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Sepsis is one of the largest health crises of our time, and an ideal group to fight it are the innovators who comprise IEEE. That is the assessment of Timothy G. Buchman (), Ph.D., M.D., an expert on the infection-triggered condition that each year claims the lives of more than 11 million people worldwide, including more than 350,000 in the United States. “IEEE is a wonderful catalytic environment for biomedical specialists, engineers, computational scientists, epidemiologists—lots of people in different disciplines—to say, ‘What can we do today?’ The next breakthrough technology is already on somebody’s lab bench. It just hasn’t been connected to the problem,” he remarked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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New energy vehicles (NEVs), owing to their low carbon emission, have gained immense importance to achieve the net-zero emission target. The global NEVs market has grown significantly over the last decade. China, the United States (US), and Europe are the leading markets for NEVs. This study systematically and critically reviews NEV literature on consumer behavior pertaining to NEV adoption. An attempt is made to uncover the current research trends, research settings, theoretical perspectives, and key factors influencing consumer behavior towards NEVs. These factors are further categorized into five broad factors: (a) economic factors, (b) policy and regulatory factors, (c) psychological factors, (d) infrastructural and technological factors, and (e) demographic factors. Through a critical analysis of existing theories, this study delineates the complex phenomenon of consumer behavior towards NEV adoption, offering a holistic understanding of the key factors influencing consumer behavior. This review suggests that purchasing price, charging infrastructures, consumers' attitudes towards the environment, and government policies are decisive to NEV adoption. This study contributes to the NEV adoption literature by proposing an integrated theoretical framework. Further, it outlines the managerial and policy implications for transitioning towards NEVs to achieve net-zero emission targets., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this article is to shed more light on the effects of technological innovation on economic progress from the institutionalist perspective. Based on historical data on economic growth and technological changes in the United States, we question the assumption of mainstream economics that innovation, performed by profit-making enterprises, is a key source of productivity growth. The difference between the golden age and the period since suggests that economic progress is primarily determined by a successfully functioning institutional structure and progressive institutional changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental sustainability is a key target to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs). However, achieving these targets needs tools to pave the way for achieving SDGs and COP28 targets. Therefore, the primary objective of the present study is to examine the significance of clean energy, research and development spending, technological innovation, income, and human capital in achieving environmental sustainability in the USA from 1990 to 2022. The study employed time series econometric methods to estimate the empirical results. The study confirmed the long-run cointegrating relationship among CO 2 emissions, human capital, income, R&D, technological innovation, and clean energy. The results are statistically significant in the short run except for R&D expenditures. In the long run, the study found that income and human capital contribute to further aggravating the environment via increasing CO 2 emissions. However, R&D expenditures, technological innovation, and clean energy help to promote environmental sustainability by limiting carbon emissions. The study recommends investment in technological innovation, clean energy, and increasing R&D expenditures to achieve environmental sustainability in the USA., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Organizational leaders routinely note the critical importance of human capital in enabling successful innovation outcomes. However, strategic human resource management (SHRM) practices, especially in large firms, often are not aligned with practices that facilitate breakthrough innovation (BI), where uncertainty, ambiguity, and risk of failure are high. In this paper, drawing from the motivation–opportunity–ability (MOA) framework, we identify and delineate SHRM practices that are likely to affect BI outcomes in firms. These include career risk mitigation, extrinsic rewards (motivation), idea generation facilitation (opportunity), innovation talent development, and managerial ambidexterity development (ability). We theorize that while these SHRM practices may directly affect BI outcomes, these effects are likely to be modulated by the broader organizational context, specifically, the degree of organizational conservatism. We test our hypotheses using survey data collected from 79 U.S.