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Are children from "Eastern" cultures less emotionally expressive and reactive than children from "Western" cultures? To answer this, we used a multi-level and multi-contextual approach to understand variations in emotion displays and cortisol reactivity among preschoolers living in China and the United States. One hundred two preschoolers from China (N = 58; 55% males) and the United States (N = 44, 48% males) completed three (i.e., control, interpersonal-related, and achievement-related) emotion-challenging paradigms over 3 days. Behavioral emotion expressions were coded, and salivary cortisol was sampled 30 minutes before and across 90 minutes post-task. Without considering context, Chinese preschoolers displayed fewer levels of positive and negative emotion expressions relative to their United States counterparts. However, Chinese preschoolers displayed similar levels of expressions as their United States counterparts during an achievement-related challenge that is more salient to their sociocultural emphases and showed higher negative emotion expressions in this challenge, relative to other contexts. Moreover, only the achievement-related challenge elicited increased cortisol levels among Chinese preschoolers, and this was correlated with higher levels of negative expressions. For US preschoolers, no cortisol increase was observed in any challenging paradigms, nor was cortisol associated with emotional expressions. Findings counter prior notions that East Asian children are generally less emotionally expressive. Instead, an achievement-related challenge elicited higher emotion expression and cortisol reactivity among Chinese preschoolers, suggesting that children's emotion expression and biological reactivity may be most responsive to contexts salient to their socio-cultural environments. We discuss the importance of considering cultural contexts when studying emotion regulation.

Engineering students enter a challenging sector in higher education and are potentially at risk of poor mental health and or mental wellbeing and less likely to seek help when experiencing poor mental health or wellbeing. We carried out a scoping review using Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review methodology. Ten databases were searched over a three-year period. Searches identified 191 sources of evidence after title screening and 33 sources of evidence were included for final extraction following full-text screening. Included studies represented over 4000 engineering students from 10 countries. Studies were mostly pilots, suggesting a lack of diverse research methods in the existing research base. Studies also varied in approaches to reporting. Interventions included training, relaxation, technology use, alternative teaching models, support services and a study break with a range of outcome measures used to evaluate intervention effects. Study results indicated reduced stress and anxiety, improved academic achievement, improved communication, motivation, physiological responses, attitude, and increased physical activity, health awareness, and confidence. Mindfulness activities appear to be helpful to engineering students. The review mapped interventions to support mental health and wellbeing in engineering students but identified a need for further high-quality robust studies that are transparently reported using reporting guidelines.

Pregnancy may pose a number of physical and healthcare-related challenges for autistic people, who experience differences in sensory processing and can face barriers to accessing healthcare. However, little research has explored autistic pregnancy experiences. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 autistic and 21 non-autistic women during the third trimester of pregnancy. Thematic analysis revealed that the autistic group experienced heightened sensory and physical symptoms during pregnancy compared with the non-autistic group. Autistic participants were sometimes reluctant to disclose their diagnosis to healthcare professionals and felt that professionals lacked autism knowledge. While both groups appreciated clear information about their care, autistic participants further highlighted the need for detailed information and being given time to process verbal information. The autistic group also highlighted the need for sensory adjustments in healthcare settings. The findings indicate ways in which prenatal healthcare can be improved for autistic people, including sensory and communication adjustments. There is a need for greater autism-related training for prenatal healthcare professionals to ensure that autistic people receive appropriate support.

Due to the emerging demands on shifting focus towards the development of more student-centered and engaging learning experiences, this systematic review elucidates the effectiveness of PeerWise introduction into the blended learning model in Physiology education based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Twenty electronic databases were utilized to access related studies between years 2010 to April 2020. A total of eight recent articles on PeerWise in physiology were analyzed. Three studies were conducted among medical students, and five studies were among other courses (i.e., Pharmacy, Biomedical Science, Optometry, and Human Physiology). Majority of the study designs were of cross-sectional quantitative and qualitative studies. Data extracted from the articles include (i) the pattern of PeerWise usage, (ii) the association between PeerWise and academic achievement, (iii) the level of student engagement, (iv) the quality of questions created and (v) students? perceptions. Four emerging themes were identified among students' perceptions; (i) learning competency, (ii) fun learning experience, (iii) engagement with peers, and (iv) motivation. Methodological quality and risk of biased were assessed; and research gaps, limitations and recommendations were addressed. The present review serves as a guide for new authors to refine their knowledge and improve future research in the topic area.

This work extends previously described applications of ultrasound technology in illustrating cardiovascular phenomena to investigation of learning effectiveness. To this end, learning in ultrasound-enhanced classes was assessed by quantifying the improvement in single best answer (SBA) exams conducted before and after an ultrasound practical class. This improvement was then compared to that seen in the same SBA exams conducted in matched groups that undertook similar classes conducted without ultrasound equipment. The SBA exams were designed to include questions that directly related to the phenomena being investigated in the practical classes as well as other "filler" questions to disguise the intent of the exam and ensure that standards of physiology knowledge were similar between the two groups. Any small statistically significant gains in performance observed between the two groups were confounded by differences in baseline (pretest) performance between the groups. These results contradict our previous work, which showed that self-reported measures of learning increased after ultrasound classes. It may be optimistic to expect improvements in deep learning and test performance immediately after even the most effective educational intervention. Direct measurement of the phenomena that bring about deep, long-term learning in classes remains problematic. Notwithstanding this, there is much evidence for the value of enhancing physiology learning by providing varying contexts in the physical, semantic, and cognitive domains. Ultrasound technology is a cheap and effective means of providing such context in physiology practical classes.

Anecdotal data suggest great variation in breadth and depth of skeletal muscle coverage between undergraduate human anatomy (HA) and anatomy and physiology (A&P) courses. This manuscript is the second in a series (Reynolds A, Goodwin M, O'Loughlin V. D. "Adv Physiol Educ" 46: 309-318, 2022. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00084.2021) that methodically assesses skeletal muscle content coverage across undergraduate HA and A&P courses. The authors developed an online skeletal muscle coverage survey and collected 342 responses worldwide, 156 from instructors of HA courses and 186 from A&P course instructors. Demographic results showed that HA courses are primarily taught at 4-year baccalaureate institutions, have relatively larger class sizes, and are more likely to use human (vs. animal) prosections or dissections. In contrast, A&P courses are primarily taught at community colleges, have relatively smaller class sizes, and are more likely to use animal (vs. human) dissections. HA courses tend to require their students to learn all skeletal muscle aspects (i.e., identification, action, attachments, innervation), whereas A&P courses tend to focus on muscle identification or action only. The proportions of courses that require identification of large, superficial skeletal muscles are similar between the two course types. However, HA courses are more likely to require their students to identify deeper and smaller muscles, including more distal appendicular muscles and pelvic muscles. These differences likely are due, in part, to the more anatomical focus of HA courses and the slightly different student populations between these courses. These findings provide much-needed information about muscular system coverage between HA and A&P courses and may guide instructor discussions about curricula. [For the first article in the series, "General Trends in Skeletal Muscle Coverage in Undergraduate Human Anatomy and Anatomy and Physiology Courses," see EJ1347509.]

