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Background: In the environment of an infectious pandemic, vaccines are a primary public health strategy to prevent the spread of disease. With the COVID-19 pandemic, there is heightened interest in safe and effective vaccines and their use in the context of clinical oncology practice., Objectives: This article provides foundational information about vaccines in general and vaccines developed to protect against the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the United States, as well as clinical nurse strategies to apply vaccines in clinical oncology practice., Methods: The article is based on a review of public health literature and reputable websites about vaccines and their development in clinical care., Findings: This foundational information about vaccines reviews their history and development, as well as the development of COVID-19 vaccines specifically, and discusses COVID-19 vaccines as part of clinical oncology care. Supporting best practices in clinical oncology care, nurses can provide factual, evidence-based information about vaccine safety, effectiveness, and safe administration.

One casualty of the COVID-19 pandemic was in-person professional conferences. Organizations, including the American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Association for Cancer Research, and Oncology Nursing Society, had to quickly pivot and radically transform the delivery of the traditional in-person conference to a virtual offering accessible to thousands of oncology healthcare professionals. However, what may have felt catastrophic has revealed unique opportunities to engage individuals in professional offerings, including those who, because of cost or travel, may not have previously participated. In this article, the authors present insights into how to optimize virtual learning experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.

Introduction: Participation on a collaborative team is an attractive option for conducting research, especially in pediatric hematology/oncology nursing, where the patient population is small. The Consortium to Study Symptoms in Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer (CS 2 AYAC) is a nursing research team that has been in existence for over a decade. Purpose: The authors share the process by which CS 2 AYAC formed and describe key features that contribute to its sustainability. Results: While the team developed organically rather than via the tenets of team science, key aspects of success include principles related to mentorship, communication, building trust, establishing shared goals, and managing conflict. Conclusions: This description of one team's experience may help other nurses build their own teams for research. Strong, collaborative research teams will advance pediatric hematology/oncology nursing science and scholarship and can be an important source of collegiality and support.

Purpose/background: The Parent Educational Discharge Support Strategies (PEDSS) nursing study includes 16 magnet pediatric oncology institutions across the United States and one in Saudi Arabia, evaluating a nurse-led parent educational discharge support strategy for families experiencing a child newly diagnosed with cancer., Methods: During the first 3 months of the study, a research implementation survey was administered electronically to each site principal investigator to evaluate facilitators and barriers in the research process for this multisite nurse-led pediatric oncology study., Results: Facilitators included nursing leadership support and commitment from the nursing staff. Common barriers reported were the Institutional Review Board process, the consent process, the timing of the intervention, data collection, as well as nursing time for the study. Results from the survey suggest nurse-led research teams were motivated and felt the intervention was easy to deliver., Practice Implications: Nursing practice is enhanced when nurses participate in research and generate evidence regarding best practices within pediatric oncology nursing care., Conclusion: Nursing research endeavors focusing on collaborative approaches for implementation can lead to successful nursing studies with careful planning, training and administrative support., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Purpose: In oncology, chemotherapy treatment delays potentially jeopardize patient safety and impede progress toward disease remission. The purpose of this study was to examine the causes and consequences of chemotherapy treatment delays and possible solutions to improve quality of care., Participants & Setting: The current authors selected a purposive sample of eight ambulatory oncology practices for ethnographic site visits, which lasted five days each., Methodologic Approach: The authors conducted 290 observation hours, including clinician shadowing, and 46 semistructured interviews with clinicians (oncology nurses, physicians, and advanced practice providers). Deductive and inductive thematic analysis was performed on all data., Findings: The authors identified four primary themes from the analysis that affect delays., Implications for Nursing: Future investigations should examine nurses' communication practices in the context of timely chemotherapy administration because communication and documentation technologies within healthcare settings continuously evolve.

Since 1959, the rate of technological advancements, which has been buoyed by the evolution of microprocessors that stimulate innovation, has grown exponentially, doubling every 12 to 18 months (Roser & Ritchie, 2020). In 2020, it is impossible to walk down the street without seeing people checking their smartphones. However, it was only four decades ago that the personal computer was first introduced into the marketplace. It has been a little more than a decade since the first smartphone-the iPhone by Apple-was released in 2007, followed by the release of the iPad in 2010 (Zimmermann, 2017). As of 2019, an estimated 269 million people in the United States use smartphones (Holst, 2019). Increased technological advancements, as well as the widespread availability of these technologies and their application to Americans' daily lives, have become the norm. In the clinical nursing care of patients with cancer, the use of technology is also gaining momentum. This supplement to the Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing explores how technology in health care can extend and enhance clinical oncology nursing care.

