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Objective: As COVID-19 restrictions are eased, there has been a lively debate on whether residency recruitment interviews should be held virtually or in-person. However, environmental impact has rarely been a focus of this debate and only by inference from limited survey data. In this study, we aimed to estimate the carbon emissions generated from air-travel versus in-person interviews in the general surgery residency recruitment., Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a cross-sectional study using interview data from the 2022-2023 surgical residency recruitment season from the Thalamus (SJ Medconnect, Inc. Santa Clara, CA) data warehouse. We located applicants' closest airport and the airport nearest each program with which they interviewed. Following the Greenhouse Gas Protocol's definitions, we then estimated carbon emissions as a specific component of scope 3: travel of the greenhouse gas inventory., Results: We analyzed 5989 completed interviews occurring between 2369 applicants and 65 programs during the 2022-2023 recruitment season. Of these, 4529 (75.6%) required travel of 150 miles or more, meeting our inclusion criteria for carbon emissions estimation. The mean number of interviews per program was 95.4. Median number of flights per recruited position was 10. The estimated total carbon dioxide emissions for the interview season were 3502.04 tons. These emissions are the equivalent of 3.9 million pounds of coal burned or 441 homes' energy use for 1 year., Conclusions: There would be a significant environmental impact from air travel alone if general surgery interviews were to revert to an in-person format. These findings should be considered -alongside cost, equity, and goodness of fit- when making specialty- and program-level decisions regarding interviewing modalities., (Copyright © 2024 Association of Program Directors in Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study assessed social workers' differential knowledge about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. A questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 500 members of the National Association of Social Workers in July 1988. Results show that social workers have the most information regarding transmission of HIV infection and the least information about the effects of HIV on specific subpopulations. Of particular concern was that respondents who stated they had either a personal or professional reason for being knowledgeable about acquired immune deficiency syndrome were no more informed about minority issues than those who did not think they had a personal or professional reason for being knowledgeable.

A study was conducted to assess social workers' knowledge about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. A questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 500 members of the National Association of Social Workers in July 1988. Three hundred seventy-nine (75.8 percent) members responded, and limited demographic comparisons indicated that the sample was representative of the association's membership. Results showed that social workers have much to learn about acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS); less than half the questions were answered correctly. Respondents had the most information about transmission of the virus and the least information about the impact of the epidemic on specific populations. Of particular concern was the small number of respondents who reported that they had professional reasons for being knowledgeable about AIDS, given the pervasive nature of the AIDS epidemic and every social worker's professional responsibility to be knowledgeable about HIV infection.

The purpose of this article is to encourage social workers in health care settings to evaluate the effectiveness of their practice. Recent studies of intervention outcome in health care settings are reviewed on four dimensions. Because most of these utilize large group designs and social workers in direct practice rarely conduct this type of research, single-system designs are proposed as a complementary and feasible approach to evaluation. Issues in the use of single-system designs within health care settings and a case example will be discussed.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the changing needs of patients in long-term care facilities and their families. The argument will be made that the characteristics of residents have changed significantly with implementation of prospective payment for hospital care of Medicare patients. In addition to the traditional nursing home resident, staff will be expected to respond to the needs of patients who are both more acutely ill and responsive to aggressive rehabilitative efforts as well as to patients who are more critically ill and near death. The implications of these changes for the social work staff of long-term care facilities will be discussed.

Blood was collected at slaughter from 132 adult American bison (Bison bison) raised in an anaplasmosis endemic area where the vector Dermacentor andersoni (equals venustus) is indigenous. Hematologic studies revealed no indication of clinical anaplasmosis. Card agglutination and complement-fixation tests on all bison serums were negative. Eleven anaplasmosis-susceptible calves each inoculated with 204 ml of blood pooled from 12 bison did not develop anaplasmosis. Results of this study indicate American bison have resistance to natural A. marginale infection.