A cross-national study was conducted on a new test anxiety measure, the Test Anxiety Measure for College Students--Short Form (TAMC-SF) in a sample of 1,023 Singapore and U.S. students, aged 18-26. The TAMC-SF consists of one facilitating anxiety scale and five test anxiety (Worry, Cognitive Interference, Social Concerns, Physiological Hyperarousal, and Task Irrelevant Behaviors) scales. The measure was administered to the sample of higher education students online. The results of single-group confirmatory factor analyses found support for the TAMC-SF six-factor model for Singapore students, U.S. students, male students, and female students. In addition, the results of multi-group, mean and covariance structure analysis found support for the construct equivalency of the TAMC-SF scores across country and gender. Latent mean factor analyses followed and the results of these analyses indicated Singapore students had significantly higher levels of social concerns and significantly lower levels of cognitive interference and worry than U.S. students. The findings also indicated females had significantly higher levels of test anxiety than males on all five TAMC-SF test anxiety scales. Evidence supporting the construct validity of the TAMC-SF scores with the scores of math anxiety, social phobia, and self-critical perfectionism was also reported. Implications of the study's findings for researchers and clinicians are discussed.

A measurement invariance study was conducted among 1,344 college students from Canada and the United States on an anxiety measure specifically designed for the college student population to determine whether the construct of anxiety was equivalent across country (Canada, United States) and gender. In addition, country and gender differences were examined on the anxiety measure. The Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale-College Version (AMAS-C) was administered to the college students online. The AMAS-C consists of four anxiety (Physiological Anxiety, Social Concerns/Stress, Test Anxiety, and Worry/Oversensitivity) subscales, a Total Anxiety scale, and a Lie scale. Results of tests of measurement invariance found the construct of anxiety equivalent across country and gender and latent mean analyses found gender differences, but no country differences, on the AMAS-C anxiety factors. Implications of the findings for mental health professionals, educational practitioners, and current and future researchers who work with or who will work with the undergraduate student population in Canada are discussed.

Catalyst is a year-long, bilingual (English/Spanish) fellowship program for high school students and their teachers who live in communities affected by the war on drugs (WoD) that is being waged across the Americas. This educational effort is a response to the social suffering caused by the WoD. Catalyst is working to forge transnational networks of solidarity and analysis among youth on the frontlines of the WoD and to ensure that their voices are heard by the growing drug-policy reform movement. In this field note, I argue that existing abstinence- and prevention-based programs fail to address the structural roots of the WoD and that a radical, more comprehensive approach to drug education is needed. I first lay out the context and rationale for the Catalyst program and then outline some of the challenges and lessons that emerged during its inaugural session. Based on facilitators' and students' experiences at that session, the program is seen as a promising first step toward an alternative approach to drug education. I conclude the field note by suggesting new avenues for inquiry and collaboration between the field of education in emergencies and drug-policy reform.

The experiences of course facilitators in connectivist-type MOOCs are poorly reported. Yet there is evidence that the values and beliefs of facilitators have an important impact on the learning experiences of participants, and that reducing their interactions with students may also reduce the effectiveness of the course. This study aimed to determine the experiences of the facilitators of an open online course in order to develop a deeper understanding of how those experiences may have influenced the course outcomes. Three facilitators recorded their reflective discussion following the completion of a successful open online course among undergraduate physiotherapy students and a cohort of qualified physiotherapists from around the world. Facilitators in this course aimed to increase the number of meaningful interactions between all participants, finding that this led to significant challenges in developing and maintaining learner relationships. There were a variety of pressures that exerted an influence on their involvement. Course design influenced the number, type and quality of interactions, which came at a high cost in facilitator time and energy. However, they also led to rewarding learning experiences for both facilitators and participants.

Sex education refers to people's comprehension about sex, which involves not only sexual structure (anatomy, physiology, birth control, pregnancy, etc.), but also sexual relationships concerning human and moral problems. It includes at least sexual physiology, sexual psychology, sexual ethic, sexual law, etc., which aims to help people form the attitude and behavior that both society and morality can accept. So, it is a kind of long-term education for a person. For limited length, this paper only studies adolescents' (mainly students in primary and middle schools) sex education in China and the US (the United States). Due to the restriction of traditional thoughts, sex education on adolescents has been developing so slowly that it turns into the weak point of basic education and results in the growth of adolescents' sexual ignorance, sexual faults and sexual crimes. America is one of the earliest countries that launch sex education in the world and it has plenty of academic as well as practical experience we can study and learn from.

Early efforts in physiological research in the United States were produced by lone investigators working in laboratories funded by their own medical practices. In Europe, however, Claude Bernard and Carl Ludwig produced a new model of scientific research laboratories funded by the state that sought to develop the pursuit of biomedical research as an occupation. American physicians such as Henry Pickering Bowditch and S. Weir Mitchell were exposed to this new "research ethic" during their international studies and brought this new perspective home to America. Along with H. Newell Martin, these men began training professional physiologists who would assume new research positions in academic institutions. In 1887, Bowditch, Mitchell, and H. Newell Martin proposed the formation of a new society for these professional physiologists, the American Physiological Society (APS). Seventeen of the original twenty-eight members met on December 30, 1887, in New York City, NY, to establish APS. From these humble beginnings, APS evolved to become a force for change in American biomedical science. (Contains 1 table and 1 figure.)

In the present study, the similarity of the factor structure of the Test Anxiety Scale for Elementary Students (TAS-E) and cultural and gender differences in test anxiety were examined in a sample of 1322 US and Singapore elementary students. The similarity of the factor structure of the TAS-E, a measure of test anxiety, was examined to determine whether the same test score interpretation could be made across culture and gender. Coefficient of congruence and salient variable similarity index values indicated that the pairs of matched factors (Physiological Hyperarousal, Social Concerns, Task Irrelevant Behaviour, Worry and Total Test Anxiety factors) of the TAS-E were similar across culture and gender. Results of a 2 x 2 ANOVA and 2 x 2 MANOVA with follow-up ANOVAs revealed that Singapore males scored higher than US males and US females scored higher than Singapore females on the TAS-E Total Test Anxiety scale and the Physiological Hyperarousal subscale. Singapore males also scored higher than US males on the TAS-E Worry subscale. Implications of the findings are discussed. (Contains 7 tables.)

