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eHealth use enables older adults to access and manage healthcare resources, and benefits their health; however, older adults' uptake of eHealth remains low across societies. Social influences such as descriptive norms may be of critical importance in promoting the elderly's usage of eHealth. Based on the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction, this study investigates how descriptive norms relate to eHealth use among the elderly in China and the United States. Analysis of the combined sample (N = 1,070) showed that descriptive norms were positively related to eHealth use. Also, descriptive norms were indirectly associated with eHealth use via injunctive norms, attitudes and self-efficacy. Moderated mediation analysis indicated that these direct and indirect relationships differed across the two countries. This study highlights the important role of descriptive norms in promoting older adults' eHealth use behavior and addresses potential country differences in how the elderly respond to descriptive norms. Several important theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to better understand the role of social relationships and traditional gender norms in Latina health. Utilizing Hawkley and Cacioppo's theoretical model of loneliness and health as a framework, loneliness is proposed as a key component in the relationship between the Latina gender norm of marianismo and health. Participants were 178 female adults who identified as Latina (N = 97) or non-Latina White (N = 81), ranging in age from 19–88, who completed measures of loneliness, marianismo, depression, overall health, and health practices. Results indicate that being Latina was associated with family pillar marianismo, which includes characteristics centered on women's roles as the core of the family, that was associated with lower loneliness, and lower loneliness was subsequently associated with better overall health, lower depression, and beneficial health practices. However, being Latina had no association with silencing self to maintain harmony marianismo, that in turn had no association with loneliness, or health outcomes. These results suggest that elements of marianismo can play a protective role in Latina health and well-being, particularly when Latinas endorse the positive aspects of the gender norm that place women at the center of their families. Results also help explain the Latino health paradox by providing more specificity in the links between Latina ethnicity and positive health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employed a Reasoned Action Approach to investigate two communication behaviors that were being built into a statewide behavioral health campaign: initiating a conversation about one's own mental health struggles, and starting a conversation to discuss someone else's mental health difficulties. We examined whether the extent of attitudes, perceived norms, and perceived behavioral control regarding intent to perform these behaviors varied by racial identity. Using original survey data from Texans (N = 2,033), we conducted regression analyses for the two communication behaviors and found that intention to seek help was primarily explained by instrumental attitude, injunctive norm, descriptive norm, and perceived capacity; and intention to start a conversation to help someone else was primarily explained by instrumental attitude, injunctive norm, and perceived capacity. Additionally, we identified important common and distinct determinants of the two behaviors across different racial groups. Implications for health communication campaign message development and audience segmentation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has pointed to myriad cultural and socio-psychological factors associated with HIV testing, such as acculturation, social norms about HIV testing, masculinity, homonegativity, and constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior. However, the interrelationships of these factors on the intentions of HIV testing among the population of Asian American men remains unknown. A dataset of 425 Asian American men in the U.S., collected online with convenience sampling method during 2020–2021, was analyzed to test a conceptual framework that aimed to fill this gap. Results from a path model with two endogenous variables (homonegativity and HIV testing intention) indicated that perceived social norms about HIV testing, attitude about HIV testing, and perceived HIV risk had directandindirect relationships with the intentions of HIV testing in the study population. However, social norms about HIV testing and perceived HIV risk showed stronger direct effects (standardized estimates = 0.37 and 0.34, respectively, p-value < 0.001). Additionally, we found that the relationships of these factors with HIV testing intention were also mediated by homonegativity. Findings from this study advance our understanding of pathways of associations between a host of cultural and socio-psychological factors with HIV testing intention among an understudied population – Asian American men. Our results will help inform the development of future intervention programs to increase HIV testing in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoking and smoking-related lung disease are more common in rural (vs urban) areas of the United States (US). This study examined relationships between geographical location, cigarette risk perceptions, and current smoking among older adults who are at greatest risk of developing smoking-related lung disease. METHODS The study was a secondary data analysis of 12126 respondents aged ≥40 years from Wave 5 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Weighted descriptive statistics and Poisson regressions assessed current smoking (vs never or former) as a function of geographical location in a stepwise fashion, first unadjusted, then adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, and finally for both sociodemographic characteristics and cigarette risk perceptions (4-item scale), in three separate models. Sensitivity analyses examined whether individual risk perceptions items had a greater impact on the association between geographical location and current smoking. RESULTS Current smoking was more common among rural (20.6%) than urban (17.6%) residents. The risk ratio (RR) for rural (vs urban) residence on current smoking decreased from 1.17 (95% CI: 1.03-1.32) to 1.14 (95% CI: 1.01-1.29) to 1.08 (95% CI: 0.96-1.21) across the stepwise models. Lower cigarette risk perceptions confounded the rural-current smoking association and was an independent risk factor for smoking (adjusted RR, ARR=2.15; 95% CI: 1.94-2.18). In sensitivity analyses, believing that cigarettes are very or extremely (vs somewhat, slightly, or not at all) harmful to health and agreeing (vs not agreeing) that secondhand smoke causes lung disease in people who do not smoke, confounded the rural-current smoking association whereas beliefs about smoking causing lung cancer or lung disease in people who smoke did not. CONCLUSIONS Lower cigarette risk perceptions among rural residents confounded the positive association between rural residence and current smoking. Results from sensitivity analyses highlight potential targets for communication campaigns aimed at promoting more accurate perceptions of the harmful health consequences of cigarette smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to explore the voices of South Asian youth in the United States about gender norms and healthcare decision making. Ten focus group discussions were held with 36 students of South Asian origin at a university on the West Coast of the United States. Thematic analysis was performed on the focus group data. Three main themes emerged from the data: (1) intersectionality of gender with other factors that affect healthcare decision making, (2) impact of gender on health, and (3) coping strategies. Participants reported preferential treatment for boys versus girls, vesting decision-making control among males, worse health among females, and coping strategies. A few responses indicated that power differentials in some families were shifting to a more egalitarian balance between males and females. Aspects such as age, employment, and language barriers intersected with gender to create a complex web of influence on healthcare decision making. The study has implications for social workers to offer culturally responsive support to South Asian youth in the United States, paying attention to the intersectionalities when working with them. Further research is needed to explore the influence of gender on healthcare decision-making processes of South Asian youth in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Engagement in food and alcohol disturbance (FAD; e.g., restricting caloric intake in the context of using alcohol to quicken/increase intoxication [FAD-intoxication] and/or to offset calories consumed from alcohol [FAD-calories]) confers risk to college students. Much research suggests that students overestimate the frequency of high-risk drinking among their peers, leading to greater participation in personal high-risk drinking. However, limited work has examined social norms related