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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Most children acquire the infection perinatally or during early childhood and develop a chronic hepatitis characterized by a high viral replication and a low-inflammation phase of infection, with normal or only slightly raised aminotransferases. Although a conservative approach in children is usually recommended, different therapies exist and different therapeutic approaches are possible. The main goals of antiviral treatment for children with chronic HBV infection are to suppress viral replication and to warn the disease progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, although these complications are rare in children. Both United States Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) have approved interferon alfa-2b for children aged 1 year and older, pegylated interferon alfa-2a and lamivudine for children aged 3 years and older, entecavir for use in children aged 2 years and older, and adefovir for use in those 12 years of age and older. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is approved by EMA for children aged 2 years and older and by US-FDA for treatment in children aged 12 years and older. Finally, EMA has approved the use of tenofovir alafenamide for treatment of children aged 12 years and older or for children weighing more than 35 kg independent of age. This narrative review will provide the framework for summarizing indications to antiviral therapy in the management of chronic HBV infection in children and adolescents., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Using organizational support theory as an overarching framework, we investigated the moderating roles of family supportive organization perceptions (FSOP) and childcare satisfaction on the relationship between type of childcare use (on-site vs. external) on one hand, and work engagement and job satisfaction on the other hand. We tested study hypotheses using data collected from staff and faculty members from a large public university in the Southern United States. Results from multiple regression analyses indicated that, compared with external childcare users, employees using on-site childcare were less engaged in and satisfied with their jobs when they (a) perceived their organization to be unsupportive toward their family life and (b) were dissatisfied with their childcare provider. Organizational implications emphasize the importance of integrating any on-site childcare program with a climate that openly acknowledges and cares for employees' family-related responsibilities and providing high-quality childcare services to employees.