Objectives: To describe the evolution and structure of the National Cancer Institute clinical trials programs, their notable accomplishments, nurses' roles in these accomplishments, and the essential role of nursing today and in the future., Data Sources: Manuscripts, government publications, websites, and professional communications., Conclusion: Change is inevitable and a constant factor in the world of advancing science and clinical research. Nurses' contribution to research and evidence-based practice will continue to grow and is vital as the scientific landscape evolves., Implications for Nursing Practice: As the understanding of cancer biology increases and clinical trials evolve, nurses will need to remain key team members and leaders in National Cancer Institute Community Oncology Research Program and National Cancer Trials Network trials and their associated infrastructure., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Depending on which interpretation of the Gregorian and other calendars that you may believe to be the most accurate, the new decade either began on January 1, 2020, or will begin January 1, 2021. In any case, the contemplation of decades and time passing offers a time for appraisal and reflection, a chance to step outside of the day-to-day routines to consider less urgent, and perhaps more important issues that we will face in the near future.

The oncology nursing specialty seeks to reduce the risks, incidence, and burden of cancer by encouraging healthy lifestyles, promoting early detection, improving the management of cancer symptoms and side effects throughout the disease trajectory, and leading the coordination of complex care needs.

Advocacy, an important component of nursing professional practice, is pivotal to ensuring that nurses' experience and insight influence public policy. Understanding how to become engaged and receive training to inform that process can support nurses' professional development. Such engagement ensures that nurses' unique insights inform the policies that affect patient care and professional practice in oncology and beyond.

Survivorship care and survivorship care plans have become integral components of comprehensive cancer care and national accreditation. An academic and community cancer network successfully pilot tested a new non-nursing role to support efficiency in case finding, staffing, and tracking patients throughout care delivery: the survivorship data coordinator (SDC). Key functions of the SDC role include abstracting data into survivorship care plans, scheduling survivorship visits, and tracking the number of completed survivorship care plans shared with patients. This pivotal role improved organizational processes and facilitated achievement of accreditation standards around survivorship care.

In the United States less than 10% of cancer patients engage in clinical trials. Although most oncology nurses have multiple opportunities to discuss clinical trials with patients, barriers including attitudes and social norms may impede these discussions. Guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior, we developed and evaluated measures for attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control of nurses for discussing clinical trials with cancer patients. Of the 18,000 Oncology Nurse Society members invited, 1,964 completed the survey. Structural equation modeling and internal consistency reliability were used to evaluate items and constructs. We found that overall model fit and reliability was good: Confirmatory Fit Index (CFI) = 0.91, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.05; attitudes, 21 items, alpha = 0.84; perceived behavioral control, 10 items, alpha = 0.85; and subjective norms, 9 items, alpha = 0.89. These measures of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control show good reliability and initial evidence of validity.

Problem Statement: To define the Oncology Nursing Society Research Agenda for 2019-2022., Design: Multimethod, consensus-building approach by members of the Research Agenda Project Team., Data Sources: Expert opinion, literature review, surveys, interviews, focus groups, town hall, and review of research priorities from other cancer care organizations and funding agencies., Analysis: Content analysis and descriptive statistics were used to synthesize research priority themes that emerged., Findings: Three priority areas for scientific development were identified., Implications for Nursing: The Research Agenda can be used to focus oncology nurses' research, scholarship, leadership, and health policy efforts to advance quality cancer care, inform research funding priorities, and align initiatives and resources across the ONS enterprise.

The Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) is committed to promoting excellence in oncology nursing and quality cancer care. In keeping with this mission, since 2001, ONS has prepared and disseminated a national Research Agenda. The ONS Research Agenda serves to identify gaps in the knowledge base needed to deliver quality cancer nursing care to patients and families, articulate priorities for research, and delineate critical areas for funding consideration by funding agencies. A multimethod, iterative, consensus-building process that consisted of expert opinion, literature review, surveys, focus groups, town halls, and review of research priorities from other professional organizations and funding agencies was used to identify contemporary research priorities and to update the Research Agenda.