to FAD and their association with FAD behaviors. Objectives: The present study investigated: (a) whether normative misperceptions exist for FAD, (b) whether FAD norms are associated with FAD behaviors, and (c) whether gender moderates the association between FAD norms and FAD behaviors. Participants were 1,499 college students from six universities who consumed alcohol in the last month and identified as a woman or man. A plurality of participants identified as being White, non-Hispanic (59.5%) and female (68.1%), with a mean age of 19.66 (SD = 2.09) years. Results: Analyses revealed that students overestimated the frequency and approval of both FAD-intoxication and FAD-calories behaviors among their same-gender peers. Notably, these misperceptions were greater for FAD participators compared to FAD abstainers. Moreover, the associations between FAD norms and FAD behaviors were generally stronger for women compared to men. Conclusions: Our preliminary findings identify social norms as a potential target for interventions aiming to reduce FAD among college students. Further, our results provide preliminary evidence that college women, especially those who engage in FAD, may reap the greatest benefit from interventions targeting normative misperceptions (e.g., personalized normative feedback) related to FAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: College students continue to report problematic alcohol use. To mitigate adverse outcomes, recent studies have employed harm reduction strategies known as Protective Behavioral Strategies (PBS). Deviance Regulation Theory (DRT), an impression management intervention, has been used to promote the use of PBS. DRT relies on impression management to modify behavior. This may be especially important for individuals with higher levels of trait narcissism. Method: College student drinkers (n = 132) were randomly assigned to receive a positive message about PBS users, a negative message about non-PBS users, or control. Participants reported on current PBS use norms, daily alcohol use, PBS use, and any alcohol-related problems experienced during the previous week for the next 10 weeks. Results: Data were analyzed using multilevel regression to examine PBS use across time by condition. When PBS norms were low, narcissism was strongly associated with lower rates of PBS use in the control group. If individuals received a positive or negative message, the association between narcissism and PBS use was diminished, among individuals with low PBS norms. There were no significant differences at mean or high levels of norms, indicating the messaging was only important for the highest risk group (i.e., those with low PBS norms). Discussion: The results of this study suggest that message framing may be effective at reducing the robust negative association between narcissism and PBS use for individuals with low PBS norms. Positive messages about individuals that use PBS may be one approach to mitigating problematic alcohol consumption in this at-risk group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bullying and sexual harassment are commonly experienced by secondary students, yet these behaviors are seldom targeted for intervention in high schools. Norms and Bystander Intervention Training (NAB IT!) is a program designed to address bullying and sexual harassment through promoting prosocial norms and helping behaviors among high school students. This mixed methods study examined students' receptivity to and perceptions of the NAB IT! social norms campaign. The campaign was delivered over 7 weeks in a suburban high school (grades 9–12) in the northeastern United States. Twenty‐eight students (60.7% females; 25.0% males; 7.2% genderqueer/gender non‐conforming/transgender) participated in focus group discussions and provided quantitative ratings of the campaign. Participants were White (82.1%), Asian (7.1%), Multiracial (7.1%), and African American (3.6%). Students appreciated the prosocial messaging and believed that the campaign raised awareness of bullying and sexual harassment. Students reported that the campaign elicited greater self‐reflection and discussion about potentially harmful behaviors. Nonetheless, some students doubted the credibility of the messages and noted incongruence between the messages and what they have observed in the school. Students indicated the need for more skills training for themselves and for faculty. Practitioner points: Social norms campaign sparked discussion and reflection among the students, especially with regard to sexual harassment.Students desired more skills‐based training in addition to the messaging.Students expressed a desire for more teacher/administrator involvement in stopping bullying and sexual harassment in school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association of medical experts with politically left-leaning cities and states early in the COVID-19 pandemic may have exacerbated vaccine hesitancy in right-leaning states of the US. Criticism from outside experts violates rules of communication between social groups (i.e. an intergroup sensitivity effect), leading to rejection of messages promoting vaccine safety and efficacy. In two studies, we document the effects of shared geographical group membership for medical expert messages promoting vaccination. We also found evidence that satisfying conversational norms against intergroup criticism reduces message rejection. Specifically, an invitation from ingroup political elites for a doctor to speak reduced the negative effects of unshared group identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neoliberalism is based on the dogma that free‐market capitalism serves the public better than governmental programs (e.g., public universities). In this research, we first asked what psychological orientations and beliefs predict support for one of the fundamental tenets of neoliberalism: the belief that government interferes with the smooth functioning of public life and the free market. Second, we examined how these predictors function across economic contexts and political regimes by collecting data in the United States and Turkey. We find that in two U.S. samples, high levels of Right‐Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and the belief in personal wherewithal (i.e., anybody can move ahead if they work hard enough) predicted people's support for neoliberalism. In the Turkish sample, we found that RWA and personal wherewithal significantly predicted support for neoliberalism, but unlike the US, in Turkey, higher levels of RWA were related to the rejection of neoliberalism. Our research highlights the flexible relationship authoritarianism has with neoliberalism and the importance of a belief in personal wherewithal in justifying neoliberalism. This research illuminates differences between US neoliberal logic and populist neoliberalism in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Providing personal demographic information is routine practice in the United States, and yet, little is known about the impacts of this process. This study aims to examine the experiences and perspectives of Multiracial/ethnic adults in the United States when disclosing racial/ethnic identity. Methods: Seventeen semistructured interviews were conducted with adults identifying as Multiracial/ethnic. The Multiracial/ethnic identities of participants included Black or African American and White; Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) and Hispanic or Latino; Black or African American and Hispanic or Latino; Black or African American and AI/AN; AI/AN and White and Asian, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander and White. Multiple participants reported identifying with multiple ethnic groups for any single broad category. Three identified as sexual minorities. Nine were Millennials; six were Gen X; one was Gen Z; one was Baby Boomer. Qualitative data were analyzed using staged hybrid inductive–deductive thematic analysis. Results: Disclosure of racial and ethnic identities presents a unique stressor for Multiracial/ethnic populations due to methods used to obtain data, perceived mismatch of identity and phenotype and exposure to prejudice. Social norms, constructs and movements impact the categories that a Multiracial/ethnic person indicates to external parties. Conclusions: The stress and negative feelings that Multiracial/ethnic adults face when identifying their race/ethnicity underscore the broader implications of standard demographic questions on feelings of inclusivity and visibility within a population. Patient or Public Contribution: Gathering data on individuals' racial and ethnic backgrounds is a standard practice, and yet, it can pose challenges for those who identify with multiple groups or do not see their identities reflected in the options provided. Such individuals may feel excluded or experience unfair treatment when disclosing their identity, leading to significant stress. As the frequency of this data collection increases, it is essential that the questions are posed empathetically and equitably, with a strong commitment to enhancing inclusivity throughout the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To examine the cross-national associations between familism and