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This study examines which factors influence the number of master's programs being offered to complete the 150-hour accounting curriculum requirement and whether there is a link among the number of programs, accounting program performance, and market orientation. Survey responses were analyzed from 201 business school deans and accounting chairs from universities with undergraduate accounting programs in the United States. The results indicate that the number of accounting-related master's program offerings has increased in the last five years. The results also indicate that a significant relationship does not exist between the number of master's program offerings, accounting program performance, and market orientation, suggesting that quality, and not quantity, is important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, the mission of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention includes the development and implementation of prevention and intervention programs. While many of these initiatives include recreation, there remains no standard for recreation programs. The purpose of this study was to review the written authorities for each state to identify the minimum requirements for recreation programming in juvenile justice facilities. Among other discoveries, we found that across all states, there is not a shared definition of recreation, only 70% of states have daily mandatory minimums requirements, only 44% of states require youth be given time outside, and only 56% of states include justifications for denying youth access to recreation. Implications for professionals and researchers are discussed, as well as suggestions for further inquiry and the integration of recreation into the treatment process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bumper performance under low-speed impacts and pedestrian-to-vehicle impacts are regulated in the United States by Regulation Part 581 and ECE 127/GTR 9, respectively. These regulations possess a contradictory set of requirements. An ideal bumper structure should be stiff for the former scenario while exhibiting a softer response for the latter. Several energyabsorbing structures capable of passively adapting their mechanical responses were investigated using finite element modelling with complementary validation tests. The preferred structure consisted of a rectangular array of trapezoidal cells which buckle under single-cell impacts while resisting lateral deformation and increasing the structural stiffness under large-area impacts. A geometric study of this dissipater demonstrated the potential to increase total energy absorption by 37.3% by adding crossbars between adjacent cells. Additionally, a parametric study identified the upper cell angle and the ratio between wall thicknesses as critical parameters to consider when tailoring the mechanical response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Language & Law / Revista de Llengua i Dret is the property of Revista de Llengua i Dret and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the bridge design specifications of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials using the Load and Resistance Factor Design method, the loads and resulting force effects are given two-letter designations, e.g. "SE" for "force effects due to settlement". The same two-letter designation is used as a subscript to distinguish load factors, γ, to be applied to loads and other actions acting on the bridge. Thus, the load factor γSE is used to develop factored values of the additional induced force effects such as moments and shears in a bridge structure due to foundation movements. This paper presents the process to calibrate the SE load factor as a function of the target reliability index based on structural service limit states such as cracking in a bridge superstructure. In this process, the target reliability index, uncertainty in predicted movements, and user-specified deterministic tolerable movements are considered in a unified manner. The calibration process can be used for any analytical method and any pattern of movement. The calibration process is demonstrated by an example of immediate settlement for five analytical methods using a dataset based on 20 instrumented spread footings from 10 bridges in the northeast USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use requirements governing external audits in the US banking industry as a case study to illustrate the complexity of regulatory structure. Complexity reflects a flexibility that has been used to "tailor" regulations for particular categories of banks. But it appears to conflict with recent proposals to "rationalize" a system that is said to lack coherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Review of provisions for seismic qualification of BRBs prescribed in various codes. • BRB core strain (JP) is a more practical way to specify the deformation amplitudes. • The AISC (US) loading protocol specifies the largest target deformation amplitude. • Requirement of minimum cumulative inelastic deformation in JP code is the most severe. • EN 15129 (EU) loading protocol imposed the largest cumulative inelastic demands. • Two new loading protocols for qualification of BRBs with enhanced requirements. The paper presents a research on testing protocols for seismic performance assessment and qualification of buckling-restrained braces (BRBs). The purpose of the study was to propose new loading protocols that consider the most demanding performance requirements available worldwide. In this study, the loading protocols for qualification testing of BRBs prescribed in the codes of four countries/regions, United States, Europe, China, and Japan, plus a non-official Canadian loading protocol, were consulted. The review focused on the background and characteristics, such as the maximum deformation amplitude, deformation range, and number of cycles, of each loading sequence. Then, a database composed of 35 BRB specimens, selected from 16 past experimental studies, was compiled to perform a series of simulations of quasi-static cyclic tests of BRBs under the five different loading histories. The OpenSees platform was used to carry out