A growing body of research suggesting a negative association between basal levels of cortisol and persistent antisocial behavior has emerged. The present study examined relations between awakening cortisol levels and antisocial trajectories from ages 5 to 15 years among individuals in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Antisocial behavior was defined by semiparametric group modeling techniques, which revealed antisocial patterns parallel to Moffitt's (1993) taxonomy of antisocial trajectories. In contrast to the claim that biological diatheses are uniquely characteristic of individuals who demonstrate an early-onset pattern of antisocial behavior, our results suggest that individuals with elevated patterns of antisocial behavior between 5 and 15 years of age--irrespective of the timing of onset or desistance--are more likely to evidence lower awakening cortisol levels compared with individuals with persistently low levels of antisocial behavior. (Contains 1 figure, 1 table, and 2 footnotes.)

There is accumulating evidence that individual differences in stress reactivity contribute to the risk for stress-related disease. However, the assessment of stress reactivity remains challenging, and there is a relative lack of questionnaires reliably assessing this construct. We here present the Perceived Stress Reactivity Scale (PSRS), a 23-item questionnaire with 5 subscales and 1 overall scale, based on an existing German-language instrument. Perceived stress reactivity and related constructs were assessed in N = 2,040 participants from the United Kingdom, the United States, and Germany. The 5-factor structure of the PSRS was found to be similar in the 3 countries. In the U.S. sample the questionnaire was applied using 2 modes of administration (paper-pencil and computerized), and measures were repeated after 4 weeks. Measurement invariance analyses demonstrated full invariance across mode of administration and partial invariance across gender and countries. Scale scores differed between countries and genders, with women scoring higher on most scales. Overall, reliability analysis suggested good stability of PSRS scores over a 4-week period, and validation analysis showed expected associations with related constructs such as self-efficacy, neuroticism, chronic stress, and perceived stress. Perceived stress reactivity was also associated with depressive symptoms and sleep. These associations were particularly strong when individuals scoring high on perceived stress reactivity were exposed to chronic stress. In sum, our findings suggest that the PSRS is a useful and easy-to-administer instrument to assess perceived stress reactivity. (Contains 3 figures and 5 tables.)

In the United States, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in children and adolescents has been increasing at an alarming rate. Early recognition and intervention can delay the onset of type 2 DM and prevent the long-term complications. School nurses have an essential role in implementing the American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommended screening guidelines to identify youth at high risk for type 2 DM and in implementing student health programs that focus positively on the importance of physical activity and healthy eating habits. The purpose of this article is to present an overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, complications, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as the recommended screening guidelines for type 2 DM in the pediatric age group. The information provided will enhance awareness, promote screening, and empower the school nurse to more effectively promote healthy lifestyle education. (Contains 4 tables and 1 figure.)