-based multinational firms and find that first, the impacts of career risk, extrinsic rewards, and innovation talent development on BI outcomes vary with the firm's degree of conservatism. Second, developing ambidextrous talent among middle managers positively influences BI outcomes, irrespective of the firm's level of conservatism. Overall, our study provides a basic framework to understand how SHRM practices can be leveraged to influence innovation under varying degrees of conservatism in organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have debated the relative importance of technology push and demand pull policies in the adoption of environmental technologies. Here, we examine how internationally distributed technology push and demand pull policies interact to support the diffusion of a renewable energy technology. We analyze 40 years (1974–2013) of solar photovoltaic policies in three countries: USA, Germany, and China. We identify four phases of international policy interactions: in Phase 1 (1974–1990), the USA launched technology push policies; in Phase 2 (1991–2003), Germany pioneered demand pull policies; in Phase 3 (2004–2008), China responded to international market incentive programs with a scaling up of manufacturing; and in Phase 4 (2008–2013), Germany reduced whereas China increased demand policies. Our contributions are threefold: First, we demonstrate the importance of “manufacturing push” alongside the standard technology push and demand pull factors; second, we show how global adoption was spurred by the complementarity of policy efforts across national boundaries, while considering the tradeoffs in climate change policy between increasing global environmental welfare and improving national economic development; third, we demonstrate three generic patterns of cross-national policy complementarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nineteenth and early twentieth century American governments—local, state, and national—profoundly shaped diffusion of novel mathematical instruments. The federal government ran an office that judged what inventions were patentable and a legal system for those who defended or challenged patent rights. Governments at all levels employed inventors. Sometimes new laws required extensive calculations promoting invention and sale of computing instruments. Governments were customers for mathematical instruments ranging from teaching apparatus to adding and calculating machines to harmonic analyzers to tabulating machines. They not only bought goods, but set standards for what they would purchase. Government buyers also offered testimonials to businesses. From the 1890s, ant.itrust legislation led to some federal government oversight of corporations. Historians usually rely on documents to tell this story. This paper begins from objects—a few known only from patent descriptions, but most surviving in museum collections. This perspective complements rich existing accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American automobile industry is facing substantial environmental and energy challenges driving the pursuit of alternative powertrain technologies—“The intervening mechanism by which power is transmitted from an engine to a propeller or axle that it drives,” which nominally includes engine, transmission, drive shafts, differentials, and the final drive. Emerging alternative fuel vehicles are showing their potential to address these challenges. However, diffusion of new technologies has many complications. This paper uses system dynamics modeling to investigate the impacts of individual and organizational parameters. This model embeds two traditional modeling methods for technology adoption, the Bass diffusion model and multinomial logit regression method. Five types of powertrain systems and three major stakeholders are considered. Mathematical relationships among different variables are elaborated. The qualitative impacts of government feebate, manufacturer willingness, and consumer purchasing preferences on economic and environmental issues are addressed using scenario analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States is hailed as providing the most advanced health care the world has to offer. With cutting-edge medical devices, groundbreaking procedures, and innovative technologies, our hospitals and medical centers define what the global community sees as modern biomedicine. Engineers and clinicians continue to push and reshape this standard with new inventions enabled by a rapidly developing knowledge base. However, the fruit of this advancement has not benefited Americans equally. Millions still face significant obstacles to access health care, and our rural communities in particular have been left behind (see also "The Challenge of Rural Health Care"). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incubators, accelerators, innovation centers, launch pads. Everyone defines the idea a bit differently, but, generally, these infrastructures refer to a subsidized space where fledgling companies get support?a combination of mentorship, funding, low rent, networking opportunities, and other training?with the goal of propelling early businesses to success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing in the U.S. It mentions its involvement in user rights activism, international law and digital rights management (DRM). An overview of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) and the case A&M Records Inc. v. Napster Inc. is also presented.