the modeling, calibration, and analyses. The demands imposed to BRBs were evaluated in terms of cumulative inelastic deformation and cumulative dissipated energy. In addition, the cumulative distribution of the hysteretic energy was defined as a parameter for the assessment of the amplitude-growth rule of the loading protocols. Based on the code review and analyses results, a series of criteria were established and two new loading protocols, GLP-1 and GLP-2, were proposed. Results demonstrated that both proposed loading histories impose superior cumulative inelastic demands and showed a good agreement with the reference cumulative distribution of the hysteretic energy. Thus, they are recommended as loading protocols for BRB qualification testing with global applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There have been a number of prominent lawsuits challenging the use of neurologic criteria to declare death in the United States.Methods: To put these lawsuits into perspective, we conducted a search of Nexis Uni to identify cases from the past 50 years that involved objections to the use of neurologic criteria to declare death in the United States.Results: We identified lawsuits about 67 decedents (59 state and 8 federal) from 34 different regions which were filed for crime-related issues (n = 42), hospital-related issues (n = 20), insurance-related issues (n = 2), and other issues related to time of death (n = 3). The judicial opinions about the lawsuits addressed: (1) acceptance of the use of neurologic criteria to declare death (n = 55), (2) criteria to declare death (n = 3), (3) management of decedents after death by neurologic criteria (n = 13), (4) identification of the time of death (n = 4), and (5) rights of the dead (n = 3). The outcomes of these cases were heterogeneous.Conclusions: Since the incorporation of neurologic criteria into the medical practice of declaration of death, there have been a number of legal objections to its use. To avoid the rendering of variable opinions by the courts, there is a need for consistent legislative modification throughout the country to address (1) the specific criteria to use when declaring death by neurologic criteria, (2) management of religious objections to use of neurologic criteria to declare death, and (3) management after declaration of death by neurologic criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical decision support is a way to decrease inappropriate imaging exams and promote judicious use of imaging resources. The adoption of clinical decision support will be incentivized by requiring the use of approved mechanisms to qualify for Medicare reimbursement starting in January 2020. Insurance providers base their reimbursement policies on Medicare, so clinical decision support could soon become relevant to pediatric imaging. We present the process behind the American College of Radiology (ACR) Appropriateness Criteria (a set of appropriate use criteria developed by the ACR) that will form the basis for software that can be used to fulfill the criteria for clinical decision support. For most organizations, this software is expected to be the easiest way to implement clinical decision support. Clinical decision support will affect how providers order imaging exams. This article should help readers understand how clinical decision support is expected to change the practice of the ordering providers, how the ACR Appropriateness Criteria are related to clinical decision support and how the ACR Appropriateness Criteria are developed. This will help the interpreting radiologist better communicate with the referring clinician, including informing the latter about how the clinical decision support software is making decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many damaged bridges in the United States which are either structurally deficient or functionally obsolete and require replacement or rehabilitation, many using accelerated bridge construction (ABC) techniques. Before a bridge is replaced or rehabilitated, the old structure or component needs to first be demolished. Although the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification presents minimum bridge design requirements, there is limited information about bridge demolition available for designers and contractors in this field. More study is required to determine best practices in demolition administration and avoid further unintentional events. This study presents the results from a survey prepared and disseminated through a research effort under the Accelerated Bridge Construction University Transportation Center (ABC-UTC). This survey was sent out to all State Departments of Transportation (DOTs). The results of the survey reveal the need for additional guidance in bridge demolition administrations at a national level. According to the results of this study, contractors are the most important part of bridge demolition projects from injuries, fatalities, and responsibility point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss concepts, regulatory pathways, and some statistical methodological issues related to the concept of interchangeability in biosimilar development. Starting with key aspects reflected in health authority guidance documents, we summarize the definition and requirements in both the United States and European Union for interchangeability. The design of clinical studies for interchangeability will then be discussed. Furthermore, three scenarios of adaptive designs will be presented and summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article on the guidelines for reporting annual earnings on a subentity basis issued by both the U.S. Financial Accounting Standards Board and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The author has derived the conditions under the disaggregation of entity earnings into subentity earnings that can lead to gains in predicting annual earnings before extraordinary items and discontinued operations. The result of the study has provided both analytical explanation and an empirical confirmation of the previous consolidated (CN) versus segmented (SG) research. The result also presented that the SG profit information many not be useful for predicting CN profits.