Maternal mortality rates are at an all-time high across the world and are set to increase in subsequent years. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death during pregnancy and postpartum, especially in the United States. Therefore, understanding the physiological changes in the cardiovascular system during normal pregnancy is necessary to understand disease-related pathology. Significant systemic and cardiovascular physiological changes occur during pregnancy that are essential for supporting the maternal-fetal dyad. The physiological impact of pregnancy on the cardiovascular system has been examined in both experimental animal models and in humans. However, there is a continued need in this field of study to provide increased rigor and reproducibility. Therefore, these guidelines aim to provide information regarding best practices and recommendations to accurately and rigorously measure cardiovascular physiology during normal and cardiovascular disease-complicated pregnancies in human and animal models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gastrointestinal microbial consortium in dairy cattle is critical to determining the energetic status of the dairy cow from birth through her final lactation. The ruminant's microbial community can degrade a wide variety of feedstuffs, which can affect growth, as well as production rate and efficiency on the farm, but can also affect food safety, animal health, and environmental impacts of dairy production. Gut microbial diversity and density are powerful tools that can be harnessed to benefit both producers and consumers. The incentives in the United States to develop Alternatives to Antibiotics for use in food-animal production have been largely driven by the Veterinary Feed Directive and have led to an increased use of probiotic approaches to alter the gastrointestinal microbial community composition, resulting in improved heifer growth, milk production and efficiency, and animal health. However, the efficacy of direct-fed microbials or probiotics in dairy cattle has been highly variable due to specific microbial ecological factors within the host gut and its native microflora. Interactions (both synergistic and antagonistic) between the microbial ecosystem and the host animal physiology (including epithelial cells, immune system, hormones, enzyme activities, and epigenetics) are critical to understanding why some probiotics work but others do not. Increasing availability of next-generation sequencing approaches provides novel insights into how probiotic approaches change the microbial community composition in the gut that can potentially affect animal health (e.g., diarrhea or scours, gut integrity, foodborne pathogens), as well as animal performance (e.g., growth, reproduction, productivity) and fermentation parameters (e.g., pH, short-chain fatty acids, methane production, and microbial profiles) of cattle. However, it remains clear that all direct-fed microbials are not created equal and their efficacy remains highly variable and dependent on stage of production and farm environment. Collectively, data have demonstrated that probiotic effects are not limited to the simple mechanisms that have been traditionally hypothesized, but instead are part of a complex cascade of microbial ecological and host animal physiological effects that ultimately impact dairy production and profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grounded in communicated narrative sense-making (CNSM) theory and communication theory of resilience (CTR), the current study investigated how women narratively constructed resilience surrounding pregnancy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the adverse effects of stress on pregnant individuals and their babies, it is important to understand the triggers and process of resilience in this context. We interviewed 21 cisgender women who were pregnant during the COVID-19 pandemic to solicit their stories of stress and resilience. Findings revealed that pregnant women managed structural, informational, and interpersonal stressors unique to the COVID-19 pandemic. They engaged in re-storying to reconcile the gap between their expected pregnancy, fueled by the U.S. master narrative of pregnancy and birth, and their lived pregnancy during a pandemic. Participants demonstrated narrative resilience through reconnecting, reframing, and recentering. These findings advance theorizing in communicated resilience by centering CNSM as the sense-making process of enacting resilience and recognizing the importance and burden of resilience during pregnancy. Practical applications are explored such as contributing to narrative-informed programming, interventions, and education efforts regarding future health crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing the risk of nontarget attack (NTA) for federally listed threatened and endangered (T&E) plant species confamilial to invasive plants targeted for classical biological control, is one of the most important objectives of pre-release environmental safety assessments in the United States. However, evaluating potential NTA on T&E species is often complicated by restrictive agency requirements for obtaining propagules, or the ability to propagate plants and rear agents to the appropriate phenostages synchronously for testing, or both. Here, we assessed whether plant cues associated with a host recognition can be used for testing the attractiveness of four T&E and one rare single population plant species non-destructively for a candidate biocontrol agent. We used the seed-feeding weevil, Mogulones borraginis, a candidate for the biological control of the invasive plant, Cynoglossum officinale (Boraginaceae) as the study system. We collected olfactory and visual cues in the form of flowering sprigs from T&E plant species confamilial to the invasive plant in a non-destructive manner and used them to measure behavioral responses and searching time of weevils. Female weevils preferred C. officinale to all tested plant species in dual-choice bioassays using either olfactory or visual cues in a modified y-tube device. Furthermore, female weevils were repelled by the combined olfactory and visual cues from all tested T&E plant species in a dual-choice test against controls (e.g., purified air in an empty arm), indicating that it would be extremely unlikely for the weevil to attack any of these species upon release in the United States. Principal component analysis based on 61 volatile organic compounds effectively separated the five confamilial plant species and C. officinale, corroborating the results of behavioral bioassays. We conclude that studies on pre-alighting host selection behavior and the underlying physiological mechanisms of how organisms select host plants they exploit can aid in environmental safety testing of weed biological control agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, insects have been impacted by climate change, with bumble bees in particular showing range shifts and declining species diversity with global warming. This suggests heat tolerance is a likely factor limiting the distribution and success of these bees. Studies have shown high intraspecific variance in bumble bee thermal tolerance, suggesting biological and environmental factors may be impacting heat resilience. Understanding these factors is important for assessing vulnerability and finding environmental solutions to mitigate effects of climate change. In this study, we assess whether geographic range variation in bumble bees in the eastern United States is associated with heat tolerance and further dissect which other biological and environmental factors explain variation in heat sensitivity in these bees. We examine heat tolerance by caste, sex, and rearing condition (wild/lab) across six eastern US bumble bee species, and assess the role of age, reproductive status, body size, and interactive effects of humidity and temperature on thermal tolerance in Bombus impatiens. We found marked differences in heat tolerance by species that correlate with each species' latitudinal range, habitat, and climatic niche, and we found significant variation in thermal sensitivity by caste and sex. Queens had considerably lower heat tolerance than workers and males, with greater tolerance when queens would first be leaving their natal nest, and lower tolerance after ovary activation. Wild bees tended to have higher heat tolerance than lab reared bees, and body size was associated with heat tolerance only in wild‐caught foragers. Humidity showed a strong interaction with heat effects, pointing to the need to regulate relative humidity in thermal assays and consider its role in nature. Altogether, we found most tested biological conditions impact thermal tolerance and highlight the stages of these bees that will be most sensitive to future climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim(s): This discursive article aims to examine how systemic factors of settler colonialism influence health outcomes among Indigenous peoples in the United States through pathways and processes that may lead to the embodiment of historical trauma. Design: Discursive paper. Methods: We completed a comprehensive search of empirical and grey literature between September 2022 and January 2023 in PubMed, CINAHL and Google Scholar. Using these articles as a foundation, we explored factors related to the pathways and processes leading to the embodiment of historical trauma rooted in settler colonialism. Results: A conceptual framework of the pathways and processes of the embodiment of historical trauma secondary to settler colonialism was developed, and is presented. Conclusion: The societal and historical context for Indigenous peoples includes harmful settler colonial structures and ideologies, resulting in stressors and historical trauma that impact health outcomes and disparities through the phenomenon of the process of embodiment. Implications for Nursing: To provide holistic nursing care, nurses must be aware of settler colonialism as a determinant of health. They must be attuned to the pathways and processes through which settler colonial exposures may impact health among Indigenous peoples. Nurses must challenge existing structural inequities to advance health equity and social justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refugee newcomers resettled in the United States face numerous challenges impacting their mental health and overall well-being. Despite extensive research on clinical interventions, multimodal interventions with peer-based group models in resettlement contexts remain scarce. Adopting a realist evaluation approach, this study aims to conduct a comprehensive implementation evaluation of a complex community-based mental health and psychosocial