self-efficacy dimensions, and levels of burden and depression. Methods: Sociodemographic, familism, self-efficacy, depressive symptoms, and burden variables were measured in 349 dementia family caregivers from the US and Spain. Results: US sample: greater support from family was positively related to self-efficacy for obtaining respite and self-efficacy for controlling upsetting thoughts and behaviors. Both self-efficacy constructs were negatively related to depression. Similar findings were obtained for burden. Spanish sample: higher scores on family as referents were associated with lower scores on self-efficacy for obtaining respite; lower scores on self-efficacy for obtaining respite were associated with higher depressive symptomatology. Discussion: Study findings suggest that a significant interplay exists between the various facets of familism and self-efficacy, leading to differential caregiving outcomes. Unique cultural contexts and values derived from each country may exert distinct influences on how the caregiving role is perceived and appraised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parenting in the context of migration involves navigating competing socialization norms between one’s receiving community and those from one’s natal home. Although research shows that parenting acculturates to some degree after migration, the complexity of this process has not been adequately explored such as how some parenting domains shift more readily than others and how migrant parents deal with incongruences. This study examined shifts and stability in parenting beliefs and practices among Filipino migrants in four communities in the United States with varying levels of co-ethnic density. Drawing from indigenous Filipino psychology methods, findings reveal the adaptive nature of parenting, with some domains shifting to better match norms in receiving communities. Findings also highlight the powerful force that culturally embedded beliefs impose on socialization, with most parenting goals and practices continuing to reflect natal notions. Regardless of community, respondents reported stresses around migrant parenting and various strategies to cope with competing childrearing notions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early observations that only a small proportion of U.S. adults were engaging in enough aerobic physical activity to provide substantial health benefit helped shape our public health messaging for physical activity. This messaging has consistently indicated that most adults should increase their activity levels. However, it has been difficult to accurately estimate the proportion of adults who engage in sufficient levels of aerobic activity in the population, with survey-based estimates ranging from 22% in 1994 to 54% in 2018 and widely differing estimates from device-based measures. Recent accelerometer-based studies of physical activity and mortality risk provide new evidence that at least 50% of U.S. adults engage in enough aerobic physical activity to be at low risk for premature mortality. We argue that this observation should lend greater confidence to our current survey-based surveillance estimates, which indicate that a large proportion of adults is physically active. This new insight may also provide clues that could further strengthen our public health messaging for physical activity by placing more emphasis on the maintenance of healthy activity levels throughout life and possibly by using descriptive social norms as an additional intervention element--while continuing current efforts to encourage the adoption of healthy activity levels for less active adults in the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trans young adults of color experience systemic harm that contributes to negative health outcomes and hinders their ability to live freely. The present study used a grounded theory qualitative methodology rooted in a critical–ideological paradigm to understand the intersections of racial and gender oppression. Trans young adults of color from across the United States (N = 15; ages 20–29; majority racial identities: Asian, Black, and multiracial; majority gender identities: nonbinary and transmasculine) participated in a semistructured interview. Analyses identified a six-category empirical framework explaining major dimensions and processes of intersectional experiences of trans people of color. The core category, Reclaiming Creativity, reflected how trans communities of color use creativity to build their identities and communities beyond intersectional oppressive societal norms and imagine a better, more liberated world. The remaining five categories were Creating and Recreating Identity, Experiencing Discrimination and Its Impacts on Wellness, Surviving Oppression and Compromising Authentic Self, Embracing Identity Strengths, and Finding Liberation. They provided insights into the role of creativity within the intersectional experiences of trans young adults of color. In doing so, they provided directions to address structural injustice, pursue liberation, and allow creativity to flourish. Public Significance Statement: Interviews with a diverse sample of young adults found that trans people of color have complex experiences navigating the overlap of social stigma and harm from transphobia and racism. Participants used creativity to construct their identities, survive oppression, and create strength and joy. Particularly in the context of antitrans legislative attacks across the United States, these experiences should be recognized and honored by efforts to address structural injustice and inequity, promote rights and dignity, and create environments where the creativity of trans people of color can thrive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explored the role of perceived societal norms of multiculturalism in the engagement of cultural identity styles (hybridising‐HIS and altenating‐AIS) and, in turn, their impact on bicultural identity consolidation and cultural identity conflict. We examined 293 Chinese Americans' perceptions about the extent to which culturally diverse groups are in contact with one another (multicultural contact); whether diversity is valued and appreciated (multicultural ideology); and whether there are policies and practices that support and accommodate diversity (multicultural policies and practices) in the United States. Results from a path analysis showed that multicultural ideology was negatively associated with AIS and cultural identity conflict. Multicultural contact was positively associated with HIS and bicultural identity consolidation. Multicultural policies and practices had no significant associations. The findings underscore the important role of perceived societal acceptance of multicultural ideology and perceived norms of multicultural contact in managing cultural identities. Furthermore, the study highlights that perceived multiculturalism norms as societal‐level factors combined with individual‐level cultural identity styles can influence the identity outcomes of multicultural individuals. Further research into the role of perceived societal norms for both majority and cultural minority individuals in identity integration is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insufficient sleep on weekdays has become a societal norm, and studies have shown that sleep deprivation increases the risk of depression. Although individuals often resort to weekend catch-up sleep (CUS) as a compensatory measure, the present evidence supporting its efficacy in mitigating the risk of depression is limited. This article attempts to explore the relationship between CUS and depression. In this study, a total of 5510 participants were included, characterized into two groups: nondepressed (n = 5051) and depressed (n = 459), with data extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Compared with people without CUS, those practicing CUS exhibited a significantly lower risk of depression (OR = 0.81, P = 0.048). In subgroup analysis, this reduction effect was only observed in males (OR = 0.70, 95 % CI 0.05 to 0.99, P = 0.04), middle-aged (>40, ≤60) (OR: 0.57, 95 % CI: 0.40 to 0.81, P = 0.002), married or living with parents (OR: 0.61, 95 % CI: 0.44 to 0.86, P = 0.004), groups with three or more family members (OR: 0.69, 95 % CI: 0.52 to 0.93, P = 0.01), and individuals without alcohol intake (OR: 0.24,95 % CI: 0.09 to 0.67, P = 0.006). Therefore, in the realm of depression treatment, doctors may consider advising patients to get adequate sleep on weekends as part of their overall treatment plan. At the same time, individuals can also choose weekend sleep as a proactive strategy for regulating their psychological status. • The theme of the study focused on the topic of weekend catch-up sleep and mental health. • The results provided evidence for weekend catch-up sleep as a strategy for alleviating depression. • Weekend catch-up sleep was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of depression in middle-aged adults, men, and those with less sleep duration on weekdays. • The cross-sectional study was performed using data from a large representative sample based on the US population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior relational maintenance