Several cases involving intellectual property were argued before the US Supreme Court in early 2014, and decisions have just been released. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/Ppi0tzRnLQU is an audio recording from the Computing and the Law column, in which author Brian M. Gaff provides an audio recording of the Computing and the Law column, in which he discusses how several cases involving intellectual property were argued before the US Supreme Court in early 2014, and decisions on some have just been released. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose – Given the importance of technology implementation and usage in managing and leveraging supply chains and the associated difficulties of diffusing information technology (IT) within and across organizations, little research has been conducted to understand the antecedents of technology adoption, particularly in the supply chain context. The purpose of this paper is to extend the understanding of how organizational factors affect post-adoption behaviors, a process collectively defined as internalization. Design/methodology/approach – A mail survey of 413 supply chain members of a major US automotive company was conducted to test the model. Findings – The study finds that relative cost, supply chain orientation, and task-technology fit have a direct effect on extended technology usage or internalization of the technology. Research limitations/implications – Although the study sample was collected from the supply chain base of the largest automotive manufacturer in the world, its generalizability is limited as it represents a single tier of one supply chain. The sample consists of suppliers from North America, which restricts generalizability to companies in that geographic area. Practical implications – The research findings suggest that managers can influence post-adoption behaviors through seamlessly fitting the technology to the employee's tasks, communicating the advantages of utilizing the technology to its users, and developing an orientation of supply chain activities. Originality/value – While previous research focuses more on technology adoption, the present study extends previous research by looking into technology internalization, a process related to the effective and consistent use of a technology over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Good public health ensures an efficient work force. Organizations can ensure a prominent position on the global stage by staying on the leading edge of technological development. Public health and technological innovation are vital elements of prosperous economies. It is important to understand how these elements affect each other. This research study explored and described the relationship between these two critical elements/constructs. Methods: Indicators representing technological innovation and public health were identified. Indicator data from 2000 to 2009 were collected from various US federal government sources, for the four US Census regions. The four US Census regions were then compared in terms of these indicators. Canonical correlation equations were formulated to identify combinations of the indicators that are strongly related to each other. Additionally, the cause-effect relationship between public health and technological innovation was described using the structural equation modeling technique. Results: The four US Census regions ranked differently in terms of both type of indicators in a statistically significant manner. The canonical correlation analysis showed that the first set of canonical variables had a fairly strong relationship, with a magnitude > 0.65 at the 95% confidence interval, for all census regions. Structural equation modeling analysis provided β < -0.69 and Student's t statistic > 12.98, for all census regions. The threshold Student's t statistic was 1.98. Hence, it was found that the β values were significant at the 95% confidence interval, for all census regions. Discussion: The results of the study showed that better technological innovation indicator scores were associated with better public health indicator scores. Furthermore, the study provided preliminary evidence that technological innovation shares causal relation with public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research calls for more attention to organizational contexts 'moderating effects on a relationship between diversity in antecedent knowledge and resultant new knowledge generation. The authors examined 11,939 firms granted 103,952 U.S. patents between 1975 and 1999, and founda stronger positive association between the diversity and resultant new knowledge s degree of usefulness under the context more strongly characterized with extensive search efforts (i.e., U.S. applicants). Under the context more strongly characterized with selective appropriation (i.e., non-U.S. applicants), the study found a weaker inverted U-shape association between the diversity and resultant new knowledge's variability in usefulness. Author s findings show that it is important to properly control for the effect of such organizational contexts for a more conclusive explanation on the role of antecedent knowledge diversity in new knowledge generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on the growth in government-funded research and development (R&D) activities in the U.S. and its impact on the publication of the "Proceedings of the IEEE." The R&D funding support evolved parallel to the number of papers submitted by engineers and scientists for publication in the journal after World War II. Research addressed the need to strengthen national security under the auspices of the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD).

