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The importance of internationalization and effective online collaborative learning is well established, and the recognized value of cross-cultural exchanges by higher education institutions has resulted in a diverse range of initiatives including the use of virtual exchanges. Virtual exchanges are global online learning experiences for students enrolled in postsecondary coursework. The purpose of this study was to examine a virtual exchange learning opportunity for U.S. and Irish graduate education students. Using an online collaborative learning theoretical lens, this case study found that while there were varying levels of commitment and unequal expectations and contributions of the graduate students, students described the importance and significance of the unique learning experience. Implications for research and practice are discussed for future use of virtual exchange within the postsecondary environment.

This study analyzes and describes the links between the curriculum policies of one urban school district in the US and an intervention by the economics firm Standard & Poor's (S&P). It characterizes the languages and values introduced to the district leadership by S&P as ideologically neoliberal. This school-level case study that makes clear the connections between the introduction of neoliberal languages and values, local-level curriculum policies, and the resulting experiences of teachers and children in the US. In the end, it offers a case study of the ways corporate forces, such as S&P, are extending their reaches beyond national and state-level policy bodies to local communities to further legitimize the neoliberal project and to "reform" schools in ways that grow their own profitability. (Contains 27 notes.)

To explore the relationship between vandalism, college residence hall size, and a number of social factors, 688 college students completed the Core Alcohol and Drug Survey (Presley, Meilman, & Lyerla, 1994), the University Residence Environment Scale (Moos, 1988), and answered questions about their television habits and athletic participation. Vandalism costs came from college repair records. Larger residence halls, those with more TV viewing, more freshmen, and less student involvement were likely to have higher vandalism costs. (Contains 2 tables.)

Discusses issues involved in the provision of accessible digital educational material to people with disabilities. Topics include legislation in the United Kingdom and the United States; assistive technologies to use the Web; inaccessible Web sites; possible solutions; accessibility guidelines; reasons for ensuring accessible content; and accessibility of educational resources. (LRW)

The article explores the ways in which private legal interpretations can influence the development of public policy in the U.S.; mentions power of private legal interpretations of taxation laws; and discusses how private interpretations of law deviate from the enacting legislature's preferences.

The article focuses on the of the basic rules governing corporate tax classification under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code (IRC). it mentions that the corporate personhood and social responsibility with the efficiency considerations for the boundary between corporate and conduit tax treatment. It also mentions that special tax categories that complicate the corporate and conduit distinction such as small business corporations and real estate investment trusts (REITs).

The article discusses the science of adolescent development and its role in the U.S. Supreme Court decisions regarding juvenile sentencing under the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Topics discussed include history of parole in the U.S.; inadequacy of existing parole statutes and proposals in responding to the constitutional limits; and intersection of juvenile offenders and the parole process.

The article discusses legal defenses to patent infringement in America and a defendant's potential ability to negate the intent required to be held liable for induced infringement based on a good-faith belief of invalidity as of June 2014. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and notice of infringement allegations are addressed, along with a legal case involving alleged patent infringement by the Cisco Systems computer networking firm. Dissenting opinions are also examined.

Copyright of Polis (07176554) is the property of Polis - Revista Academica Universidad Bolivariana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the development of chlorination treatment process during the twenty-first century in the U.S. It states that the disinfection process is one of the greatest public health advances in the twentieth century which was hailed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to provide safe drinking water in the country. It elaborates several chlorination methods including sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide and chloramines.

Abstract: This study examined the relationship between exteriors of police department facilities and participants’ ratings of the buildings’ authority, professionalism, and approachability. After a pilot study, research was conducted with 122 participants who were undergraduate students from a small, liberal arts college in the Northeast. On each of three characteristics (authority, professionalism, and approachability), participants rated 16 color images of police departments located in the United States. The façade ratings for each characteristic were then categorized into factors through factor analyses. There were three factors for authority (Ineffectual, Strong, and Outdated); three for professionalism (Unskilled, Non-traditional, and Governmental); and four for approachability (Uninviting, Accessible, Public, and Impenetrable). The results were compared to participants’ scores on the Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale () and the Social Dominance Orientation scale (). Although the primary goal for the study was to determine whether there are consistent responses to police department exteriors, it was hypothesized that the façade ratings would relate to the authoritarianism ratings, with more authoritarian people expected to rate the façades higher in authority. Although this hypothesis was not supported, significant findings were related to gender. Applications to architectural design are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This work explores the institutional impacts at Lehman College, City University of New York, of the Teacher Renewal for Urban Science Teaching (TRUST) Project, a partnership between the American Museum of Natural History and Brooklyn and Lehman Colleges funded by the National Science Foundation. We examine the impact that TRUST had and continues to have at Lehman College through its external partnerships, the evolving natural sciences-education cultural changes within the college, changes within the departments involved, and student outcomes and reflections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most countries, HIV and AIDS rates are higher among inmates than in the general population. As part of a series of studies aimed at examining the plausible links between HIV and incarceration in a State prison system in the United States (US), the present study examined pre-incarceration sexual and injection drug use behaviours of inmates and their demographic correlates. Two-hundred-andsixteen female and 260 male inmates randomly selected from 17 Illinois State prisons completed a structured questionnaire. Findings indicate that the rate of inconsistent condom use with multiple anal and vaginal sexual partners among study participants ranged from 11 to 49%. Fourteen per cent of the women and 25% of the men reported ever injecting drugs, while 13% of the women and 7% of the men had ever shared needles. Demographic correlates of risk behaviours differed between gender and for specific behaviours. The findings indicate that persons entering prison generally exhibit risk behaviours that may increase their chances of acquiring HIV. Comprehensive HIV prevention programmes should be made available to inmates in US prisons and be accessible to them upon release. Studies are needed to examine how individual and structural factors interact to increase HIV and incarceration risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychologie Française is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

