4437). Research on the unprecedented series of demonstrations suggests that the draconian and racialized nature of the bill helps explain why it incited large-scale collective action. Utilising a new survey with a considerable oversample of Latino respondents, the 2016 Collaborative Multiracial Post-Election Survey (CMPS), this paper investigates the role that collective identities, racialisation, and social networks play in Latino support for contemporary immigrant rights activism. To do so, we incorporate measures such as linked fate, perceptions of anti-immigrant sentiments, knowing undocumented people, and concerns about immigration enforcement policies. The results of our analysis indicate that some of the same factors that influenced Latino engagement in the 2006 mobilisations, such as identity and racialisation, concerns over enforcement, and social networks, continue to impact Latino support for contentious politics on behalf of the foreign-born. We also find evidence that political party and past protest activity, play a significant role in explaining levels of support for activism. Our results have important implications for understanding how anti-immigrant policies and racialized nativism influence Latino support for contentious politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current US undocumented population is large and settled. As a result, millions of US-born citizens are growing up with undocumented parents or siblings. In this paper, we use original survey data to study the politics of the US-citizen offspring of undocumented migrants. We test theories of parental political socialization, which imply that having undocumented parents may have chilling effects on political engagement. We also test theories of social activism, which predict that the offspring of the undocumented may be motivated to make use of their rights as US citizens by protesting on behalf of their parents. We find no evidence of lower political engagement among those with undocumented parents. Instead, we find that the offspring of the undocumented are more likely to protest on immigration issues, and more optimistic that popular protest can induce political change. We use an instrumental variables design to test whether these differences warrant a causal interpretation, and find tentative evidence that having undocumented parents does indeed have mobilizing political effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds are a major protein, carbohydrate and mineral source in the human diet of peoples in multiple regions of the world. Seed mineral biofortification is an ongoing objective to improve this important food source. The objective of this research was to assess the seed mineral concentration of five macroelements and eight microelements in a large panel (n = 277) of modern race Durango and race Mesoamerica genotypes to determine if variability existed that could be exploited for targeted seed biofortification. Varieties that derive from these races are found in many diets throughout the world. The panel was grown in replicated trials under typical production conditions in the major bean growing regions of the United States and a subset of the panel was also grown in replicated trials at three locations under control and terminal drought conditions. Except for K, seed mineral concentrations were higher for race Mesoamerica genotypes. Significantly higher seed concentrations for the majority of the minerals were observed for white-seeded genotypes and race Durango genotypes with the now preferred indeterminate, upright growth habit. Modern genotypes (since 1997) had equal or increased mineral concentrations compared with older genotypes. Drought affected mineral content differentially, having no effect on the microelement content but increased Co, Fe and Ni concentrations. The correlation of Ca and Mn concentrations suggests that these elements may share seed deposition mechanisms. The high heritability for seed mineral concentration implies that breeding progress can be achieved by parental selection from this panel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appropriation of 'welfare stigma' or stereotypes about poor people's overreliance and abuse of public aid in two core criminal justice functions is examined: felony adjudication in a court system and space allocation in a jail. Through a comparative ethnographic study in which an abductive analysis of data (20 months of fieldwork) was used, we show that criminal justice gatekeepers utilize welfare stigma to create stricter eligibility criteria for due process in criminal courts and occupancy in jails. Specifically, the number of court appearances, motions, trials, jail beds, food, showers, and medical services is considered by professionals to be the benefits that individuals seek to access and abuse. Professionals view their role as preventing (rather than granting) access to these resources. The comparative nature of our data reveals that welfare stigma has interorganizational utility by serving two different organizational goals: It streamlines convictions in courts, which pulls defendants through adjudication, and conversely, it expands early release from jails, which pulls inmates out of the custody population. In the context of diminishing social safety nets, our findings have implications for understanding how discretion is exercised in an American criminal justice system increasingly tasked with the distribution of social services to the urban poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To evaluate the impact of protests on Latinos' perceptions of commonality and competition with African Americans. We hypothesize that the reinforcement and politicization of in-group identities leads to greater identification and sense of commonality with other marginalized racial/ethnic groups. Methods This study utilizes geocoded Latino National Survey data combined with an expanded protest event data set to estimate the effect of temporal and spatial proximity to immigrant rights protests on Latinos' perceptions of commonality and competition with African Americans using ordered logistic regression models. Results The findings suggest that respondents' proximity to marches had a positive impact on Latino perceptions of commonality with African Americans. The results also show that proximity to protests did not lead to an increase in feelings of competition with African Americans except in the case of electoral representation. Conclusions Examining temporal and