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This column explores the concept of competency-based education (CBE). A shift to CBE is a key trend for the future of health care education. Health care professions that have adopted, or started to adopt, a CBE framework include physical therapy, speech-language pathology, social work, medicine, nursing, pharmacology, and dentistry. Internationally, many occupational therapy programs are in the process of shifting to, or have shifted to, a CBE model. This column discusses how although select occupational therapy programs in the United States may individually be considering shifting to, or have shifted to, a CBE framework, there is no national movement to explore adopting the model for occupational therapy or a consensus on defined outcomes for the profession. This column discusses how although select occupational therapy programs in the United States may individually be considering shifting to, or have shifted to, a competency-based education framework, there is no national movement to explore adopting the model for occupational therapy or a consensus on defined outcomes for the profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing attention to widespread instances of discourteous speech and hate discourse that permeate US and world culture, Alleen Pace Nilsen maintains that our imperative as educators is to teach "students the benefits of being civil to each other." She proposes some avenues for enriching students' understanding of the power of civil language.

Systematic Review Briefs provide a summary of the findings from systematic reviews developed in conjunction with the American Occupational Therapy Association's Evidence-Based Practice Program. Each Systematic Review Brief summarizes the evidence on a theme related to a systematic review topic. This Systematic Review Brief presents findings for technology-related interventions to improve performance in activities of daily living for adults with stroke, such as virtual reality/gaming, biofeedback, robotics, electrical stimulation, and telerehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systematic Review Briefs provide a summary of the findings from systematic reviews developed in conjunction with the American Occupational Therapy Association's Evidence-Based Practice Program. Each Systematic Review Brief summarizes the evidence on a theme related to a systematic review topic. This Systematic Review Brief presents findings for preparatory interventions to support performance in activities of daily living for adults with stroke, such as early mobilization, bilateral priming, passive range of motion, sensory retraining, and shoulder taping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responses from 4,784 European and 4,492 U.S. managers were used to identify a core group of skills critical for effective leadership across countries. Results suggest that 360-degree feedback should not rely solely on the perceived importance of a skill and that effective leadership qualities are similar across countries. (Contains 20 references.) (SK)

Data on health and wellness from around the world reveal a pattern of less than optimal outcomes for the young and old alike. These results are not limited to the developing world. In fact, a recent report showed that Americans die sooner and experience higher rates of disease and injury than people in other high-income countries [1]. Although the precise causes of these disparities are not fully elucidated, chronic diseases, including obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and lung disease, are increasing in the Western world. Similarly, in the low- and middle-income countries, chronic disease is increasingly being cited as an emerging problem and a major component of disease burden [2]. It is widely suspected that the increased prevalence of unhealthy behaviors plays a significant role in overall health and in chronic disease. Indeed, it has been estimated that approximately 40% of all premature deaths are due to behavioral patterns that are potentially modifiable [3]. Further, in patients suffering from chronic disease, self-management of health behaviors (e.g., eating well, exercising as indicated, and taking medication as directed) has been shown to have a significant effect on symptom reduction and quality of life, as well as reducing costs in the health-care system [4]. Finally, enhancing health behavior to prevent disease has been consistently shown to decrease adverse health events over time. Thus, the dangerous effects of inactivity, poor diet, smoking, drug and alcohol use, lack of sleep, and chronically stressful environments are now widely appreciated to be associated with not only the quality of life but also with mortality and health-care and disability costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a planning guide for graduate education in speech communication programs. One of the general problems that faces planning at the graduate level seems to be that the development of graduate programs that emphasize the non-academic marketability of the graduate student are seen to conflict with what the institution conceives of as the scholarly objectives of graduate programs. In addition, as the graduate programs in speech begin to specialize enough in such areas as attitude measurement, organizational theory, and personnel relations to provide adequate qualifications, such programs get closer and closer in content to other graduate programs on the university campus.

Background: The introduction of traditional, complementary and integrative medicine (TCIM) services into health systems has been advocated by the World Health Organization, but there is a paucity of reviews synthesising the experiences of (i) implementing TCIM services in conventional healthcare settings and (ii) introducing evidence-based practice in TCIM. Knowledge of the first issue will assist policymakers to innovate implementation interventions in their own health system contexts. Addressing the second issue will facilitate the closure of the evidence-practice gap in TCIM and improve the translation of research evidence into health outcome benefits., Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify, describe and analyse publications on these two key TCIM policy issues via an overview from an implementation science perspective., Methods: Publications describing international experiences of implementing TCIM services or evidence for TCIM practices were identified by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE and Global Health databases in November 2021. The findings were summarised using a narrative synthesis approach., Results: Sixty-three relevant publications were included in the analysis. Current experiences in China and the United Sates (US) reflect varying policy priorities at different stages of implementing TCIM services. In the US, where TCIM have yet to be introduced into mainstream healthcare settings, implementation interventions were designed to facilitate the provision of specific, evidence-based TCIM modalities via referrals from conventional clinicians. The application of these strategies at the health system, regulatory, financial, community, provider and patient levels provided a comprehensive picture of how TCIM implementation may be facilitated via multi-level interventions. In China, the major form of TCIM is traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), for which service provision has already been adopted at all levels of healthcare. With the high volume of clinical research that has been generated in the past several decades, a key policy question at this stage is how to translate TCM-related clinical evidence into practice. The development of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) is the main implementation intervention, but adherence by TCM clinicians has been poor, due to the conflict between classical individualised practice and CPG standardisation. While tailoring interventions to facilitate CPG uptake is indicated, concurrent innovations in TCM clinical research methods would improve the compatibility between classical and CPG-based practice., Conclusion: Policymakers managing different stages of TCIM implementation will benefit from the experiences of practitioners in the US and China. Multi-level implementation interventions launched in the US provide ideas for the initial introduction of TCIM into a conventional medicine-dominated health system. As TCIM service provision and related clinical research become more common, China's experience will inform how clinical evidence related to TCIM may be disseminated and implemented to improve service quality., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Interest has increased in the topic of de-implementation, ie, reducing so-called low-value care (LVC). The article "Key Factors That Promote Low-Value Care: Views From Experts From the United States, Canada, and the Netherlands" by Verkerk and colleagues identifies national-level factors affecting LVC use in those three countries. This commentary raises three critical points regarding the study. First, the study does not clearly define the national level. Secondly, national-level factors might not be relevant for all types of LVCs and thirdly, the study's rather limited sample makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions. We also include some critical comments related to some of the study's findings in relation to results of our recently published scoping review of the international literature on de-implementation and use of LVC and an interview study with primary care physicians on LVC use. Finally, we provide some suggestions for further research that we believe is needed to improve understanding of LVC use and facilitate its de-implementation., (© 2022 The Author(s); Published by Kerman University of Medical Sciences This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.)