The article discusses the result of an investigation on the process of engagement evaluation for staff auditors in the United States, in terms of weights attached by seniors to different criteria compared to normative weights and consensus and self-insights. The seniors, who participated in the experiment, rated the overall performance of hypothetical staff auditors they supervised in earlier engagements. Seniors were also asked to indicate the perceived significance of various staff auditor job dimensions and were selected by their firm through their availability.

The article provides information on a study which examined the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business faculty members' perceptions regarding the promotion and tenure criteria in comparison with that of perceived administrative promotion and tenure criteria. The results showed that faculty members ranked the criteria for promotion and tenure in the following order: teaching competence, excellence in scholarship, productivity in research and publications, non-academic accomplishments, contributions to college and community and quality of personal habits. The author concludes that the results show that faculty members disagree with the way the administration deals with promotion and tenure.

The article presents a letter from the U.S. Patent Office dated August 7, 1866 declaring the patent of an improved stretcher invented by the author. Specifications of the stretcher are given. Also outlined are the details on the invention including its the frame of hand-carriage stretcher constructed with a transverse joint, the application of a flexible arm-rest, and the axle-tree of the carriage wheels.

The Newtown massacre has raised the issue of gun violence to a fever pitch. While several states have responded with tough new controls on firearms, most states have loosened restrictions. This study explores what effect such changes might have on gun-related homicides in the United States. The results, based on panel data for the 50 states over the 2007–2010 period and estimated under several alternative model specifications, suggest that looser restrictions will likely do little to lessen the incidence of gun deaths but that tighter restrictions may produce a modest reduction in firearm fatalities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the means-plus-function patent claims jurisprudence in the U.S. Topics discussed include permitting to use a functional claim term in an apparatus patent claim, stricter requirements by United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to allow high-quality patents and effective enforcement by the courts, and requirement of functional language in an apparatus claim to be defined in structural terms in the specification.

Background Updating clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) is a crucial process for maintaining the validity of recommendations. Methodological handbooks should provide guidance on both developing and updating CPGs. However, little is known about the updating guidance provided by these handbooks. Methods We conducted a systematic review to identify and describe the updating guidance provided by CPG methodological handbooks and included handbooks that provide updating guidance for CPGs. We searched in the Guidelines International Network library, US National Guidelines Clearinghouse and MEDLINE (PubMed) from 1966 to September 2013. Two authors independently selected the handbooks and extracted the data. We used descriptive statistics to analyze the extracted data and conducted a narrative synthesis. Results We included 35 handbooks. Most handbooks (97.1%) focus mainly on developing CPGs, including variable degrees of information about updating. Guidance on identifying new evidence and the methodology of assessing the need for an update is described in 11 (31.4%) and eight handbooks (22.8%), respectively. The period of time between two updates is described in 25 handbooks (71.4%), two to three years being the most frequent (40.0%). The majority of handbooks do not provide guidance for the literature search, evidence selection, assessment, synthesis, and external review of the updating process. Conclusions Guidance for updating CPGs is poorly described in methodological handbooks. This guidance should be more rigorous and explicit. This could lead to a more optimal updating process, and, ultimately to valid trustworthy guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses validation strategies motivated and enhanced by the U.S. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency's (OCC) guidelines. According to the OCC's guidelines, a sound development process will produce documented evidence in support of all model composition choices, including the overall theoretical construction, key assumptions, data, and specific mathematical calculations