research primarily (a) considers only one family member's perspective, (b) explores introspective communication, and (c) examines romantic relationships among highly resourced white samples in the United States. This study considered low-income, Latina/o/x/e immigrant families' maintenance before, during, and after migration-related separation, using standpoint theory, social communication theory, and the long-distance relational maintenance model. We conducted semi-structured interviews with Latina/o/x/e parents and children who lived in separate countries (N  =   20 dyads). Findings cast light on temporal (e.g. fathers often provided little to no notice to children of the upcoming separation, complicating the families' ability to prospectively co-construct relational continuity) and cultural factors (e.g. endorsing traditional gender norms, relying on mothers to explain the separation to children after it had begun) in families' maintenance processes. This study offers new insight into how families communicatively construct "ongoingness" in their bonds despite emotional, technological, and legal challenges posed by migration-related separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between fall 2018 and spring 2023, the author conducted four survey studies on social work students' use, attitudes, and knowledge regarding social media: (1) a pilot study in fall 2018 (N = 57), (2) a comparative study in spring 2019 (N = 42), (3) a national survey study in fall 2019 (N = 430), and (4) a national replication survey study in spring 2023 (N = 287). The purpose of this article is to describe general observed trends across these four studies. Findings included persistent and pervasive use of social media, decreased knowledge of the impact of social media in undermining democratic processes, students' inverted concern for others' use of social media when compared with concern over their own use, diminished agreement with the importance of protecting personal data and treating data protection as a civil/human right, overall agreement that law enforcement should be able to use social media in the apprehension of people accused of committing a crime, decreased agreement that disinformation is a problem on social media, ambivalence toward social media's positive impact on society, and increased strong disagreement that students wish to delete their accounts but feel unable to do so. Recommendations are shared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although average body size in the U.S. has increased in recent decades, stigma directed at individuals with higher weight has not diminished. In this study, we explored this phenomenon by investigating the relationship between people's perceived social norms regarding higher weight and their reported levels of weight bias (i.e., anti-fat attitudes). Our predictions for perceived social norms drew on the concepts of intergroup contact and ingroup favoritism, which were also probed in this study. We hypothesized that both greater descriptive norms and more favorable injunctive norms regarding higher weight would be associated with lower reported weight bias. Individuals' quantity and quality of social contact with people with higher weight were also predicted to be associated with lower weight bias. Finally, we predicted that individuals who perceived themselves as heavier would display ingroup favoritism (i.e., report less weight bias). Participants (N = 272) from the United States completed a set of online questionnaires about their perceived social norms, social contact with people with higher weight, and explicit weight bias. We found support for each of these pre-registered predictions (ps < 0.03), and post hoc analyses revealed that quality, but not quantity, of social contact with individuals with higher weight was an important predictor of lower weight bias. Together, these findings provide insight into the social psychology of weight bias and help to lay a theoretical foundation for future efforts to reduce weight stigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural communities across the United States experience increased risk and prevalence of chronic diseases associated with both individual and community-based factors. Thus, there is a need for rural capacity development for chronic disease prevention. Traditional health promotion and intervention approaches often focus on diet-related health disparities from a positivist, evidence-based paradigm. To counter positivist bias within health promotion research, a hybridized approach is proposed using a critical-constructivist paradigm incorporating dialectical thinking, appreciative inquiry, and dialectical inquiry to address cultural and structural barriers, as well as community-based social norms, through evaluation of community-based health promotion interventions. Three dialectical models were identified through interviews with community coalition members: social ties, infrastructure, and worldviews, examining underlying assumptions and counter assumptions. By revealing the dialectic assumptions and counter assumptions within project implementation, practitioners can engage in constructive dialogue with communities to determine more effective and culturally responsive pathways for project development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenomenon: In 2011, the American Medical Association added a section on professionalism and social media (i.e., e-professionalism) to the Code of Medical Ethics. Given the constantly evolving nature of social media use, research is needed to explore the attitudes and behaviors of current medical students, for most of whom social media has been a central facet of interpersonal communication and society since they were born. The goal of the current study is to examine students' social media use and attitudes related to online professionalism. Approach: Two-hundred-twenty-two medical students completed a mixed-methods cross-sectional online survey assessing perceptions of professionalism on social media. The survey was informed using the theory of planned behavior and included validated measures of attitudes, norms, and perceived behavioral control related to social media use and online professionalism. We analyzed data using thematic analysis and descriptive statistics and t-tests were conducted using SPSS 26. Qualitative and quantitative data were integrated during the data interpretation phase. Findings: Quantitative results revealed that students had a positive attitude toward having a social media presence as medical students and future physicians. Students reported: positive attitudes toward sharing positive thoughts, posting photos with family members, and posting photos in white coats or scrubs; neutral attitudes toward posting personal and political opinions; negative attitudes toward posting photos with alcohol, commenting about colleagues or the workplace, using profanity, connecting with patients, and commenting about patients. T-tests revealed significant differences between what students consider to be professional online behaviors for themselves as medical students versus what they believe society will expect of them as a physician. Students reported strong perceived behavioral control regarding professional social media behavior. While students reported they would face some difficulty "cleaning up" some previous content, students strongly disagreed that people's opinions of their online professional image were beyond their control. The qualitative analysis revealed students' perceptions of (a) what it means to demonstrate "online professionalism," (b) the challenges they face related to social media, and (c) training and standards related to social media use. Insights: Overall, our study confirms that students would benefit from e-professionalism training that is not merely disciplinary, but offers them evidence-based recommendations for maintaining medical professionalism while also embracing their personal identity and the benefits of social media as a (future) physician. Policies, guidelines, and training programs should constantly evolve as social norms regarding online communication and online identities evolve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have examined behavioral and social drivers of COVID-19 vaccination initiation, but few have examined these drivers longitudinally. We sought to identify the drivers of COVID-19 vaccination initiation using the Behavioral and Social Drivers of Vaccination (BeSD) Framework. Participants were a nationally-representative sample of 1,563 US adults who had not received a COVID-19 vaccine by baseline. Participants took surveys online at baseline (spring 2021) and follow-up (fall 2021). The surveys assessed variables from BeSD Framework domains (i.e., thinking and feeling, social processes, and practical issues), COVID-19 vaccination initiation, and demographics at baseline and follow-up. Between baseline and follow-up, 65% of respondents reported initiating COVID-19 vaccination. Vaccination intent increased from baseline to follow-up (p <.01). Higher vaccine confidence, more positive social norms towards vaccination, and receiving vaccine recommendations at baseline predicted subsequent COVID-19 vaccine initiation (all p <.01). Among