spatial effects of protests improves our understanding of how protests can influence public opinion and how protests can influence identities and group relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Basque Diaspora in Western USA and Argentina represents two populations which have maintained strong Basque cultural and social roots in a completely different geographic context. Hence, they provide an exceptional opportunity to study the maternal genetic legacy from the ancestral Basque population and assess the degree of genetic introgression from the host populations in two of the largest Basque communities outside the Basque Country. For this purpose, we analyzed the complete mitochondrial DNA control region of Basque descendants living in Western USA (n = 175) and in Argentina (n = 194). The Diaspora populations studied here displayed a genetic diversity in their European maternal input which was similar to that of the Basque source populations, indicating that not important founder effects would have occurred. Actually, the genetic legacy of the Basque population still prevailed in their present-day maternal pools, by means of a haplogroup distribution similar to the source population characterized by the presence of autochthonous Basque lineages, such as U5b1f1a and J1c5c1. However, introgression of non-Basque lineages, mostly Native American, has been observed in the Diaspora populations, particularly in Argentina, where the quick assimilation of the newcomers would have favored a wider admixture with host populations. In contrast, a longer isolation of the Diaspora groups in USA, because of language and cultural differences, would have limited the introgression of local lineages. This study reveals important differences in the maternal evolutionary histories of these Basque Diaspora populations, which have to be taken into consideration in forensic and medical genetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of an analysis of reported interlocutors in Spanish in a group of heritage speakers (HS), in three communities of the US Midwest. Participants were college-aged bilinguals developing their own personal and professional networks outside the direct influence of their parents. Responses are compared with those from two control groups: college-aged native speakers (NS) and college-aged second-language learners (L2). Seventy-seven per cent of HS reported speaking primarily in Spanish with 4–5 interlocutors on the week of the study. HS and NS reported more interactions in Spanish with older relatives, and more interactions with peers outside their family. Little to no interactions in Spanish were reported by either group with speakers younger than themselves. L2 participants reported more interactions with younger individuals. Sixty-nine per cent of all interlocutors reported by HS were their relatives. The mother was the most common relative with whom participants reported speaking in Spanish. This suggests that the previously documented importance of the mother for intergenerational transmission of a minority language extends into young adulthood by providing opportunities for use and motivation for maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The U.S. government continues to deport large numbers of undocumented Latino immigrants. We address the likely effects of these policies on Latino partisanship. Methods We use a survey experiment to test the effects of information about mass deportations on partisan evaluations among young second-generation Latinos. Results Young U.S.-born Latinos view the Democratic Party as less welcoming when informed that deportations have been higher under President Obama than under his predecessor. Because most young U.S.-born Latinos are either weak partisans or political independents, there is wide scope for information effects among these potential voters. Conclusion Mass deportation policies have the potential to reshape the partisanship and politics of Latinos for years to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses the case New York City to examine why certain immigrant groups participated in the 2006 protest wave more than others and why the city mobilized less compared with other major immigrant metropolises. The findings indicate that certain immigrant groups participated more than others because of how the issue of “illegal immigration” was racialized and framed by the media, and because of the disproportionate impact the proposed legislation would have had on them. The data presented illustrate how the city’s heterogeneous population served to diminish its capacity to produce the magnitude of mobilization found in other large immigrant cities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Although sociologists have long studied public emergency rooms (ERs) and their service delivery to the urban poor, little is known about how crime control and criminal justice contact affect ER admission decisions—a critical oversight given the documented increase in incarceration rates, intensification of policing, and proliferation of crime control language in public institutions. Using ethnographic methods and a count of ER admission decisions (N = 1,114), this article describes the continual rushing and delaying of medical resources to patients based on their perceived criminality or actual relationship to the criminal justice system. These dynamics develop through four processes: (1) widespread administration of pain medication, which associates waiting patients with criminal narcotics; (2) deployment of criminal stigma along race and gender lines to select some qualified patients over others; (3) patrolling of waiting rooms by police; and (4) rushing of beds to vast numbers of arrestees, inmates, and witnesses. Key to these findings is that if the urban poor happen to be wards of the criminal justice system, they receive rushed health care resources, but if they enter health care organizations on their own accord they are policed, delayed, and deterred from accessing care. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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An essay is presented on the effect of the global financial crisis on the financial security of the U.S. The author provides an overview of the major financial security mechanisms in the U.S. and Puerto Rico, particularly for the elderly and retirees. The author points out the problems in the country's pension plans and social security program, as well as proposals in solving such problems.