Considerable public concern has been expressed around the world about the radiation risks posed by the backscatter (ionizing radiation) and millimeter-wave (nonionizing radiation) whole-body scanners that have been deployed at many airports. The backscatter and millimeter-wave scanners currently deployed in the U.S. almost certainly pose negligible radiation risks if used as intended, but their safety is difficult-to-impossible to prove using publicly accessible data. The scanners are widely disliked and often feared, which is a problem made worse by what appears to be a veil of secrecy that covers their specifications and dosimetry. Therefore, for these and future similar technologies to gain wide acceptance, more openness is needed, as is independent review and regulation. Publicly accessible, and preferably peer-reviewed evidence is needed that the deployed units (not just the prototypes) meet widely-accepted safety standards. It is also critical that risk-perception issues be handled more competently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the opportunity to replace prescriptive codes and specifications with those based on performance has been widely discussed, currently only limited tools are capable of providing performance-based description of concrete behavior. This paper introduces a stochastic approach to relate the free shrinkage of concrete with anticipated cracking performance. This method proposes that shrinkage performance grades could be established to allow the designer to limit the probability of cracking based on free shrinkage as a first step. The probabilistic assessment of concrete cracking performance is further obtained from Monte Carlo simulations in which material properties (e.g., shrinkage, modulus, and strength) are treated as random variables with assigned predefined distributions. As a result of these simulations, user-friendly diagrams are obtained that can be further used by transportation agencies and contractors to predict field performance of concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kuznets hypothesis, that is, inequality first rises and then falls as the economy advances, is often tested by regressing inequality on income and its squared term (along with other determinants). Findings of a significantly negative coefficient on income and a significantly positive estimate on the quadratic term are commonly taken as evidence supporting the inverted-U Kuznets curve. Although intuitive, Lind and Mehlum (2010) argued that the conventional approach is flawed and proposed an appropriate test for a U-shaped association. We revisit the validity of the Kuznets hypothesis by applying the novel testing strategy of Lind and Mehlum (2010) to annual US data over the period 1917 to 2007. Inconsistent with the Kuznets hypothesis, the test results overwhelmingly reject the combined null hypothesis of an inverted-U or monotone relationship in favour of a U-shaped linkage between income inequality and economic development. Moreover, the results are robust to changes in inequality measures and functional specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Many health professional organizations now endorse influenza vaccination as a condition of employment in healthcare settings. Our objective was to describe institutional requirements for influenza vaccination of healthcare personnel (HCP) among US hospitals during the 2010-2011 influenza season. Methods. A survey was mailed in 2011 to a nationally representative sample of 998 acute care hospitals. An institutional requirement was defined as ''a policy that requires HCP to receive or decline influenza vaccination, with or without consequences for vaccine refusal.'' A weighted analysis included univariate analyses and logistic regression. Results. Of responding hospitals (n = 808; 81.0%), 440 (55.6%) reported institutional requirements for influenza vaccination. Although employees were uniformly subject to requirements, nonemployees often were not. The proportion of requirements with consequences for vaccine refusal was 44.4% (n = 194); where consequences were imposed, nonmedical exemptions were often granted (69.3%). Wearing a mask was the most common consequence (74.2% of 194 requirements); by contrast, 29 hospitals (14.4%) terminated unvaccinated HCP. After adjustment for demographic factors, the following characteristics remained significantly associated with requirements: location in a state requiring HCP to receive or decline influenza vaccine, caring for inpatients that are potentially vulnerable to influenza, use of ≥9 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-recommended, evidence-based influenza vaccination campaign strategies, and for-profit ownership. Conclusions. Influenza vaccination requirements were prevalent among hospitals of varying size and location. However, few policies were as stringent or as comprehensive as those endorsed by health professional organizations. Because influenza vaccination requirements are a viable alternative for hospitals unable to achieve high coverage through voluntary policies, there is still substantial room for improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the specifications for tax credits against the state taxes in the U.S. for the purpose of rehabilitation of historic buildings with reference to the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and the provisions of Internal Revenue Code (IRC). The statistical data on the rehabilitation projects and historic tax credits for the fiscal year 2009 is also discussed. The implementation challenges of such tax credits and the economic impact of historic preservation are mentioned.