factors assessed at follow-up, social responsibility and vaccine requirements had the greatest associations with vaccine initiation (all p <.01). Baseline vaccine confidence, social norms, and vaccination recommendations were associated with subsequent vaccine initiation, all of which could be useful targets for behavioral interventions. Furthermore, interventions that highlight social responsibility to vaccinate or promote vaccination requirements could also be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Positive parenting and parental skill building are associated with child well-being and can be enhanced through community-based parenting interventions. Although parenting intervention access and participation are influenced by individual and community-level factors, little is known about how social norms around parenting predict support for parenting interventions and parenting programs. To better understand the association between personal beliefs, help seeking social norms and support for parenting interventions, we examined survey data collected through phone interviews of adults living in South Carolina, United States (n = 1,143). Methods: One-way ANOVAs assessed the relationship between personal beliefs and perceived social norms (what participants think are norms in their community) about seeking help for parenting and support for parenting interventions. Results: The extent to which personal beliefs and social norms related to parenting support were associated with parenting support was estimated using ordinary least squares regression models. After adjustment for demographic characteristics, awareness of where to go to get parenting knowledge and skills, believing that the government and other organizations should help parents who do not have support from family and friends, and believing that parents need support from family and friends "when parenting gets hard" all predicted support for believing that "all first-time parents should have the option of no cost in-home parenting support." Believing that parents need support from family and friends when parenting gets hard predicted support for state government tax credits for attending positive parenting classes. Discussion: Activating these specific norms can help home visiting and positive parenting program investment and use and can encourage positive parenting practices. Highlights: This exploratory study examines the extent to which individuals' beliefs about help-seeking social norms are relate to support for parenting interventions using South Carolina adults. Three beliefs about seeking help for parenting were associated with support for no cost, in-home parenting support for all first-time parents after adjusting for demographic characteristics and beliefs about seeking help for parenting, while one belief about seeking help for parenting was associated with support for state government tax credits for parents. Activating these specific beliefs may help investment in, and usage of, home visiting programs and positive parenting programs, which are widely recognized as prevention and early intervention programs that promote thriving children and families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This longitudinal study applied the integrated model of self-determination theory (SDT) and the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to explain COVID-19 preventive behaviours among parents of young children in the United States. The study adopted a two-wave longitudinal study design. Parents (N = 681) completed self-report questionnaires related to measures of SDT and the TPB constructs and behavioural adherence at baseline and after one month. We used standardised residual change scores to test the structural relationships of the integrated model. The parameter estimates of the model (CFI >.96, TLI >.86, RMSEA =.05, SRMR =.03) fit acceptably well to the data. Psychological need support was positively and significantly linked to autonomous and controlled motivation and amotivation. Autonomous motivation was positively and significantly correlated with TPB factors, and intention. Intention was a significant and positive predictor of behavioural adherence. The integrated model of SDT and the TPB appeared to be applicable to the explanation of COVID-19 prevention among the U.S. parents. Longitudinal data showed that a psychological need supportive social environment was related to favourable motivation, social cognition beliefs, intention and behavioural adherence to the preventive behaviours of parents protecting their young children from COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paying reparations to Black Americans has long been contentiously debated. This article addresses an unexamined pillar of this debate: the United States has a long-standing social norm that if an individual or community has suffered a harm, it is considered right for the federal government to provide some measure of what we term “reparatory compensation.” In discussing this norm and its implications for Black American reparations, we first describe the scale, categories, and interlocking and compounding effects of discriminatory harms by introducing a taxonomy of illustrative racial harms from slavery to the present. We then reveal how the social norm, precedent, and federal programs operate to provide victims with reparatory compensation, reviewing federal programs that offer compensation, such as environmental disasters, market failures, and vaccine injuries. We conclude that the government already has the norm, precedent, expertise, and resources to provide reparations to Black Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the boundaries between our online and offline lives are increasingly blurred, it is important to attend to the ways in which online behaviors shape our offline perceptions and actions. While a great deal of health communication research has examined the effects of exposure to specific social media content, it is also important to investigate how broader patterns of everyday social media use may affect perceptions of health norms and behaviors in different ways. In this panel survey, we explored how using social media for informational, connection, and aspirational purposes affected perceptions of COVID-19 vaccination norms and changes in vaccine intentions between December 2020 and March 2021 in the US Using social media to seek information and to connect with others positively influenced vaccine intentions via strengthening perceptions of offline social norms supporting vaccination. These findings highlight how social media use is integrated with and informs our offline lives, as well as the important role apolitical social media use plays in shaping attitudes toward politicized science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the association of physical activity with socioeconomic conditions, demographic factors, depression, and loneliness among older adults with diabetes in the United States. Using data from Wave 3 of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP), we found that male respondents, those with incomes greater than $100,000, and those with less depression were more likely to be physically active among older adults with diabetes. Education level and loneliness were not significant factors influencing physical activity among older adults with diabetes. This suggests that changing gender-based social norms and increasing awareness of the need for physical activity should be considered when designing physical activity interventions for older adults with diabetes and highlights the need for programs to reduce disparities in physical activity opportunities among low-income populations. It also suggests the need to further integrate programs to promote mental health, such as depression, into physical activity interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the benefits of classroom physical activity breaks on student health and academic outcomes, more research is needed to understand what factors may be associated with classroom physical activity break implementation, to bolster buy-in from school stakeholders and increase implementation. This quantitative study examined frequency of classroom physical activity break implementation in relation to (1) objectively measured teachers' physical activity and sedentary behaviors, (2) confidence for leading classroom physical activity breaks, (3) social norms (perceptions of other teachers' classroom physical activity break implementation), and (4) teacher- and school-level demographics. In total, 153 classroom teachers in 20 elementary and middle schools completed a survey including classroom physical activity break frequency, confidence, and social norms, one item each, dichotomized (1 = "most/all the time" OR "agree/strongly agree"). Accelerometry assessed total activity and daytime sedentary behavior. Analyses included multilevel binary logistic regression. Teachers were 90% female, 68% White, and 55% in elementary schools. Odds of implementing classroom physical activity breaks were lower among middle school teachers, 14 times greater among those with greater confidence, and over 17 times greater when teachers perceived others frequently implementing classroom physical activity