support (CB-MHPSS) group intervention, examining its mechanisms and processes while considering the interplay among context, implementing agents, and community settings. Qualitative and quantitative data on the implementation process were collected from 11 refugee agencies, involving trained resettlement staffers (n = 32) and refugee community facilitators (n = 31) who implemented the 31 CB-MHPSS psychosocial groups in 2021. The analysis included fidelity reports, process reflections, and follow-up survey responses, utilizing a structured template based on the CB-MHPSS Theory of Change (ToC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) guidance. Results of an in-depth exploration of complex relations between context and implementation processes reveal the vital role that adaptability to socio-ecological circumstances during the global coronavirus pandemic played in achieving successful implementation of psychosocial group interventions. Striking a balance between fidelity and refinement of intervention of the intervention curriculum emerged as crucial factors for aligning facilitation goals with newcomer needs. This approach maintained the integrity and appropriateness of the intervention, requiring implementers to utilize local knowledge of community resources and their understanding of lived experience of forced migrants and their within the community. Furthermore, exploring intervention barriers and facilitators revealed merits aligned with program change theories and areas for adjustment, while cataloged guidelines addressed community needs, showcasing competence beyond standard checkboxes. Strategic dissemination guidance provided by the central office in a supportive and nonintrusive manner facilitated uptake in a participatory and context-specific manner. This study emphasizes the importance of leveraging community partnerships and local knowledge to result in sustained improvements in the mental health and well-being of refugees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early nineteenth century, physiology became an increasingly popular and powerful science in the United States. Religious controversy over the nature of human vitality animated much of this interest. On one side of these debates stood Protestant apologists who wedded an immaterialist vitalism to their belief in an immaterial, immortal soul — and therefore to their dreams of a Christian republic. On the other side, religious skeptics argued for a materialist vitalism that excluded anything immaterial from human life, aspiring thereby to eliminate religious interference in the progress of science and society. Both sides hoped that by claiming physiology for their vision of human nature they might direct the future of religion in the US. Ultimately, they failed to realize these ambitions, but their contest posed a dilemma late nineteenth-century physiologists felt compelled to solve: how should they comprehend the relationship between life, body, and soul? Eager to undertake laboratory work and leave metaphysical questions behind, these researchers solved the problem by restricting their work to the body while leaving spiritual matters to preachers. In attempting to escape the vitalism and soul questions, late nineteenth-century Americans thus created a division of labor that shaped the history of medicine and religion for the following century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean physiology, seed yield and composition can vary greatly and are a function of genetics, environment, and management practices. N fertilizer is not often applied to soybeans, but it can affect yield and seed composition, and the outcome of N fertilization has varied widely among studies. To test if certain physiological responses might be linked with positive agronomic responses to N fertilizer, a field study was conducted in varied environments unique to the Southeast United States (US). Five genotypes from maturity groups V-VII were evaluated. Although the environment and genotype had significant effects on most of the physiological characteristics and yield components measured, nitrogen application interacted significantly with environment for seed protein concentration, seed oil concentration, yield, and percent of nitrogen derived from the atmosphere in leaves during the seed fill period. The direction of the nitrogen effect on protein concentration differed among environments, increasing protein concentration in one environment and reducing protein concentration in another environment. Nitrogen application effects did not vary among the genotypes included in this study. Photosynthetic and nitrogen fixation responses to nitrogen application were not clearly linked with seed protein concentration response. A tailored nitrogen recommendation for environment is the best option for improving seed protein in this region with diverse environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal coloration serves many biological functions and must therefore balance potentially competing selective pressures. For example, many animals have camouflage in which coloration matches the visual background that predators scan for prey. However, different colors reflect different amounts of solar radiation and may therefore have thermoregulatory implications as well. In this study, we examined geographic variation in dorsal patterning, coloration, and solar reflectance among horned larks (Eremophila alpestris) of the western United States. We found that plumage brightness was positively associated with soil granularity, aridity, and temperature. Plumage redness—both in terms of saturation (i.e., chroma) and hue—was positively associated with soil redness and temperature, while plumage patterning was positively associated with soil granularity. Together, these plumage-environment associations support both background matching and Gloger's rule, a widespread ecogeographic pattern in animal coloration. We also constructed thermoregulatory models that estimated cooling benefits provided by solar reflectance profiles of the dorsal plumage of each specimen based on the collection site. We found increased cooling benefits in hotter, more arid environments. Finally, cooling benefits were positively associated with residual brightness, such that individuals that were brighter than expected based on environmental conditions also had higher cooling benefits, suggesting a trade-off between camouflage and thermoregulation. Together, these data suggest that natural selection has balanced camouflage and thermoregulation in horned larks, and they illustrate how multiple competing evolutionary pressures may interact to shape geographic variation in adaptive phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating thermal physiology with environmental temperature is essential to understanding distributions of species and vulnerability to climate change. Warming tolerance – the difference between an organism's maximum thermal tolerance (Tmax) and maximum habitat temperature (Thab) – is frequently used to integrate organismal sensitivity and environmental exposure. Traditionally, applications of warming tolerance define Tmax and Thab as invariable magnitudes, yet tolerance magnitude depends on exposure duration, and diel temperature cycles expose organisms to a range of temperature magnitudes and durations. How traditional (i.e. acute) estimates of warming tolerance compare to estimates from prolonged exposures remains poorly understood. In this study, magnitude–duration curves for tolerances of one cold‐water, two cool‐water and one warm‐water species of freshwater fish were compiled from the literature and compared to magnitude–duration exposures from 66 streams across the eastern United States. Warming tolerances were estimated for exposure durations spanning 0.01–24 h. Current acute (0.01 h) warming tolerances ranged from median 6.30°C for the cold‐water species to 9.68°C for the warm‐water species. The lowest warming tolerances corresponded to prolonged exposures lasting median 3.85–5.30 h among species and were 2.51–4.38°C lower than acute estimates. Although acute estimates remained positive in historically occupied and unoccupied streams (6.30 versus 2.33°C), estimates based on prolonged exposure were positive at occupied streams of the cold‐water species but transitioned to negative in unoccupied streams (2.19 versus −1.12°C). Acute warming tolerances for the cold‐water species also remained positive under future climate (6.29–4.23°C) but approached zero at prolonged durations (2.19–0.09°C) and transitioned to negative for 47.2% of streams. Results demonstrate that acute measures of Tmax and Thab overestimate warming tolerances and therefore underestimate climate change vulnerability. Integrating magnitude–duration relationships into warming tolerance estimates can elucidate physiological mechanisms underlying species distributions and can improve accuracy of climate change vulnerability assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To co-construct a sports medicine and exercise science research and translational agenda with Team USA elite female athletes serving as the experts on their health, performance and well-being., Methods: 40 Team USA female athletes across sports disciplines participated in an online, anonymous, modified Delphi survey by ranking topics on a Likert scale (1='strongly disagree' and 5='strongly agree') and providing qualitative justification regarding whether they believed having more information and research on each topic would support their athletic performance, health and well-being. After each Delphi round, quantitative rankings of topics and qualitative justifications were analysed, informing revisions to the list of topics for review in the subsequent round. Researchers provided athletes with a detailed report of findings and revisions following each round., Results: The final list contained 14 ranked topics. The top five were menstrual cycle symptoms (4.58±0.74), recovery (4.58±0.59), birth control (4.55±0.89), mental health (4.50±0.55) and fueling and the menstrual cycle (4.43±0.74). New topics originating from athletes included recovery, menstrual cycle symptoms, fueling and the menstrual cycle, mental health and sports performance, team dynamics, and institutionalised sexism., Conclusion: This is the first study to co-construct a research and translational agenda with Team USA elite female athletes. The list of sports science research topics developed by focusing on elite female athletes' voices lays the foundation for future research and provides valuable insight into the specific needs of female athletes., Competing Interests: Competing interests: KEA is a Deputy Editor of the BJSM and an Associate Editor of the BJSM IPHP., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