The clinical activities that constitute longevity making in the United States are perhaps the quintessential example of a dynamic modern temporality, characterized by the quest for risk reduction, the powerful progress narratives of science and medicine, and the personal responsibility of calculating the worth of more time in relation to medical options and age. This article explores how medicine materializes and problematizes time through a discussion of ethicality-in this case, the form of governance in which scientific evidence, Medicare policy and clinical knowledge and practice organize first, what becomes 'thinkable' as the best medicine, and second, how that kind of understanding shapes a telos of living. Using liver disease and liver transplantation in the United States as my example, I explore the influence of Medicare coverage decisions on treatments, clinical standards, and ethical necessity. Reflexive longevity-a relentless future-thinking about life itself-is one feature of this ethicality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines how associations influence industry conditions in order to further member interests. We demonstrate that, when threatened by technological change, associations will attempt to shape industry conditions in order to suppress the adoption of threatening practices or policies. We propose that they do so by engaging in a multidimensional framework of influence directed towards public institutions. Their actions include agenda setting and influencing public policy to further member interests. Our framework is illustrated with actions taken in the USA by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in response to peer-to-peer file sharing technology and its use in the transfer of copyrighted music files. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We argue that the decision of inventors to build upon a pioneering technology is a function not just of technical merit but also of social forces. The identification of technological predecessors in the patenting process (i.e., prior art) goes beyond merely delineating legal boundaries of a technological claim; the act, we posit, also provides a roadmap for potential inventors to follow. Thus, in technologies where such a roadmap does not exist (i.e., “new to the world” technologies), innovative impact is stifled as compared to technologies where such roadmaps are preserved (i.e., “new to the firm” technologies). To build our story, we distinguish between two types of radical technologies—globally radical technologies (GRTs) and locally radical technologies (LRTs)—and juxtapose them in an exploration of the technology's cumulative impact of entrepreneurial firm invention. Results from a negative binomial regression analysis of inventions in the U.S.-based biotechnology industry show that LRTs are far more likely to be cited in the long run than GRTs, as hypothesized. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Coal-fired power plants contribute significantly to particulate matter emissions, which are regulated in the U.S. with emissions standards set by individual states. The theoretical literature generally, though not always, finds that standards offer inferior incentives to develop and adopt technological innovations, especially in end-of-pipe pollution control. This analysis empirically tests for cost-saving innovations in the operating, capital, and lifetime costs of flue gas particulate collectors. Results suggest that operating costs have fallen over time, capital costs have increased, and that these changes have led to no statistical change in lifetime costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the performance implications of the alliance networks of 49 firms that competed for two technology standards in the U.S. local area network industry from 1989 to 1996. During the race to define a dominant design, individual firms attract the suppliers of complements by building alliance networks to favor the firms' preferred technology standard. Controlling for the number of suppliers in each technology standard community and the extent of technical progress achieved by individual firms, the panel data analysis shows that central firms with high ego network density, coupled with a strategic intent to acquire and share knowledge broadly within the technological community, achieve better innovation performance. The size of the technological community and some random events in the early formation of the industry do not provide a sufficient explanation of how these firms gain the diverse support of suppliers or enhance their competitive advantage. By demonstrating the independent and contingent effects of alliance network properties, this study explains how network patterns might enhance or limit the benefits of alliance networks when focal firms embrace different innovation strategies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is the analysis of a sort of document and scientific and technological result: the patent. Proposing a group of specific indicators to this source to go deeper in the discovery of technological knowledge in big data bases and also from the analysis of their results; a greater international cover for innovative decision making in business, industry and academy. The Cuban patents issued in the United States in the last ten years are taken as study case in order to validate the proposal and its intentions and from that information the most important producer and dealers of technologies in Cuba, the most productive research centers and researchers, as well as the most innovative provinces or regions, also obtaining the cooperation between institutional sectors and researchers, the most innovative subjects and so on; this allows a greater number of indicators, a greater discovery of technological knowledge and the comprehensive description of the innovative activity in the analyzed domain; at the same time this allows to count on greater number of possibilities when making strategic decisions. This kind of analysis provides more reliable and consensual criteria which are also more advantageous for decision making in relation to innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss the ability of the nation's measurement system to meet future metrology needs of the semiconductor industry. Lacking an acceptable metric for assessing the health of metrology for the semiconductor industry, we identify a limited set of unmet measurement needs. Assuming that this set of needs may serve as proxy for the galaxy of semiconductor measurement needs, we examine it from the perspective of what will be required to continue the semiconductor industry's powerful impact in the world's macroeconomy and maintain its exceptional record of numerous technological innovations. This paper concludes with suggestions about ways to strengthen the measurement system for the semiconductor industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the developments related to the national metabolism and communications technology in the U.S. Emergy evaluation was employed to measure national metabolism of the U.S. during the past two centuries. Estimation of the national metabolism required to develop and maintain the broad-use of four communication technologies. National metabolism of the US grew exponentially from 1790 to 2000, increasing 1600 per cent during those 210 years. It required to develop and maintain use of satellites, radios, televisions and telephones approached a minimum, indicating that limits to efficiency improvements exist and that the ubiquity of large-scale technologies surviving under future resource limitations is doubtful.