breaks. Teacher activity was not associated with classroom physical activity break implementation. Future interventions to increase classroom physical activity break implementation should focus on increasing teachers' confidence to lead classroom physical activity breaks and creating more buy-in from classroom teachers to enhance each school's culture of health. By enhancing teacher confidence and social norms for implementing classroom physical activity breaks, we may increase school-based physical activity opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a nationwide sample of cisgender Black women in the US, we assessed the associations between social and structural factors and interest in using HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Among 315 respondents, 62.2% were interested in PrEP if it were provided for free. Positive social norms surrounding PrEP, including injunctive norms (perceived social acceptability of PrEP use) and descriptive norms (perceived commonality of PrEP use), were positively associated with interest in using PrEP. Concerns about HIV infection, recently visiting a health care provider, and comfort discussing PrEP with a provider were also positively associated with interest in using PrEP. Anticipating PrEP disapproval from others was negatively associated with interest in PrEP. Although PrEP can promote autonomy and personal discretion, Black women's PrEP-related decisions occur in a complex social environment. Black women may benefit from interventions to promote positive norms and attitudes surrounding PrEP at the community level and empower them in discussions with their providers about PrEP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does a mismatch between management and cultural norms lead to decreased engagement and productivity? Within both Germanic and Mediterranean cultural spheres, trust dynamics mirror deeply ingrained kinship patterns, which evolve slowly over time. The inclination to trust within one's own kin group is notably stronger among Mediterranean populations compared to their Germanic counterparts. Even as these populations migrated to regions such as Latin America and the United States, the distinct trust patterns persist. Germanic managerial methodologies rely heavily on trust‐based behaviors inherent to Germanic cultures, which may not find resonance within the Mediterranean cultural context. Consequently, such managerial approaches often prove less effective within Mediterranean clusters. In contrast, management practices that prioritize kinship dynamics, commonly seen among Mediterranean peoples, foster an environment of trust, teamwork, and a sense of collective responsibility. This approach necessitates fewer bureaucratic controls and cultivates heightened levels of engagement and performance in the workplace. These assertions draw from a synthesis of historical accounts, business literature, anthropological studies, as well as empirical evidence from sources such as the World Values Survey Wave 6 data and field research conducted over a 2‐year period within a Brazilian samba school setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High sensory processing sensitivity is a genetic temperament trait inherited by up to 30% of the population. Individuals with the trait, called highly sensitive persons, possess distinctive temperamental characteristics including increased depth of cognitive processing, overarousability, increased empathy and emotional responsiveness, and sensitivity to subtleties. Many of the traits associated with high sensory processing sensitivity conflict with dominant hegemonic masculine ideology in the United States. Despite this evident contradiction, there has been no research into the gender socialization experiences of highly sensitive men. This study sought to develop a greater understanding of the masculine socialization experiences of highly sensitive men through the use of interpretive phenomenological analysis. Fourteen highly sensitive men aged 25–79, M = 47, participated in a series of three semistructured interviews that focused on (a) their experiences with gender socialization as a highly sensitive boy/man, (b) their present experiences with gender norms, and (c) the personal meaning of their identity as a highly sensitive man. Analysis indicated four themes from participants' experiences: (a) gender role conflict, (b) negative self-evaluation and mental health concerns, (c) sensitive intersection with race and ethnicity, (d) sensitive code-switching. These findings suggest that highly sensitive men may face unique difficulties in relation to traditional masculine socialization, which lead to various psychological concerns. Additionally, these findings imply that hegemonic masculine norms create an inherently unsupportive environment for highly sensitive boys and men and that sensory processing sensitivity should be taken into consideration by researchers and clinicians in understanding the intersectional experiences of men. Public Significance Statement: Highly sensitive men reported unique challenges related to identity development and gender socialization, including gender role conflict, negative self-evaluation, mental health concerns, sensitive intersection with race and ethnicity, and sensitive code-switching. These findings imply that hegemonic masculine socialization in the United States creates an inherently unsupportive social environment for highly sensitive boys and men. In addition, findings suggest that high sensory processing sensitivity has a powerful impact on the developmental experiences of boys and men and that researchers, clinicians, and helping professionals should understand environmental sensitivity as a relevant piece of the intersectional identities of men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During public health crises, newspapers play the significant role of disseminating health information, shaping the public response to public health messaging, and encouraging efficacious risk-reducing behaviors. In conducting this study which explored early news media coverage of the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic, we analyzed the content of articles from 14 major U.S. newspapers published from January 21, 2020 to September 22, 2020. In addition to identifying the news frames employed by newspapers, including health risks, prevention/education, political/legal issues, economic consequences, societal problems, and medical-scientific issues, we also found alarmist and fear-mongering newspaper coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the impacts of COVID-19 on African American/Black populations and Hispanic/Latino populations in the reviewed articles were mostly framed from the economic loss and societal problem perspectives. Another common observation was the newspaper coverage's frequent focus on individualist explanations (e.g., health behaviors, lifestyles) for racial differences in COVID-19-related outcomes rather than systematic inequalities. Information concerning solutions to the disparities resulting from the pandemic was also limited. Essentially, our research results highlight how, during times of crisis, it is crucial for news media to convey accurate information to limit, mitigate, and reduce public harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to theories of international order-making, the most powerful states seek to institute global norms that suit their interests. Less appreciated, however, is that powerful states have also sought to undermine certain norms to maintain particular types of order. With their outsized influence in the international system, how do great powers resist emerging norms? This article presents a case illustration of US strategies to resist the reemerging anti-nuclear weapon norm. This norm was institutionalized in July 2017 with the adoption of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW). Though US strategies did not stop the norm from codification within the TPNW, US actions seek to maintain this norm in a state of limbo, whereby the norm does not become fully entrenched within the international system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to explore the motivation of highly physically active older adults based on the socio-ecological model, both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were aged 65 or older, engaged in at least 150 minutes of self-identified moderate to vigorous physical activity (PA) per week, and did not report any significant chronic conditions or cognitive impairment that would limit a participant's engagement in PA. Data were collected from January to March 2020 using in-person, one-on-one interviews (N = 19). The follow-up data were collected by e-mail in January 2021. Participants were asked via e-mail questions regarding changes in PA since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Individual traits are the primary motivational factors for PA. Highly physically active older adults had access to and utilized resources for PA and had social circles with other physically active older adults. While the COVID-19 pandemic had affected PA, overall participants tried to maintain their PA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The changing cannabis legal