The article focuses on the history of paper specifications of the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) in 1895-1980. It says that the Printing Act of 1895 has provided GPO the power to set and employ quality standards to obtain paper from the marketplace. It mentions that the Paper Specification of GPO specified paper composition as well as the initial acidity from at least 1950s onward. It adds that the specification offer enough data, which can be used to compare the paper selection of GPO.

Ship design is a highly intensive and complex process mainly due to the large number of components and competing requirements. With advancement in technology, design, and evaluation processes, more emphasis has been placed on obtaining not just a feasible design, but also an optimal one. Advanced design methods such as set-based design (SBD) can provide a structured approach to evaluating the design space in order to make accurate and informed decisions toward a more globally optimal design. This paper presents the general application of the SBD process for US Naval vessels as well as a specialized focus on changes in design requirements. Specifically, the two main objectives are an evaluation of how delaying decisions using SBD could cause higher adaptability to changes later in the design process and development of a tradeoff space for evaluating reduced sets. A design experiment that simulated cycles of the SBD process was developed and implemented to provide insight into this objective. The different stages of the experiment included determining intersections between design components in the design space, narrowing variable sets to eliminate infeasible regions, and evaluating the effects of changing design requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study to examine the characteristics of the U.S. companies that chose to provide optional disclosure of probable reserves. It states that the U.S. Security and Exchange Comminssion's (SEC) has developed supplemental disclosure requirements for companies with significant exploration and production activities. It concludes that the companies that disclosed probable reserves are distinguished by high levels of leverage.

The article offers information about the fair use as presented in the section 107 of the U.S. Copyrights Acts, which is implemented in libraries. It states that the law expects libraries to make evaluation based on four factors including the nature of the work, the goal or character of use, and the impact of use on the market. Moreover, it notes that section 108 of the Act, recommends several restrictions on the exclusive right of copyright holder.