Introduction: Early palliative care (PC) integrated with oncology care improves quality of life (QOL), depression symptoms, illness understanding, and end-of-life (EOL) care for patients with advanced lung cancer. The aims of this trial are to compare the effect of delivering early integrated PC through telehealth versus in-person on patient and caregiver outcomes. We hypothesize that both modalities for delivering early PC would be equivalent for improving patient QOL, communication about EOL care preferences with their oncologist, and length of stay in hospice. Methods: For this comparative effectiveness trial, we will enroll and randomize 1250 adult patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), who are not being treated with curative intent, to receive either early integrated telehealth or in-person PC at 20 cancer centers throughout the United States. Patients may also invite a family caregiver to participate in the study. Patients and their caregivers in both study groups meet at least every four weeks with a PC clinician from within 12 weeks of patient diagnosis of advanced NSCLC until death. Participants complete measures of QOL, mood, and quality of communication with oncologists at baseline before randomization and at 12, 24, 36, and 48 weeks. Information on health care utilization, including length of stay in hospice, will be collected from patients' health records. To test equivalence in outcomes between study groups, we will compute analysis of covariance and mixed linear models, controlling for baseline scores and study site. Study Implementation and Stakeholder Engagement: To ensure that this comparative effectiveness trial and findings are as patient centered and meaningful as possible, we have incorporated a robust patient and stakeholder engagement plan. Our stakeholder partners include (1) patients/families, (2) PC clinicians, (3) telehealth experts and clinician users, (4) representatives from health care systems and medical insurance providers, and (5) health care policy makers and advocates. These stakeholders will inform and provide feedback about every phase of study implementation.

Background: Mammography is the optimal tool to mitigate breast cancer morbidity and mortality; however, in many healthcare settings, mammography adherence rates are decreasing., Objectives: This nurse-led quality improvement project was conducted to improve patient adherence to annual mammography screening., Methods: Data collection included clinical information from the electronic health record, chart reviews, tracking documentation used by the clinic's social worker, interviews with staff, observation of the clinical setting, creation of a process flow map to identify barriers, and identification of internal and external resources. Strategies to reduce barriers included communication with staff about problems, a streamlined referral process, a scripted message about mammography, an up-front assessment of financial and social barriers to adherence, and an early referral to resources., Findings: A pre-process change chart audit showed a 22% mammography adherence rate. The post-process change rate was 51%, representing a statistically significant difference in adherence.

Various breast cancer risk prediction models (BCRPMs) exist to assess an individual's risk of developing malignancy and risk of having a mutation associated with hereditary risk of developing cancer. This article provides oncology nurses with current information on the available BCRPMs and highlights nursing implications. Oncology nurses' understanding of BCRPMs can help to ensure that patients are receiving accurate and useful information related to their risks.

Objectives: To identify patterns of access to and use or provision of palliative care services in medically underserved and vulnerable groups diagnosed with cancer., Data Sources: Google Scholar, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Web of Science were searched to identify peer-reviewed studies that described palliative care in medically underserved or vulnerable populations diagnosed with cancer., Conclusion: Disparities in both access and referral to palliative care are evident in many underserved groups. There is evidence that some groups received poorer quality of such care., Implications for Nursing Practice: Achieving health equity in access to and receipt of quality palliative care requires prioritization of this area in clinical practice and in research funding., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The opportunity for oncology nursing to have a broader influence in clinical care has never been more in sync with the times, buoyed by breakthroughs in diagnostics, precision treatments, and broader applications of interprofessional care. However, that influence is still encumbered by inequities in cancer care delivery to marginalized or underserved patients here in the United States and globally.