climate in the United States has been associated with increased prevalence of use, more favorable general attitudes, and cultural norms toward its use among young adults. The purpose of this study was to conceptualize salient beliefs governing illicit cannabis use within a state where medical use is legal and adult use remains illegal. Methods: Following an initial qualitative pilot, a prospective study (baseline and a 30-day follow-up) that utilized an electronic survey design was conducted. Students at a large US university (N = 514) completed a baseline assessment of cannabis use and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) constructs, and 169 completed the follow-up assessing actual behavior. Results: Roughly 60% reported illicit cannabis use. Attitude and subjective norms accounted for 57% of the variation in intention for cannabis use in the next 30 days, while intention and perceived behavioral control (PBC) explained 51% of the variation in prospective use. The majority of salient beliefs identified exhibited moderate to strong correlations with intention and behavior among the larger sample. Close friends and partners were identified as important referents, outcome expectations of relaxation, improved social functioning, and more enjoyment, as well as environmental factors, such as proximity to use, safe utilization location, and continued illegality of adult use exhibited strong associations to intention and behavior. Conclusions: The practical utility of the salient belief measures identified herein presents a useful foundation for interventions aimed at reducing illicit cannabis utilization among young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fat talk is a conversational interaction recognized through comments like "Does this make me look fat?" In the US, based on psychological lab-based investigations, fat talk is defined as highly damaging for women and actively targeted for various interventions. Using a discourse completion task (DCT), we present normative responses (N = 313) to fat talk prompts testing women's fat talk patterns across diverse languages and socio-cultural contexts. Based on replies from the DCT deployed in seven countries, we find that the normative response in all sites is always denial ("No, you aren't!") and often followed by additional reassurance ("you look good"). The consistency of findings suggests fat talk is an emergent global conversational form with shared, recognized rules among casual acquaintances. The normative denial response suggests positive functions where interactional fat talk reaffirms and reassures peer affiliation and membership. Ultimately, we suggest that fat talk may serve as a mundane rejection of everyday fatphobia; interventions posing fat talk as always harmful may simply reaffirm experiences of fat stigma by attempting to restrict the interpretation to only negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Korean caregivers value following teacher's direction, adapting to the new environment, and developing independence. • Korean caregivers prioritize positive relationship with teachers and peers. • Korean caregivers use workbooks and books in Korean and English to target early literacy, writing, and math skills. • Policies can be improved to support educators to understand and integrate families' culture and home-based practices. Koreans, as the seventh largest ethnic group in the United States, are underrepresented in educational research. There have been mixed findings on Korean caregivers' practices which may be due to several factors including both cultural as well as generational changes in how Korean caregivers raise and educate their child. As a part of a larger mixed-method study that examined the effects of school readiness program for Korean preschoolers in the U.S., the current qualitative study explored fourteen Korean caregivers' beliefs and practices related to school readiness through in-depth interviews. Findings revealed that Korean caregivers' beliefs related to school readiness included: (1) importance of relationships, (2) emphasis on rules and social manners, (3) early literacy as a foundation for different subject areas, and (4) English as a means for effective communication and adjustment to school.. In terms of practices, Korean caregivers reported (1) use of workbooks and tutoring (2) using naturalistic opportunities for social emotional learning; (3) developing a structured routine, and (4) use of sports and outdoor activities. Implications for culturally responsive, family-centered practice, policies, and research are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current study is to examine college student status (international vs. domestic) across alcohol social norms perception. Undergraduates (n = 3081) were recruited for the study. Most participants were female (69.9%) and White (98.2%), with the average age of participants was 19.97 (SD = 1.61). Approximately 17.3% (n = 534) of the students were international (i.e., nonresident alien who are in the US for a bachelor's degree). It is a cross-sectional study. International students reported significantly lower social norms than domestic students. International students in later college years reported norms closer to domestic students. International women endorsed social norms at a higher level than international men. Assimilation into U.S. drinking culture may be linked with increased support of drinking norms among International students. This study shows the importance of incorporating drinking norms prevention strategy and cultural diversity awareness training to increase international students' knowledge and prevent misconceptions. International students' social norms should be examined for future drinking interventions. Interventions for college drinking should target specific events and context with short-term increase in hazardous drinking behavior but long-lasting effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firearms are the leading cause of intimate partner violence-related murders of women in the US. This study aimed to understand differing consequences of partners' firearm possession on abused women and barriers women face in reporting threats to safety due to the partners' possession of a firearm. Additionally, the study explored participants' perceptions of effective approaches to risk assessments and safety planning with women who are at-risk for being harmed by their partners' possession of a firearm. Qualitative semi-structured interviews with 17 service providers and 45 immigrant women survivors of intimate partner violence were conducted. Data were analyzed using a content analysis procedure. Participants shared that the partners' possession of a firearm can increase risk for firearm-related injury or fatality in situations of escalation of violence. Abused women living with a partner with firearm possession live in constant fear or threat. The presence of a firearm can also be a trigger of unwanted memories of the past and can have legal and other consequences for survivors. Impediments to reporting threats to safety were barriers such as lack of knowledge of firearm-related risks and gender and social norms. The findings can be informative for safety planning with survivors of IPV whose partners own or have access to a firearm. Comprehensive assessment of risks and barriers can be used to develop individualized and tailored safety plans for survivors with a partner who possesses a firearm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A central premise of the first demographic transition theory is that demographic change would occur more slowly in rural than urban areas. Few studies, however, have investigated whether rural areas remain holdouts during the second demographic transition. To address this gap, this study (1) examines trends among rural and urban families in Canada and the United States over a 30-year period and (2) determines whether compositional differences in demographic, socioeconomic, and religious factors explain current differences between rural and urban families. We find that rural Canadian women continue to have, on average, 0.6 more children than urban women. However, rural families do not trail behind urban families on any other indicator of family change. In fact, rural women in both countries are now significantly more likely to cohabit and roughly 10 percentage points more likely to have children outside of marriage than urban women. These differences are largely explained by lower levels of education and income among rural American women and fewer immigrants in rural Canada. Examining family change through a rural–urban lens fills important empirical gaps and yields novel insights into current debates on the fundamental causes of ongoing family change in high-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fake news (FN) on social media (SM) rose to prominence in 2016 during the United States of America presidential election, leading people to question science, true news (TN), and societal norms. FN is increasingly affecting societal values, changing opinions on critical issues and topics as well as redefining facts, truths, and beliefs. To understand the degree to which FN has changed society and the meaning of FN, this study proposes a novel conceptual framework derived from the literature on FN, SM, and societal acceptance theory. The conceptual framework is developed into a meta-framework that analyzes survey data from 356 respondents. This study explored fuzzy set-theoretic comparative analysis; the outcomes of this research suggest that societies are split on differentiating TN from FN. The results also show splits in societal values. Overall, this study provides a new perspective on how FN on SM is disintegrating societies and replacing TN with FN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the development and feasibility of a digitally-based educational intervention, titled Recognize & Resist (R&R), for writers of One Direction (1D) fanfiction on Wattpad.com. The goal of R&R is to reduce the prevalence of social norms that are supportive of sexual violence within 1D fanfiction. 