A deficiency of selenium (Se) in soils and hence forages poses a challenge to producers in the southeast United States, necessitating supplementation of this trace mineral to the diet of pasture fed cattle. Se occurs in either inorganic (ISe) or organic (OSe) forms; ISe is conventionally available in commercial supplements, while OSe is available in grazed forages. We have investigated supplementation with either ISe or a 1:1 mixture of ISe:OSe (MIX) and demonstrated that MIX increases the relative abundance of mRNA encoding the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and enzymes involved in de novo cholesterol synthesis in the corpus luteum, concurrent with a MIX-induced increase in systemic progesterone (P4) during the early luteal phase. We also observed a MIX-induced decrease in circulating cholesterol and low-density/very low-density lipoproteins during early gestation, and a MIX-induced increase in conceptus length at maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP). The objective herein was to investigate the effect of form of Se (ISe versus MIX) on de novo cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol/ steroid catabolism in the liver at MRP. We hypothesized form of Se would affect the abundance of transcripts that regulate synthesis, catabolism, and local concentrations of cholesterol and P4. Angus-cross heifers were supplemented with ISe or MIX for at least 90 d before insemination at observed estrus. On d 17 of pregnancy, heifers (n = 6/TRT) were killed and their reproductive tracts and conceptuses recovered. Hepatic samples were collected for qPCR analysis of mRNA transcripts encoding proteins involved in de novo cholesterol synthesis, regulation of cholesterol availability and steroid catabolism. Additionally, on d 7 and d 17 of pregnancy, we quantified systemic concentrations of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), indicative of cholesterol recycling to the liver. We quantified the relative abundance of 22 mRNAs and observed that heifers supplemented with MIX-form Se had an increase in the relative abundance of mRNA encoding the very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR, P = 0.01). Unexpectedly, we failed to detect an effect of TRT on the abundance of mRNA encoding the high-density lipoprotein receptor (SCARB1, P > 0.05) which was consistent with our inability to detect an effect on the serum concentration of total or free HDL (P > 0.05) during early pregnancy and at MRP. Of the 11 mRNA transcripts encoding enzymes involved in catabolism of cholesterol and progesterone, including steroid alpha reductases (SRD5A1 and SRD5A3) and cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP4A2, CYP4A11, CYP11A1, and CYP17A1), we were unable to detect a difference in the relative abundance of any transcript. Overall, it appears that the form of Se is altering circulating concentrations of cholesterol and further affecting whole animal physiology and fertility; however, the mechanism involved remains to be fully elucidated and warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the commercialization and widespread adoption of dicamba‐tolerant (DT) soybean cultivars across the United States, numerous cases of off‐target damage to non‐DT soybean have been reported. Soybean is naturally highly sensitive to dicamba, a synthetic auxin herbicide. Previous studies have focused on understanding the impact of growth stage, dosage, frequency, and duration of dicamba exposure on the severity of symptomology and yield loss. To date, little research has investigated the effect of genetic components in the observed responses. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate yield losses caused by prolonged off‐target dicamba exposure and to identify genotypes with varying responses to off‐target damage. A total of 553 soybean genotypes derived from 239 unique biparental populations were evaluated in nine environments over 3 yr. A yield penalty of 8.8% was observed for every increment in damage score on a 1–4 scale with losses as high as 40%. Although the interaction between damage and maturity group (MG) significantly affected yield, genotypes showing the most tolerance had similar yields independent of their MG. This indicated that natural tolerance to off‐target dicamba may be conferred by physiological mechanisms other than the length of the recovery window. Given the widespread adoption of DT systems and potential yield losses in non‐DT soybean genotypes, identification of non‐DT soybean genotypes with higher tolerance to off‐target dicamba may sustain and improve the production of other non‐DT herbicide soybean production systems, including the niche markets of organic and conventional soybean. Core Ideas: Diverse soybean genetic backgrounds confer variable responses to off‐target dicamba exposure.Yield losses reached as high as 40% depending on the genetic background and severity of damage.Natural tolerance is conferred by physiological mechanisms other than the length of the window of recovery.Spatial distribution analysis indicates homogeneity of off‐target dicamba exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature and its impact on fitness are fundamental for understanding range shifts and population dynamics under climate change. Geographic climate heterogeneity, behavioral and physiological plasticity, and thermal adaptation to local climates make predicting the responses of species to climate change complex. Using larvae from seven geographically distinct wild populations in the eastern United States of the non‐native forest pest Lymantria dispar dispar (L.), we conducted a simulated reciprocal transplant experiment in environmental chambers using six custom temperature regimes representing contemporary conditions near the southern and northern extremes of the US invasion front and projections under two climate change scenarios for the year 2050. Larval growth and development rates increased with climate warming compared with current thermal regimes and tended to be greater for individuals originally sourced from southern rather than northern populations. Although increases in growth and development rates with warming varied somewhat by region of the source population, there was not strong evidence of local adaptation, southern populations tended to outperform those from northern populations in all thermal regimes. Our study demonstrates the utility of simulating thermal regimes under climate change in environmental chambers and emphasizes how the impacts from future increases in temperature can vary based on geographic differences in climate‐related performance among populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic altered lifestyles and impacted mental health of many adults. Engaging in physical activity, avoiding prolonged sitting, and consuming a healthy diet improve mental health. The current study investigated the association between health-related lifestyle behaviors on feelings of anxiety and depression in adults during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Adults (n=796) living in the United States completed an internet-based survey in Spring 2020 that included validated survey instruments for moods, physical activity, sitting and dietary behaviors. Multivariate multiple regression models were used to assess the association between health-related lifestyle behaviors and feelings of anxiety and depression. Results: A majority (70.7%; 95% CI: [0.607, 0.807]) of participants met physical activity (PA) guidelines, 43.7% (95% CI: [0.287, 0.587]) sat for ≥ 8 hours per day, and 87.7% (95% CI [0.807, 0.947]) ate a healthy diet. Our final models explained 6.2% and 9.8% of the variance in anxiety and depression, respectively. Vigorous PA (anxiety: B=-0.111, 95% CI: [-0.171,0.000]; depression: B=-0.111, 95% CI: [-0.186,-0.037]) and dietary behaviors (anxiety: B=-0.112, 95% CI: [-0.180,-0.444]; depression: B=-0.112, 95% CI: [-0.213,-0.076]) were associated with reduced feelings of anxiety and depression while sitting time (anxiety: B=0.119, 95% CI: [0.000,0.199]; depression: B=0.119, 95% CI: [0.199,0.199]) were associated with greater feelings of anxiety and depression. Conclusion: Engaging in vigorous physically activity, reducing sitting time, and consuming a healthy diet was associated with reduced feelings of anxiety and depression during the early part of the pandemic. The aforementioned modifiable lifestyle behaviors are independent of each other suggesting improvements in one behavior may improve feelings of anxiety and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have examined participation in specific leisure-time physical activities (PA) among US adults. The purpose of this study was to identify specific activities that contribute substantially to total volume of leisure-time PA in US adults. Methods: Proportion of total volume of leisure-time PA moderate-equivalent minutes attributable to 9 specific types of activities was estimated using self-reported data from 21,685 adult participants (≥ 18 years) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2006. Results: Overall, walking (28%), sports (22%), and dancing (9%) contributed most to PA volume. Attributable proportion was higher among men than women for sports (30% vs. 11%) and higher among women than men for walking (36% vs. 23%), dancing (16% vs. 4%), and conditioning exercises (10% vs. 5%). The proportion was lower for walking, but higher for sports, among active adults than those insufficiently active and increased with age for walking. Compared with other racial/ethnic groups, the proportion was lower for sports among non-Hispanic white men and for dancing among non- Hispanic white women. Conclusions: Walking, sports, and dance account for the most activity time among US adults overall, yet some demographic variations exist. Strategies for PA promotion should be tailored to differences across population subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commuting to and from work presents daily stressors for most workers. It is typically demanding in terms of time and cost, and can impact people's mental health, job performance, and, broadly speaking, personal life. We use mobile phones and wearable sensing to capture location-related context, physiology, and behavioral patterns of N=275 information workers while they commute, mainly by driving, between home and work locations spread across the United States for a one-year period. We assess the impact of commuting on participant's workplace performance, showing that we can predict self-reported workplace performance metrics based on passively collected mobile-sensing features captured during commute periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substantial, involved, and expensive efforts to promote the dissemination of scientific knowledge and career interest in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) are enthusiastically supported by many scientific, federal, and local organizations. The articulated underlying goals for these efforts include an enhanced public understanding of science and science-related policy, an increased diversity in STEM careers, and an increase in the future STEM workforce. This effort is primarily driven by an underperformance of the United States that includes poor test performance and limited number of students pursuing STEM degrees. Despite this investment, attitudes toward STEM have not notably changed. The goal of this project was to determine students' attitudes toward STEM in response to a previously established scientific outreach event. This event was used to address three common goals in STEM outreach: STEM literacy, diversity and inclusion, and career preparedness. We found there was a notable difference in the attitudes toward scientific activities and interest in pursuing a "Science Career" after participation in this event. Strikingly, interest in hypothesis development, the keystone of all STEM disciplines, was the least liked of all the activities offered during the event. Our data suggest that events designed to enhance interest in pursuing a STEM career may benefit from different elements compared with events designed to increase understanding of STEM literacy concepts, such as hypothesis development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study examines the relationship between state laws for physical education and neighborhood amenities for physical activity on weight status in adolescents of low socioeconomic status. Methods: Data from 2 national data sources: Classification of Laws Associated with School Students (CLASS) and the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) were combined and analyzed. Results: Multinomial regression models found that adolescents in states with strong PE law were associated with a lower odds of being obese [OR = 0.63 (0.41, 0.97)]; however, when PE law and neighborhood amenities were included, only neighborhood amenities were associated with lower odds of obesity, but also greater odds of overweight status. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the potential significance of state laws on low SES groups to combat obesity; as well as the potential differential effects of local level factors, and alignment with policy goals for healthy weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Current techniques for measuring absolute lung volumes rely on bulky and expensive equipment and are complicated to use for the operator and the patient. A novel method for measurement of absolute lung volumes, the MiniBox method, is presented.Research Question: Across a population of patients and healthy participants, do values for total lung capacity (TLC) determined by the novel compact device (MiniBox, PulmOne Advanced Medical Devices, Ltd.) compare favorably with measurements determined by traditional whole body plethysmography?Study Design and Methods: A total of 266 participants (130 men) and respiratory patients were recruited from five global centers (three in Europe and two in the United States). The study population comprised individuals with obstructive (n = 197) and restrictive (n = 33) disorders as well as healthy participants (n = 36). TLC measured by conventional plethysmography (TLCPleth) was compared with TLC measured by the MiniBox (TLCMB).Results: TLC values ranged between 2.7 and 10.9 L. The normalized root mean square difference (NSD) between TLCPleth and TLCMB was 7.0% in healthy participants. In obstructed patients, the NSD was 7.9% in mild obstruction and 9.1% in severe obstruction. In restricted patients, the NSD was 7.8% in mild restriction and 13.9% in moderate and severe restriction. No significant differences were found between TLC values obtained by the two measurement techniques. Also no significant differences were found in results obtained among the five centers.Interpretation: TLC as measured by the novel MiniBox system is not significantly different from TLC measured by conventional whole body plethysmography, thus validating the MiniBox method as a reliable method to measure absolute lung volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 20-question Revised Study Process Questionnaire (R-SPQ-2F), which is frequently used to categorize student learning approaches as either deep or surface, was administered to three sections of Anatomy & Physiology (A&P) courses at a highest research university in the southeastern United States as part of a larger research project. Two hundred thirty-one (231) respondents completed the full survey and 11 participants were recruited to a comparative case study. Initial review of interview transcripts raised concerns about the validity of the R-SPQ-2F results with the population of interest. Interview transcripts were coded using a priori codes corresponding to the R-SPQ-2F items, and qualitative and quantitative results were then triangulated. Additional survey responses were collected in a subsequent semester and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed using the complete responses from 381 students. The CFA yielded similar or better measures of reliability and fit to the two-factor structure as those in previously reported work by other authors. Nonetheless, findings from triangulation suggest that the R-SPQ-2F was not able to group students by deep and surface approaches to learning in the context of an undergraduate A&P course. In addition, six interviews (3 deep, 3 surface) demonstrated a new theme of surface leading to deep with participants indicating that memorization was necessary for the purpose of gaining a full understanding of the course material. This mixed method analysis calls into question whether the results are valid for separating student approaches into the previously published descriptions of deep and surface approaches. The finding of the surface leading to deep orientation, which may align with previous descriptions of an achieving approach, has significant implications for both research and instruction, as memorizing and other "surface" strategies are often minimized and discouraged, yet are an important step in student learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most common cause of heart failure in the United States is ischemic left heart disease; accordingly, a vast amount of work has been done to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying pathologies of the left ventricle (LV) as a general model of heart failure. Until recently, little attention has been paid to the right ventricle (RV) and it has commonly been thought that the mechanical and biochemical properties of the RV are similar to those of the LV. However, therapies used to treat LV failure often fail to improve ventricular function in RV failure underscoring, the need to better understand the unique physiologic and pathophysiologic properties of the RV. Importantly, hemodynamic stresses (such as pressure overload) often underlie right heart failure further differentiating RV failure as unique from LV failure. There are significant structural, mechanical, and biochemical properties distinctive to the RV that influences its function and it is likely that adaptations of the RV occur uniquely across the lifespan. We