Oncology nurse practitioner (ONP) patient navigators may improve clinical outcomes. However, no standard measures of the process of oncology patient navigation or of related clinical outcomes exist, and research in this area is limited. The exploratory pilot study detailed in this article used grounded theory and interviews with three ONPs to define the processes employed by ONP patient navigators in caring for patients with cancer.
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Objectives: To describe palliative care as part of comprehensive oncology nursing care., Data Sources: A review of the palliative care, oncology, and nursing literature over the past 10 years., Conclusion: Palliative care is mandated as part of comprehensive cancer care. A cancer diagnosis often results in distress in the physical, psychosocial, spiritual, and emotional domains of care. Oncology nurses are essential in providing palliative care from diagnosis to death to patients with cancer. They address the myriad aspects of cancer. With palliative care skills and knowledge, oncology nurses can provide quality cancer care. There are many opportunities in which oncology nurses can promote palliative care., Implications for Nursing Practice: Oncology nurses must obtain knowledge and skills in primary palliative care to provide comprehensive cancer care., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To describe the emerging role of the nurse scientist in health care organizations. Historical perspectives of the role are explored along with the roles of the nurse scientist, facilitators, barriers, and future implications., Data Sources: Relevant literature on evidence-based practice and research in health care organizations; nurse scientist role; interview with University of Colorado nurse scientist., Conclusion: The nurse scientist role is integral for expanding evidence-based decisions and nursing research. A research mentor is considered the most important facilitator for a successful nursing research program., Implications for Nursing Practice: Organizations should consider including the nurse scientist role to facilitate evidence-based practice and expand opportunities for nursing research., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To review research and evidence-based resources on risk assessment, prevention, and early detection and its application in clinical nursing practice., Data Sources: Journal articles, texts, and personal cancer prevention and early detection clinical program experience., Conclusion: There are multiple roles and clinical settings for advance practice nurses to implement cancer risk assessment and promote the prevention and early detection of cancer for patients and their families., Implications for Nursing Practice: Every patient deserves cancer risk assessment and clear recommendations for the primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of cancer as appropriate., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To review advanced practice nursing roles in planning, implementing, and evaluating survivorship care., Data Sources: Review of the literature, published articles, government and organizational reports., Conclusion: The increased focus on improving post-treatment cancer care presents opportunities for advanced practice nurses to meet the physical and psychosocial needs of cancer survivors., Implications for Nursing Practice: As experts in the comprehensive delivery of care, oncology advanced practice nurses are positioned to initiate, deliver, and evaluate survivorship care through innovative models., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Problem Identification: Survivorship care plans (SCPs) and treatment summaries (TSs) have been recommended by the Institute of Medicine as ways to facilitate the delivery of holistic survivorship care. An integrative literature review was undertaken to identify current use of SCPs and TSs to meet the needs of survivors of hematologic cancer., Literature Search: Databases searched for eligible articles were CINAHL®, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE®, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, and PubMed., Data Evaluation: Four articles that reported on experience, dissemination, or components of SCPs or TSs were included. Hematology-specific literature was limited, and no randomized, controlled trials or literature reviews were found for the cohort of survivors of hematologic cancer., Synthesis: Content analysis was used to summarize the findings., Conclusions: High-quality evidence evaluating the effectiveness of SCPs and TSs on hematologic cancer survivorship follow-up care is lacking. Nurses have established expertise in health promotion, information, support, and resource provision; they can develop and disseminate SCPs and TSs to facilitate communication among the survivor, specialist, and primary care provider., Implications for Research: Well-designed, randomized, controlled trials on SCPs and TSs are required, particularly for cancers not well represented in the literature.

According to data from the U.S. Census Bureau (2010), the demographics of the United States will change dramatically in the next 50 years. Non-Caucasians will more than double from 116.2 million in 2012 to 241.3 million by 2060, representing 57% of the U.S. population (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010). The Asian population also is expected to double in the next five years and comprise 8% of the U.S. population (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). The United States also is becoming an aging population. By 2060, about one in five residents will be aged 65 years and older (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). Individuals aged 85 years and older will more than triple to 18.2 million and represent 4% of the U.S. population (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). 
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Objectives: To describe the delivery of survivorship care and methods to stratify risk to support the notion that "one size does not fit all.", Data Sources: Published articles between 2007 and 2014 and original research findings., Conclusion: The development and implementation of survivorship care into practice provides barriers and opportunities. National mandates are pushing the delivery of a survivorship care plan, which requires the ability to develop and deliver this tool and the necessary health care delivery model to manage the unique needs of each cancer survivor., Implications for Nursing Practice: Oncology nurses and advanced practice nurses will play a crucial role in the development of survivorship care from education and assessment to the delivery of coordinated care., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To provide an overview of pediatric palliative care (PPC) as it relates to children and families living with oncologic disease., Data Sources: Journal articles, clinical research reports, clinical guidelines, and national statistics., Conclusion: As new treatment protocols become available, the need for simultaneous supportive PPC, including adequate pain and symptom management, is evident. Further research and PPC program development is necessary for adherence to the current recommendation that PPC should be initiated at the time of diagnosis and continue throughout the course of a child's disease., Implications for Nursing Practice: Palliative care nursing holds a specific role in the pediatric oncology setting. Registered nurses and advanced practice nurses should be adequately trained in PPC because they are in an optimal role to contribute to interdisciplinary PPC for pediatric oncology patients and their families.

Objectives: To provide an overview of the four major palliative care delivery models: ambulatory clinics, home-based programs, inpatient palliative care units, and inpatient consultation services. The advantages and disadvantages of each model and the generalist and specialist roles in palliative care will be discussed., Data Sources: Literature review., Conclusion: The discipline of palliative care continues to experience growth in the number of programs and in types of delivery models. Ambulatory- and home-based models are the newest on the scene., Implications for Nursing Practice: Nurses caring for oncology patients with life-limiting disease should be informed about these models for optimal impact on patient care outcomes. Oncology nurses should demonstrate generalist skills in the care of the seriously ill and access specialist palliative care providers as warranted by the patient's condition.