1D fanfictions, or fictional romance stories written by fans of this British boy band, have hundreds of millions of views on Wattpad.com. Formative research has found that social norms supportive of sexual violence are prevalent in 1D fanfictions and that some authors have internalized these norms. R&R aims to motivate 1D fanfiction writers to highlight sexual consent and egalitarian gender roles in their writing. To evaluate the intervention’s feasibility, 15 1D fanfiction authors completed a survey and participated in an interview or focus group. Results demonstrate R&R’s feasibility, with high ratings of its acceptability and demand. Insights from the interviews and focus groups provide suggestions for revising R&R before rigorously evaluating its efficacy. Additionally, results demonstrate the utility of using popular culture as a vehicle for attitude-change regarding sensitive health issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and suboptimal vaccine uptake rates are pressing public health challenges. Vaccine hesitancy has been observed for different vaccines. For COVID-19 vaccines, multiple factors influence vaccine uptake in the U.S. including political ideology. A more nuanced understanding of the factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake within political parties is needed. This study assesses the relationship between known vaccine hesitancy factors and vaccine uptake within two major political parties. Data from 804 U.S. participants in an online survey from June 2021 was used to assess the association between COVID-19 vaccine uptake (no dose vs. any dose) and categories of factors thought to influence vaccine uptake (sociodemographic variables, COVID-19 disease and vaccine belief variables, belief in COVID-19 prevention behavior variables, and social network features variables) for Republicans and Democrats using bivariate and multivariate regression. 65.4% of the sample reported having received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine (22.6% Republican and 52.1% Democrat). In the total sample bivariate model, Democrat participants had significantly greater odds of having received a dose of the vaccine as compared to Republican participants (OR = 2.51, 95%CI = 1.73–3.64). In adjusted models, the speed of vaccine development was negatively associated with vaccine uptake for both Republicans (aOR = 0.18, 95%CI = 0.06–0.57) and Democrats (aOR = 0.40, 95%CI = 0.19–0.86), as was concern about side effects from the vaccine (Republicans: aOR = 0.15; 95%CI = 0.05–0.47; Democrats: aOR = 0.14, 95%CI = 0.06–0.31). COVID-19 vaccine uptake among Republicans, but not Democrats, was associated with belief that the vaccine prevents COVID-19 (aOR = 3.29, 95%CI = 1.29–8.37) and belief about friends' vaccine intentions (aOR = 6.19, 95%CI = 2.39–16.05). There were no significant factors unique to Democrats. Concerns about aspects of COVID-19 vaccine safety for both political groups suggest that vaccine advocacy interventions should universally address these factors. However, Republican beliefs in vaccine efficacy and in friends' vaccine intentions suggest a need for Republican-specific messaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is substantial research on the nature of gender prescriptive and proscriptive stereotypes. However, there has been relatively little work on whether these normative stereotypes are equally attributed to men and women of different identities. Across two studies (total N = 928), we assessed the extent to which stereotypes are prescribed and proscribed for men and women of different sexual orientations (Study 1) and races (Study 2) in the United States. We asked participants to rate the desirability of possessing 70 traits based on an "average American." Although results showed the persistence of gender normative stereotypes in society, the normative nature of these stereotypes was influenced by sexual orientation and race. There was strong evidence of a heterocentric bias, as normative stereotypes of generic men and women most closely aligned with those of straight men and women. There was weaker evidence of a Eurocentric bias. Furthermore, observed gender differences in normative stereotypes were significantly smaller for sexually- and racially-minoritized targets compared to straight and White targets. These findings combined suggest that the practices and policies that attempt to address gender inequality might not be as effective for people with multiply-marginalized identities that face distinctly different patterns of normative pressures. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/03616843231187851. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bystander intervention—when someone intervenes to help in situations that pose a risk for harm—is a promising strategy for sexual violence prevention. In the current study, a sample of U.S. Army male soldiers (N = 10; ages 18–24) who engaged in at-risk drinking completed a 90-min individual semi-structured interview to understand the ways in which soldiers intervene to address risk for sexual violence. Two independent raters coded soldier responses using thematic analysis and identified eight main themes: (a) recognizing risk for sexual violence; (b) labeling situations as problematic and taking responsibility; (c) facilitators of intervention; (d) barriers to intervention; (e) intervention strategies; (f) reactions and consequences to intervention; (g) alcohol's influence on intervention; and (h) using bystander intervention to shift cultural norms. As soldiers reported noticing more extreme risks for violence, prevention interventions may help service members identify situations earlier in the continuum of harm. Soldiers anticipated intervening in a way that was physical and aggressive, which could facilitate physical altercation and result in collateral misconduct. Results from the present study reveal ways that bystander intervention programs for civilians can be tailored to address the unique individual, situational, and contextual factors relevant to the military. These findings also highlight the importance of teaching soldiers indirect and nonaggressive strategies for intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on linguistic and biocultural anthropological perspectives on embodiment, this paper advances a "biolinguistic" approach to ethnographic research on intimacy, attending simultaneously to the co‐constitutive interactive, psychophysiological, and phenomenological processes that emerge in everyday embodied interaction between long‐term, cohabitating romantic partners. Through concurrent attention to natural interactions captured during video ethnography and moment‐to‐moment shifts in heart‐rate variability, this study complements and complicates existing psychological, communication, and anthropological research on intimacy. Three case‐studies of long‐term couples residing in the Southeastern United States demonstrate how neither pure psychophysiology nor pure linguistic analysis fully encapsulates potential patterns of intimacy among them. Rather, this microanalytical, biolinguistic approach to the complexities of body and language interplay, in treating embodiment and interaction as bidirectional phenomena, emphasizes that meanings and enactments of intimacy might look different for each couple and can change over time in complex ways that index couples' enduring orientations towards various cultural and relational norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is substantial empirical evidence showing that peer effects matter in many activities. The workhorse model in empirical work on peer effects is the linear‐in‐means (LIM) model, whereby it is assumed that agents are linearly affected by the mean action of their peers. We develop a new general model of peer effects that relaxes the linear assumption of the best‐reply functions and the mean peer behavior and that encompasses the spillover, conformist model, and LIM model as special cases. Then, using data on adolescent activities in the United States, we structurally estimate this model. We find that for many activities, individuals do not behave according to the LIM model. We run some counterfactual policies and show that imposing the mean action as an individual social norm is misleading and leads to incorrect policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]