This study explores how innovations surrounding supply chain communication systems (SCCS) affect channel relationships and market performance. Drawing on the resource-based view of the firm, the study hypothesizes that certain SCCS innovations can be viewed as firm re- sources that enhance channel capabilities, which in turn affect a firm`s market performance. The empirical research is based on 184 responses from a survey with U.S. supply chain and logistics managers using structural equation modeling as the analytic method. The results suggest that the effect of applied technological SCCS innovations on channel capabilities is mediated by interfirm systems integration. In contrast, administrative SCCS innovations enhance information exchange and coordination activities directly. Furthermore, the influence of applied technological innovations for SCCS is not strong enough to affect either responsiveness of the partnership of firm performance, whereas administrative innovations for SCCS affect both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In general, the structural and behavioral patterns of technological innovation are idiosyncratic across industrial sectors and dynamic over time. Yet, despite voluminous amounts of previous research, patterns of innovation are hard to standardize or theorize. The objectives of this article are two-fold. One is to investigate distinctive and changing patterns of technological innovation across industries and observe dynamic trends over time. The other is to identify patterns of relationships among industries and examine the roles of respective industries. To this end, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patent database was used and patent citation analysis applied. The idiosyncratic differences among industrial sectors are highlighted, especially between conventional manufacturing sectors and science-based sectors. We also found changing trends in technological knowledge flows across industries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

When organizations make important changes, such as introducing products based on new technologies, they may gain strategic advantages but they also experience disruptions. We argue that these disruptions are especially strong when organizations introduce multiple products simultaneously, leading to a temporary increase in the hazard of organizational failure. To test this hypothesis, we study the effects of new product introduction on the survival of U.S. semiconductor manufacturers. We find that having a large number of products--especially innovative products--lowers organizational mortality rates, but that mortality rates increase because of the simultaneous introduction of multiple products. This hazard is substantial, amounting to an increase in the market exit rate of over 40 percent for the 'average' case of simultaneous product innovation. These results are robust in models that control for a wide variety of other factors. Our findings call into question the idea that organizations can overcome disruptions from structural inertia by introducing multiple products simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the role of the society for risk analysis in the emerging threats to critical infrastructures in the United States. One can think of no greater hazards and risks to society than the threats to the functionality and survivability of critical infrastructures, and the associated potential catastrophic consequences. It is opined that the risk management associated with critical infra- structures raises several fundamental philosophical and methodological issues. Good management of a technological system must address the holistic nature of the system in terms of its design and architecture along with its hierarchical, organizational, and fundamental decision-making structure. Also to be considered are the multiple noncommensurate objectives, subobjectives, and sub-subobjectives. These include all types of important and relevant risks; the various time horizons; the multiple decision-makers, constituencies, power brokers, stakeholders, and users; and the institutional, legal, and other socioeconomic conditions.