Objectives: To describe the evidence that palliative care, provided concurrently with disease-modifying treatment early in the course of a cancer diagnosis, can improve quality of life, length of survival, symptom burden, mood, and utilization of health services., Data Sources: Current research, the National Consensus Guidelines for Quality Palliative Care, and the American Society of Clinical Oncology Provisional Opinion on Integrating Palliative Care into Standard Oncology Care., Conclusion: Despite recommendations and evidence, only a subset of cancer centers and community-based oncology clinics currently implement palliative care into ambulatory disease-focused cancer care., Implications for Nursing Practice: Oncology nurses can improve access by becoming knowledgeable about generalist palliative care and by advocating for local and national practice change.

Objectives: To describe the process of symptom management in the care of oncology patients with advanced cancer., Data Sources: Journal articles, evidence-based reviews, textbooks, and clinical guidelines., Conclusion: Symptom management is an essential component of oncology nursing practice that improves quality of life for patients and families throughout the cancer trajectory., Implications for Nursing Practice: Effective symptom management requires that oncology nurses holistically assess the patient's symptom experience and goals of care, formulate specific symptom diagnoses, and develop, implement, and evaluate the outcomes of an evidence-based plan of care that is individualized and acceptable to the patient.

Objectives: To describe the goals of treatment, decision-making, incidence, and outcomes of surgical palliation in advanced cancer., Data Sources: Journal articles, research reports, state of the science papers, and clinical guidelines., Conclusion: Surgical palliation is common in advanced cancer settings, and is indicated primarily in settings where the goals of treatment are focused on quality of life, symptom control, and symptom prevention. More research is needed to guide evidence-based best practices in palliative surgery., Implications for Nursing Practice: Oncology nurses practicing in clinical and research settings have a responsibility to arm themselves with knowledge related to the indications and options of palliative procedures, and the impact of surgery on quality of life for patients and families facing advanced cancer.

Purpose/objectives: To advance the goals of evidence-based care and prioritize the knowledge generation that addresses contemporary challenges in oncology nursing. Results are used to inform the development of the Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) Research Agenda and by the ONS Foundation to develop strategic research initiatives., Design: Descriptive, cross-sectional survey., Setting: Web-based survey., Sample: 8,554 ONS members from all levels of education. All doctorally prepared members were invited to participate. A random stratified sample was obtained from the remainder of the membership., Methods: The ONS Research Priorities Survey project team created the survey and analyzed and interpreted the results. Members received an email invitation and follow-up reminders for survey completion., Main Research Variables: Oncology nursing research and evidence-based practice topic questions., Findings: The response rate was 11%, which is comparable to previous surveys. Topics ranked included descriptive research on patient adherence; intervention studies to optimize adherence, achieve concordance with cancer screening guidelines in minority populations, manage neurologic and cardiovascular late effects, and manage symptoms and symptom clusters; and studies to identify optimal delivery models for survivorship care. These findings have direct implications for translating existing evidence into practice and underscore the need for intervention research focused on improving patient-centered outcomes., Conclusions: Results provide a broad assessment of member views regarding oncology research priorities. Given the response rate, additional strategies to encourage member participation will be considered., Implications for Nursing: The results, together with the updates of the ONS Research Agenda, can guide ONS and ONS Foundation research and evidence-based practice initiatives.

Objectives: To review the evolution and current status of patient navigation in cancer care settings, discuss challenges as navigation evolves, and suggest education and research needs to optimize outcomes associated with navigation processes and nurse navigator roles., Data Sources: Literature review, association publications, and government and non-governmental documents., Conclusion: Since its inception over two decades ago, navigation programs have been established in hospitals in the United States, Canada, Australia, and other nations. Despite wide-spread implementation, challenges remain in defining the navigator processes and navigator roles, preparation, qualifications, and job descriptions. Scientific efforts are needed to craft and codify these definitions., Implications for Nursing Practice: Nurses and organized nursing must identify the needs reflected by the navigation processes and support role delineation, identification, and validation of educational curriculum and competencies., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To review the development of a navigation program in a major US academic health care institution, and provide guidance for navigation programmatic development in other settings., Data Sources: The Johns Hopkins Breast Center Steering Committee minutes, Hospital Cancer Registry; administrative data, and literature., Conclusion: Incorporating navigation services throughout the cancer continuum, from diagnosis to survivorship, provides guidance for patients with cancer. Navigation processes and programs must remain dynamic, reflecting patient and community needs., Implications for Nursing Practice: Oncology nurses have traditionally performed many tasks associated with navigation, including patient education, psychosocial support, and addressing barriers to care. This article provides an exemplar for nurses developing or enhancing comprehensive breast programs., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)