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The article focuses on developments regarding enforcement of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) and related court decisions in the U.S. in 2022. It discusses a rule issued by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau prohibiting consumer reporting agencies from furnishing consumer reports containing adverse information about victims of severe human trafficking or sex trafficking. It describes several cases dealing with the duties of such agencies under the FCRA.

Global flood models integrate flood maps of constant probability in space, ignoring the correlation between sites and thus potentially misestimating the risk posed by extreme events. Stochastic flood models alleviate this issue through the simulation of flood events with a realistic spatial structure, yet their proliferation at large scales has historically been inhibited by data quality and computer availability. In this paper, we show, for the first time, the efficacy of modeled river discharge reanalyses in the characterization of flood spatial dependence in the absence of a dense stream gauge network. While global hydrological models may show poor correspondence with absolute observed river flows, we find that the rate at which they can simulate the joint occurrence of relative flow exceedances at two given locations is broadly similar to when a gauge‐based statistical model is used. Evidenced over the United States, flood events simulated using observed gauge data from the U.S. Geological Survey versus those generated using modeled streamflows have similar (i) distributions of site‐to‐site correlation strength, (ii) relationships between event size and return period, and, importantly, (iii) loss distributions when incorporated into a continental‐scale flood risk model. Extremal dependence is generally quantified less accurately on larger rivers, in arid climates, in mountainous terrain, and for the rarest high‐magnitude events. However, local‐scale errors are shown to broadly cancel each other out when combined, producing an unbiased flood spatial dependence model. These findings suggest that building accurate stochastic flood models worldwide may no longer be a distant aspiration. Plain Language Summary: Global flood risk is commonly estimated through flood inundation maps with a defined probability of occurrence. These flood simulations have a key drawback in that they fail to capture the spatial patterns exhibited during real flood events, instead modeling the same probability of flooding on every river at once. Solutions which rely on networks of gauged river flow observations will necessarily break down in the majority of the world's regions which lack such a resource. In this paper, we use historic river flows simulated by global rainfall‐runoff models (rather than observed flows) into a statistical model which captures the spatial correlation of flow extremes. If we examine the relative flow exceedance probabilities from these hydrological models rather than the volumetric flow values, flood events are generated which exhibit similar characteristics to those when gauged flow observations are used. Crucially, the simulation‐ and observation‐generated flood events produce near‐identical losses to buildings in the United States. The implications of this are that true stochastic flood risk models, which account for spatial dependence, can proliferate globally via the generation of realistic flood event sets from hydrological models. Key Points: Large‐scale flood hazard models typically neglect to represent the spatial dependence of real flood eventsRelative flow exceedances simulated by the fusion of global hydrological with statistical models reproduce gauge‐driven flood event setsAt the continental scale, key characteristics of a flood risk model are indistinguishable when driven with observed versus modeled flow data [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers insight to the 2018 Annual Survey of consumer financial services law in the U.S. Topics discussed include laws made by Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) for consumer protection; guidance issued by the CFPB on Fair Credit Reporting Act for data accuracy; and Spokeo, Inc. v. Robbins court case on the same.

This paper reports the development of a ∼30 m resolution two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the conterminous U.S. using only publicly available data. The model employs a highly efficient numerical solution of the local inertial form of the shallow water equations which simulates fluvial flooding in catchments down to 50 km2 and pluvial flooding in all catchments. Importantly, we use the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Elevation Dataset to determine topography; the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers National Levee Dataset to explicitly represent known flood defenses; and global regionalized flood frequency analysis to characterize return period flows and rainfalls. We validate these simulations against the complete catalogue of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) maps and detailed local hydraulic models developed by the USGS. Where the FEMA SFHAs are based on high-quality local models, the continental-scale model attains a hit rate of 86%. This correspondence improves in temperate areas and for basins above 400 km2. Against the higher quality USGS data, the average hit rate reaches 92% for the 1 in 100 year flood, and 90% for all flood return periods. Given typical hydraulic modeling uncertainties in the FEMA maps and USGS model outputs (e.g., errors in estimating return period flows), it is probable that the continental-scale model can replicate both to within error. The results show that continental-scale models may now offer sufficient rigor to inform some decision-making needs with dramatically lower cost and greater coverage than approaches based on a patchwork of local studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the 2017 Annual Survey of Consumer Financial Services Law of the periodical in the U.S. Topics discussed include the regulations issued by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), the reporting on Fair Debt Collection Practices Act of the U.S., and the changes to lending regulations in the U.S. by the CFPB. Also mentioned is a certiorari granted by the U.S. Supreme Court for local government sue in case of damages from discriminatory mortgage lending.

The article offers information on the 2016 Annual Survey of Consumer Financial Services Law conducted by the U.S Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (CFPB). It discusses several changes in the mortgage lending regulation in 2015 such as Truth in Lending Act (TILA)-Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA) Integrated Disclosures Rule (TRID Rule); mandate of the Dodd-Frank Act; and disclosures laws for mortgage borrowers.

The article examines the enforcement actions of the U.S. Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (CFPB) for issuing reports and guidance under the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) particularly with respect to the duties of companies that furnish data to consumer reporting agencies (CRA). Topics discussed include the CFPB's Financial Privacy Rule; the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act; and CFPB's supervisory guidance.

The article discusses several developments involving the U.S. Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) in 2013, focusing on the supervision of consumer reporting agencies by the nation's Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (CFPB), as well as information about the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and civil penalties under the FCRA. The Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion credit reporting agencies are mentioned, along with credit report inaccuracies and dispute resolution processes in America.

The article discusses developments and amendments to the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) in the U.S. in 2009. It explores the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003 (FACT Act) and Furnisher Rule, which requires furnishers for information accuracy procedures. It examines the Red Flags Rule that prescribes agencies to adopt policies that identify theft risks. It notes FCRA-related cases of the 4th and 9th circuits. It cites legislative FCRA updates on the marketing of credit cards.

The article reports on various developments related to the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) in the U.S. The U.S. Congress enacted the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACT Act) in 2003, that added several obligations for businesses to the FCRA. Through the FACT Act, the Congress added a new provision to the FCRA prohibiting companies that receive information about consumers from an affiliated company from using that information to make marketing solicitations to the consumers.

Examines the cease-and-desist authority of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Legislative history of the SEC authority; Analysis of the cease-and-desist authority as an injunction; List of federal agencies with cease-and-desist power; Guidelines in the use of the SEC authority.

Much has been learned from epidemiologic studies conducted in the past 4 decades that can be directly applied to the management of workers affected with occupational asthma. Studies have provided information about host factors, environmental exposure, and occupational agents posing the highest risks for development of severe irreversible airway obstruction and asthma disability. Investigators have developed methods for screening workers at risk and novel interventions that may prevent new cases among exposed worker populations. Less is known about the natural history and chronic morbidity associated with work-aggravated asthma and irritant-induced asthma syndromes; more studies are needed in at-risk worker populations., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)