have previously reviewed the adult RV compared to the LV but there is little known about differences in the pediatric or aged RV. Accordingly, in this mini-review, we will examine the subtle distinctions between the RV and LV that are maintained physiologically across the lifespan and will highlight significant knowledge gaps in our understanding of pediatric and aging RV. Consideration of how RV function is altered in different disease states in an age-specific manner may enable us to define RV function in health and importantly, in response to pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lumbar spinal stenosis is one of the most commonly diagnosed spinal disorders worldwide and remains a major cause for surgery in older adults. Lumbar spinal stenosis is clinically defined as a progressive degenerative disorder with low back pain and associated neurogenic intermittent claudication. Conservative and surgical management of lumbar spinal stenosis has been shown to be minimally effective on its symptoms. A treatment option that has not been investigated in the United States is the utilization of prostaglandin E1 analogs, which have been used primarily in Japan for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis since the 1980s. The vasodilatory and antiplatelet aggregation effects of prostaglandin E1 presumably improve symptoms of lumbar spinal stenosis by increasing blood flow to the spinal nerve roots. This brief report examines the potential vascular pathology of lumbar spinal stenosis, reviews evidence on the use of prostaglandin E1 analog limaprost in Japan for lumbar spinal stenosis, and briefly discusses misoprostol as a possible alternative in the United States. The studies summarized in this report suggest that prostaglandin E1 analogs may provide benefit as a conservative treatment option for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. However, higher-quality studies conducted in the United States and comparison with other currently used conservative treatments are required before it can be recommended for routine clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and nitrogen (N) availability can affect land surface processes by regulating physiological (e.g., stomatal opening and closure) and phenological (e.g., leaf area index) responses, which in turn influence terrestrial water cycle dynamics. In this study, we apply the Community Land Model version 5 to investigate how projected environment changes in the 21st century can affect the hydrologic budget in the Upper Columbia‐Priest Rapids watershed, a typical semiarid watershed located in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Nine numerical experiments were performed to quantifying contributions of climate change, CO2 concentration, and N availability to the watershed hydrologic budget under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) (i.e., RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Our results show that compared to its historical value, evapotranspiration (ET) over the watershed increases by 15% and 12% by the end of the century under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in responses to changes in meteorological forcing, and further increases by 16% and 11% when elevated CO2 concentrations are accounted for. The effect of N availability on the water balance is insignificant. Such an increase in ET is contributed by the overall increase in leaf area index of vegetation in response to increases in precipitation and CO2 concentration. However, corn‐dominated regions can respond to these changes differently, caused by its increased stomatal resistance under an elevated CO2 concentration with limited N. Our results demonstrate physiological and phenological responses can modulate watershed hydrologic budgets under projected future changes. Plain Language Summary: Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) may affect land surface processes through changes in photosynthesis and stomatal resistance of plants. The atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition and fertilization are major source of soil mineral N that can be directly assimilated by plants. In this study, we use the Community Land Model version 5 to investigate how climate change, atmospheric CO2 concentration, N deposition, and fertilization rates affect hydrologic dynamics in the Upper Columbia‐Priest Rapids watershed, a typical semiarid watershed located in the north‐western United States. Our results show that compared to its historical value, evapotranspiration over the watershed is increased by the end of the century in responses to changes in precipitation and temperature, and elevated CO2 concentrations. The effect of N availability on the water balance is insignificant. Such an increase in evapotranspiration is contributed by the overall increase in leaf area index of vegetation in response to increases in precipitation and CO2 concentration. However, corn‐dominated regions can respond to these changes differently, caused by its increased stomatal resistance under an elevated CO2 concentration with limited N. Our results demonstrate physiological and phenological responses can modulate watershed hydrologic budgets under projected future changes. Key Points: Carbon dioxide fertilization leads to increase in gross primary production and more carbon allocation to leaf biomass, therefore increased nitrogen demand uptakeEnhanced photosynthesis leads to increased leaf area indexThe hydrologic budget over a semiarid watershed can be strongly modulated by changes in stomatal resistance and leaf area index through evapotranspiration [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global decline in insect pollinators, especially bees, have resulted in extensive research into understanding the various causative factors and formulating mitigative strategies. For commercial beekeepers in the United States, overwintering honey bee colony losses are significant, requiring tactics to overwinter bees in conditions designed to minimize such losses. This is especially important as overwintered honey bees are responsible for colony expansion each spring, and overwintered bees must survive in sufficient numbers to nurse the spring brood and forage until the new 'replacement' workers become fully functional. In this study, we examined the physiology of overwintered (diutinus) bees following various overwintering storage conditions. Important physiological markers, i.e. head proteins and abdominal lipid contents were higher in honey bees that overwintered in controlled indoor storage facilities, compared with bees held outdoors through the winter months. Our findings provide new insights into the physiology of honey bees overwintered in indoor and outdoor environments and have implications for improved beekeeping management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We examined the natural groupings of leisure-time physical activities (LTPA) among US adolescents and their correlates. Methods: Data came from the 1999-2006 NHANES, restricted to 3865 boys and 3641 girls 12-19 years old. Respondents were asked to report > 40 types of moderate-to-vigorous LTPA in the past month. Latent class analyses were used to identify natural groupings of the top 10 LTPA using the proportion of each activity's metabolic equivalents (METs) to total energy expenditure from all physical activities. Results: For each gender, 5 natural groupings of LTPA were identified. Among boys, they were basketball players and runners (72.8%), football players (9.0%), bicycle riders (7.5%), soccer players (5.8%), and walkers (4.7%). For girls, the 5 natural groupings in descending order were dancers/walkers/joggers (79.0%), aerobic exercisers (6.1%), swimmers (5.6%), volleyball players (4.9%), and soccer players (4.2%). The natural groupings of physical activities were also impacted by age, race, weight status, region, and season of interview. Conclusions: The natural groupings of LTPA reflect adolescent's preference and these activity patterns are likely shaped by their social and physical environments. Better understanding of common LTPAs and their natural groupings is useful in the design of effective PA interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Great anticipation surrounded the release of the first ever Surgeon General's report on physical activity and health in 1996. The report stated that physical activity can contribute significantly to overall levels of health and the quality of life for all Americans. However, since the report's release, little has improved in the health status of children and adults in the United States. Over 33% of the adult population and 16% of the nation's children are obese (CDC, 2009). The purpose of this review is to examine the historical role of physical education, the impact of the Surgeon General's report, the role of Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) programs in preparing future physical education teachers, and current developments related to physical activity and health in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]