TRUST, or Teacher Renewal for Urban Science Teaching, is a National Science Foundation funded Earth science teacher preparation partnership between the American Museum of Natural History and Brooklyn and Lehman Colleges of the City University of New York. Our research and practice form a promising and replicable model for formal-informal partnership between teacher education programs and science-rich institutions such as museums, zoos, and botanical gardens. The model takes a problem-based approach to urban teacher shortages by focusing on the knowledge required for Earth science teacher certification. The initiative included two types of participants, teachers seeking Earth science certification and teacher leaders/ school administrators seeking to improve science instruction in their schools. Key features of the model included new college-based courses that focus on Earth systems science and urban Earth science investigation and a two week museum-based summer institute emphasizing essential questions, interactions with scientists, and approaches to science teaching outside the classroom. The overall findings after four-years of implementation, action research, and external evaluation indicate that the model successfully provides timely and relevant approaches to partnership that complex urban situations require. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the advantages of a controlled choice student-assignment plan over the traditional practice of voluntary assignment where school districts assign students to particular schools based on certain factors. The advocacy for a controlled-choice plan came about as a result of a suit filed by parents of students against Seattle Public Schools and Jefferson County Public School (JCPS) for using racial classifications in student assignments. The schools lost the case as the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the Equal Protection Clause.

The article focuses on the nature of relationship between first political parties and newspapers in the U.S. It states that there were complex relationship between the political parties and newspapers, wherein the editors were controlled by politicians or parties by rendering financial rewards. It says that the party-press relations' nature from 1790s to 1816 were due to the financial reward and not on their relations as party press and political system. Moreover, it discusses the nature of their relationship, wherein it is said to be critical in the political system, that is why the politicians have an all out support on editors and newspapers.

An essay is presented on the freedom of the press in the U.S. political system history as a fundamental to the public information from 1690 to 1801. It offers that the genesis of freedom in that period has begun various concepts of libertarian in terms of complete freedom or freedom on a limited basis. It suggests that the libertarian tradition was rooted from the time when the first newspaper in the U.S. had appeared.

The article reports on the informational protest conducted by the National Federation of the Blind on August 28, 2014 at the national office of nonprofit organization SourceAmerica in Vienna, Virginia. The protest was conducted because SourceAmerica awards government contracts to nonprofits with special wage certificates which allow them to pay people with disabilities less than the minimum wage. It adds that SourceAmerica is lobbying against the Fair Wages for Workers with Disabilities Act.

The article presents the report of Committee on Nominations and Elections of the American Association on Mental Deficiency in the U.S. The results of the nomination and election procedure for officers of the Association are presented to Council. The procedure apparently worked according to the Constitution and Bylaws, according to the Committee.

The article features the report of the American Psychological Association-American Association on Mental Deficiency Joint Committee on Training of Psychologists in Mental Retardation in the U.S. The highlight of the Midwestern Conference on Mental Health Manpower is presented. Several areas in addressing the problem of mental retardation in the country have been discussed by various psychologists. Plans were also envisioned to advance the programs and initiatives in addressing mental retardation.

The article presents a report of a one year study of 216 mentally retarded patients treated with the American Association of Mental Deficiencies modification of the nomenclature composed by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). It was discovered that the proposed modification is more effective and desirable than the APA scheme. However, weaknesses in the modified nomenclature were pointed out but were later on given solution.

The article presents the progress report of the Special Committee on Nomenclature of the American Association on Mental Deficiency (AAMD) in the U.S. The new draft of the revised nomenclature of mental retardation and its related etiological classification as well as the quantification of its degree is presented. It also presents the list of nominations approved at the 1953 annual meeting of the AAMD with Arthur T. Hopwood as president and Gale H. Walker as president elect.

The article discusses the book "The Creation of the Media: Political Origins of Modern Communications," by Paul Starr. Despite periodic criticism, the media system in the United States has more vitality than that of any other nation in the world. Some say Cable News Network is motivated by partisanship, and others say Fox News is just as bad. Activists for a variety of causes condemn the media for bias based on race, gender, politics and any other argument that can get a following. Apologists for totalitarian regimes claim that the media mislead the public of the United States. Before opening the book, one can guess that it probably will not demonstrate a mastery of historical research and will have a definite ideological bent. The Nationalist historians of the early nineteenth century assumed that the press' most important role was in contributing to political democracy and most media historians have assumed that the media had an important role in the political system of the United States.