The objectives of this study were to (1) assess the face validity of the 18-item US Household Food Security Scale Module (US HFSSM) among low-income pregnant Latinas and (2) adapt the US HFSSM to the target population. This study was conducted in the United States in Hartford, Conn, where 40% of residents are of Latina descent. Three focus groups (N = 14total) were held with pregnant and postpartum Latinas from April to June 2004 to assess the understanding and applicability (face validity) of the US HFSSM as well as adapt the US HFSSM based on their recommendations. This was followed by pretesting (N = 7) to make final adaptations to the US HFSSM. Overall, the items in the US HFSSM were clear and understandable to participants, but some questions sounded repetitive to them. Participants felt that the questions were applicable to other pregnant Latinas in their community and shared food security-related experiences and strategies. Participants' recommendations led to key adaptations to the US HFSSM including reducing the scale to 15 items, wording statements as questions, including 2 time periods, replacing the term balanced meals with healthy and varied, replacing the term low-cost foods with cheap foods and including a definition of the term, and including a coping mechanism for avoiding running out of food. The adapted US HFSSM was found to have good face validity among pregnant Latinas and can be used to assess food insecurity among this vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The climate evolution and change in the Amazonian area is very important at least at a continental scale involving Latin America where more than 550 million people live. The objective of the present study was to investigate, from an environmental perspective, the climatic trends in the Amazonian area of continental Ecuador. We performed both classical and multifractal analyses of these trends on four climatic variables (maximum and minimum temperature, evaporation and evaporation/precipitation ratio). Data were collected from Puyo meteorological station, Pastaza Province, Ecuador. Data sets covered 31 years (from January 1974 to September 2005). Each time series consisted of 380 months. Piecewise regression analyses with breaking point showed two regimes with a cutoff ranging from t =80 months (maximum and minimum temperature) to t =133 months for the evaporation pattern (determination coefficient≥0.979) while the multifractal analyses showed an increasing complexity within each climatic variable. All the considered climatic variables showed an increase since 1974 to approximately 1985. After that some type of smoother increase was observed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Household food safety education is needed to minimize the risk of exposure to foodborne pathogens. The Latino population in the United States is growing at a fast rate and has become the largest minority group in this country. However, little research has been done to identify the food safety behavioral risks faced by Puerto Ricans. Ten in-depth household observations and a quantitative survey on food safety knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (n = 100) were conducted to understand foodhandling techniques among Puerto Rican caretakers of young children. This was followed by two focus groups (n = 12) to further characterize food safety knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors and the proper media channels for the delivery of food safety education. Even though 97% of survey participants reported washing their hands with soap and water before preparing foods, only 1 of the 10 participants in the household observations actually did it. About 60% of the household participants washed the cutting boards with soap and water compared with 89% of survey paiticipants who claimed to do it. In the survey, 5% reported to know the meaning of cross-contamination, and 71% (n = 80) to use the same cutting board for meats and vegetables. Overall, 96% of survey participants did not use a thermometer to check if meats were cooked properly and only 10% defrosted their meats in the refrigerator. Statistically significant relationships (P < 0.05) were found between speaking English and knowing the meaning of cross-contamination and how to use a meat thermometer. Employed individuals and those with higher education were also more likely to be familiar with the term pasteurization. These results fully justify the delivery of culturally appropriate food safety education in this community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Tocilizumab (TCZ), a humanized anti–interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, represents a new treatment strategy for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is currently approved in the United States for RA patients who have failed to improve with at least one anti–tumor necrosis factor therapy. Objective: The goal of this study was to summarize the efficacy and safety profile of TCZ. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted to identify English-language articles within PubMed and the Cochrane Library from January 1989 to August 2011 reporting results from Phase III TCZ double-blind, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), noncontrolled clinical trials, and open-label extensions with a duration ≥6 months. Study outcomes had to include at least one of the following: American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20, 50, or 70 response rates; tender/swollen joint count; Health Assessment Questionnaire–Disability Index; radiographic outcomes and drug persistence. Phase II RCTs were included only if they contained relevant information not available in Phase III RCTs. Relevant studies were selected to evaluate TCZ''s pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Results: Ten published clinical trials (7 Phase III, 3 Phase II) for TCZ were retrieved (7833 articles initially identified) from PubMed and 31 from the Cochrane library. Compared with methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy, TCZ 8 mg/kg IV monotherapy had higher rates of ACR20 (P < 0.001), ACR50 (P = 0.002), and ACR70 (P < 0.001) scores at week 24. TCZ 8 mg/kg IV plus oral MTX had a higher ACR20 response rate than oral MTX plus placebo in patients with RA who failed to respond to MTX or anti–tumor necrosis factor therapy (P < 0.001). Patients receiving TCZ 8 mg/kg had less radiographic progression on the Genant-modified Sharp score (85% had no progression) than the control group (67% had no progression) (P < 0.001). The rate of serious infections was 4.7 events/100 patient-years of exposure in the TCZ groups. A greater frequency of neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, hyperlipidemia, and transaminitis was observed with TCZ compared with placebo. Conclusion: The short-term efficacy and safety profile of TCZ is promising. Additional long-term safety data are needed to better characterize the risk–benefit profile of this agent. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: To assess the coverage and consumer satisfaction with the Fight BAC! campaign and to evaluate the influence of the campaign on food safety knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among a predominantly Latino population living in inner-city Hartford, Connecticut. Design: A cross-sectional pre- and postsurvey was administered to 500 Latino consumers in either English or Spanish. It included 30 food safety-related questions and information on the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of participants. Setting and Participants: Respondents were selected from Latino households, with at least one child 12 years old or under, located in 5 predominantly Latino neighborhoods in inner-city Hartford. Intervention: Fight BAC! media campaign. Results: Seventy-three percent of respondents were exposed to at least one campaign media item and were highly satisfied with it. Recognition of the Fight BAC! logo increased from 10% to 42% between surveys (P < .001). Individuals exposed to the campaign were more likely to have a food safety knowledge score of at least 2 of a possible 4 compared with unexposed counterparts (odds ratio = 3.54; 95% CI 1.747.18; P < .00l). They were also more likely to report defrosting meats in the refrigerator (14% vs 7%; P = .01). There was a dose-response association between the degree of campaign exposure and awareness of the term "cross-contamination." Conclusion and Implications: Social marketing campaigns that take advantage of multiple culturally relevant media channels are likely to improve food safety awareness and bring about changes in food safety knowledge and attitudes among Latino consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Incidence rates for breast cancer are higher among Mexican-American (MA) women in the United States than women living in Mexico. Studies have shown higher prevalence of breast cancer risk factors in more acculturated than less acculturated Hispanic/Latinas in the United States. We compared the prevalence of behavioral risk factors and family history of breast cancer by level of acculturation and country of residence in women of Mexican descent. Methods Data were collected from 1,201 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients living in Mexico ( n = 581) and MAs in the United States ( n = 620). MA participants were categorized into three acculturation groups (Spanish dominant, bilingual, and English dominant); women living in Mexico were used as the referent group. The prevalence of behavioral risk factors and family history of breast cancer were assessed according to acculturation level, adjusting for age at diagnosis and education. Results In the adjusted models, bilingual and English-dominant MAs were significantly more likely to have a body mass index of 30 kg/m 2 or greater, consume more than one alcoholic beverage a week, and report having a family history of breast cancer than women living in Mexico. All three U.S. acculturation groups were significantly more likely to have lower total energy expenditure (≤533 kcal/d) than women in Mexico. English-dominant women were significantly less likely to ever smoke cigarettes than the Mexican group. Conclusions Our findings add to the limited