The need to collect new data and perform new science is causing the complexity of NASA missions to continually increase. This complexity needs to be controlled via new technological advancements and balanced with a reduction in mission and operation costs. Planned and hypothesized missions involve self-management, biological-inspiration based on swarms, and autonomous operation as a means of achieving these goals. We consider a tailored software engineering approach to developing such systems based on agent-oriented software engineering and formal methods. We report on advances in modeling, implementing, and testing NASA swarm-based concept missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) or inter-vehicle communication (IVC) provides many brand new and powerful capabilities for transportation system applications. Safety massaging, as one of the capabilities, supports many potential safety applications such as emergency electronic brake lights, lane change warning, pre-crash warning. These applications require a low latency and high reliability communication service. In this paper, we first analyze these critical requirements. The under-development 802.11p for VANET is then discussed with respect to those requirements. An extensive research on the enhancements for 802.11 media access control (MAC) is conducted in order to show their suitability for safety applications. As a conclusion, a realistically feasible MAC enhancement scheme is still needed to achieve the high performance requirements and the compatibility. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study reported here examined the evaluation criteria used to assess the proficiency and effectiveness of the language produced in an oral performance test of English conducted in an American university context. Empirical methods were used to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively transcriptions of the Oral English Tests (OET) of 44 prospective Graduate Student Instructors (GSI). The language required to complete the tasks on the test was conceptualized from the functional perspective of transactional and interactional language use as defined by Brown and Yule (1989). Listening comprehension and pronunciation were also analyzed and scored. Stepwise logistic regression was used to determine the extent to which these linguistic features contributed to final ratings. These quantitative findings were then compared to 'real-time' written comments made by evaluators during the tests. Intuitive methods were then used to further explore those features of candidate performance attended to by evaluators: interviews were conducted with experienced evaluators to determine the features they judged necessary for communicating effectively in instructional settings. Results indicate that the three data sources converge on two main features - pronunciation and listening comprehension - that are important in describing and evaluating the proficiency of prospective GSIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Because hot flashes usually persist for years after menopause, a clinically meaningful hot flash therapy needs to have long-term efficacy; however, it is unclear for how long a therapy needs to be compared with a placebo before long-term efficacy can be reasonably deduced. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires a 12-week treatment period for industry-initiated hot flash trials, whereas most academic-initiated trials have ranged from 4 to 12 weeks. We have focused on reviewing nonhormonal hot flash trials to identify inadequate trial durations as a guide toward deducing adequate trial duration to reasonably assess for long-term efficacy. Methods: An electronic database search of MEDLINE, Web of Science, and PsycINFO was performed from 1966 to May 2009 to identify target studies showing a nonhormonal hot flash therapy to be effective at early time points only to become ineffective at later time points (i.e., showing short-term but not long-term efficacy) in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). The longest early time point of efficacy from the target studies plus 1 additional week would be considered the minimum treatment duration necessary to assess for long-term efficacy. Results: Of 2518 citations, 54 RCTs met our inclusion criteria, from which 3 target studies were identified. These 3 target studies evaluated Bellergal Retard (Sandoz, East Hanover, NJ), soy, and venlafaxine and showed times of 2, 6, and 7 weeks, respectively, when the nonhormonal compound last demonstrated efficacy before subsequently losing efficacy in a single RCT. Conclusions: This analysis supports a hot flash RCT duration of at least 8 weeks to reasonably assess a nonhormonal compound's long-term efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess adherence to screening mammography guidelines and examine predictors of having a mammogram in the past 2 years among immigrant Asian Indian women (AIW) aged ≥ 40 years. Methods: Face-to-face surveys of 418 AIW in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area were conducted. Subjects were recruited through Asian Indian (AI) religious and other community-based organizations. Results: Of the 418 AIW surveyed, 83% had ever had a mammogram, and 70% had obtained a mammogram within the past 2 years. AIW who had lived in the United States for > 10 years had a higher rate of obtaining a mammogram (75.4%) within the past 2 years than did those who had lived in the United States for ≤ 10 years (24.6%). In multiple logistic regression analysis, length of stay in the United States, marital status, knowledge of mammogram guidelines, age, having health insurance, physician recommendations, and number of relatives who had a mammogram were positively associated with having a mammogram within the past 2 years. Physician ethnicity and not having a healthcare provider were negatively associated with having a mammogram within the past 2 years. Conclusions: This study lays a foundation for designing guidelines for interventions to improve mammography screening behaviors among AIW women. Increasing the use of mammogram to the levels recommended by guidelines will require a two-pronged approach directed at both AIW and AI physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the origin and development of Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP). It states that the institution has conducted researches that made significant contributions to modern recognition of the role of nutrition in both chronic disease and infections. Moreover, its early researches will include marasmus, amino acid requirements, and antherosclerosis.

Abstract: The transverse structure of exchange flows and lateral flows as well as their relationship to the subtidal variability are investigated in a subtropical inlet, Ponce de Leon Inlet, Florida. Two surveys were executed during different phases of the tidal month to determine the spatial structure of subtidal exchange flows. Data from fixed moorings were used to depict the temporal variability of the spatial structure established in the surveys. The data suggested a tidally rectified pattern of net outflow in the channel and inflow over shoals with a negligible influence of streamwise baroclinic pressure gradients on the dynamics and slight modifications due to the wind. Onshore winds strengthened net inflows but weakened net outflows, rarely reversing them, while offshore winds increased net outflows and weakened net inflows. Curvature effects were found to be important in modifying secondary circulations. Slight modifications to the secondary flows were also caused by stream-normal baroclinicity during one survey. Most important, the intensity of the exchange flows was modulated by tides, with the largest exchange flows developing in response to the strongest tidal rectification of spring tides. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]