scientific literature on the relationships among acculturation, health behavior, and family history of breast cancer in Mexican and MA women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This systematic review assesses the impact of peer education/counseling on nutrition and health outcomes among Latinos and identifies future research needs. Design: A systematic literature search was conducted by: (1) searching Internet databases; (2) conducting backward searches from reference lists of articles of interest; (3) manually reviewing the archives of the Center for Eliminating Health Disparities among Latinos; (4) searching the Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior; and (5) directly contacting researchers in the field. The authors reviewed 22 articles derived from experimental or quasi-experimental studies. Outcome Measures: Type 2 diabetes behavioral and metabolic outcomes, breastfeeding, nutrition knowledge, attitudes and behaviors. Results: Peer nutrition education has a positive influence on diabetes self-management and breastfeeding outcomes, as well as on general nutrition knowledge and dietary intake behaviors among Latinos. Conclusions and Implications: There is a need for longitudinal randomized trials testing the impact of peer nutrition education interventions grounded on goal setting and culturally appropriate behavioral change theories. Inclusion of reliable scales and the construct of acculturation are needed to further advance knowledge in this promising field. Operational research is also needed to identify the optimal peer educator characteristics, the type of training that they should receive, the client loads and dosage (ie, frequency and amount of contact needed between peer educator and client), and the best educational approaches and delivery settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of data on food insecurity in diabetes comes from samples of type 2 diabetes or youth with type 1 diabetes. This study screened for food insecurity among adults with type 1 diabetes in the 2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, which was the first year that respondents who endorsed diabetes were asked to indicate whether they had type 1 or type 2. One validated screening item asked, "During the past 12 months, how often did the food that you bought not last and you didn't have money to buy more?". Respondents who answered "always", "usually", "sometimes", or "rarely" were categorized as having a positive screen for food insecurity. Seventy-six percent of the sample was white/non-Hispanic. Over one-quarter screened positive for food insecurity. This prevalence is higher than some reports of food insecurity in type 1 diabetes but consistent with reports that include 'marginal' food security in the count of food-insecure individuals. White/non-Hispanics had a lower risk of a positive screen than minoritized respondents. Respondents reporting older age, lower educational attainment, not working, lower income, and receiving SNAP benefits had higher rates of a positive screen. Significant healthcare factors associated with a positive screen were receiving government insurance instead of private, not being able to afford to see a doctor, and worse general, physical, and mental health. In conclusion, rates of a positive screen for food insecurity among people with type 1 diabetes in this study were alarmingly high and associated with other socioeconomic indicators. Screening for food insecurity with appropriate instruments for samples with type 1 diabetes, across the U.S. and internationally, should be a priority.

This paper reports secondary data analysis of associations between psychological distress and health behaviours among Cambodian Americans. Data are from baseline assessments from a diabetes prevention trial. All participants met stucriteria for depression and were free of diabetes. Participants (n = 191) completed surveys, a food frequency assessment, and wore sleep and physical activity actigraphy devices for 7 days. A factor analysis of symptoms of post-traumatic stress, baksbat (a Cambodian culture-bound syndrome), depression, and anxiety yielded a single factor named 'psychological distress'. Multivariate models controlling for psychotropic medications were run for the following outcomes: sleep actigraphy, self-reported sleep, physical activity actigraphy, self-reported physical activity, nutrition, and substance use. For actigraphy, higher distress was associated with lower moderate/vigorous physical activity and higher mean variability of 24 h total sleep time. Higher distress was also associated with worse self-reported sleep quality as indicated by standard, and culturally-specific, sleep indicators. Higher distress was also associated with lower use of food labels, lower carbohydrate consumption, and higher alcohol consumption as a coping mechanism. Interventions to mitigate diabetes risk in high-distress populations may benefit from strategies to decrease psychological distress. The sequelae of complex trauma may transcend discrete psychiatric diagnoses., (© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)