There were some interesting developments last year in intellectual property law, and 2014 is shaping up to bring about some significant court decisions, particularly in patent and copyright law. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/Od5gQNnD_8Y is an audio recording from the Computing and the Law column, in which author Brian M. Gaff discusses recent intellectual property court cases, particularly regarding patent and copyright law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health care in the United States and in most other developed countries is ailing, says Regina E. Herzlinger. A chaired professor of business administration specializing in health care at Harvard Business School, Herzlinger says that although the world has witnessed astonishing advances in medical treatment in recent years, the packaging and delivery of health care is still inefficient, ineffective, and not very consumer friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents a reprint of the article that involves the patent rights history that connects with government contracting and several laws for their invention rights by W. Samuel Niece, which appeared in the previous issue. The Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals (ASBCA) is played an important role in upholding decision of the patent right policy in the U.S. It demonstrates the proper procedure in prescribing Patent Rights.

Following the adaptation of the Paris Agreement at COP21, it was noted that the traditional measures of carbon emissions have several limitations; and a reliable and relevant carbon emissions measurement is important to formulate a response to the challenge of climate change. This study, therefore, explores the relationship between international trade and consumption-based carbon emissions, which is a trade adjusted indicator; and measures the outflow and the inflow of emissions through exports and imports separately. We also include technological innovation in the model to understand its impact on consumption-based carbon emissions. The results show that exports and consumption-based carbon emissions are negatively associated, and technological innovation helps reducing the adverse effect of CO 2 growth. In contrast, Imports and gross domestic product are positively linked with consumption-based carbon emissions. The findings also suggest the countries which embraced the Paris Climate Agreement must focus on consumption-based carbon emissions rather than the production-based carbon emissions. • We employ ARDL bound test and error correction model to analyze consumption based carbon emission in USA. • Consumption-based carbon emission is a reliable and more appropriate measure of climate change. • Technological innovation is an important factor in formulating policy response to combat climate change. • Exports play a positive role and help reducing carbon emission. • United States of America (USA) is the net importer of carbon emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patents are important intellectual property protecting technological innovations that inspire efficient research and development in biomedicine. The number of awarded patents serves as an important indicator of economic growth and technological innovation. Researchers have mined patents to characterize the focuses and trends of technological innovations in many fields.Objective: To expand patent mining to biomedicine and facilitate future resource allocation in biomedical research for the United States, we analyzed US patent documents to determine the focuses and trends of protected technological innovations across the entire disease landscape.Methods: We analyzed more than 5 million US patent documents between 1995 and 2017, using summary statistics and dynamic topic modeling. More specifically, we investigated the disease coverage and latent topics in patent documents over time. We also incorporated the patent data into the calculation of our recently developed Research Opportunity Index (ROI) and Public Health Index (PHI), to recalibrate the resource allocation in biomedical research.Results: Our analysis showed that protected technological innovations have been primarily focused on socioeconomically critical diseases such as "other cancers" (malignant neoplasm of head, face, neck, abdomen, pelvis, or limb; disseminated malignant neoplasm; Merkel cell carcinoma; and malignant neoplasm, malignant carcinoid tumors, neuroendocrine tumor, and carcinoma in situ of an unspecified site), diabetes mellitus, and obesity. The United States has significantly improved resource allocation to biomedical research and development over the past 17 years, as illustrated by the decreasing PHI. Diseases with positive ROI, such as ankle and foot fracture, indicate potential research opportunities for the future. Development of novel chemical or biological drugs and electrical devices for diagnosis and disease management is the dominating topic in patented inventions.Conclusions: This multifaceted analysis of patent documents provides a deep understanding of the focuses and trends of technological innovations in disease management in patents. Our findings offer insights into future research and innovation opportunities and provide actionable information to facilitate policy makers, payers, and investors to make better evidence-based decisions regarding resource allocation in biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new procedure for contesting the validity of patents was instituted under the American Invents Act (AIA) of 2011. In the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board can conduct a proceeding for the review on the validity of a patent instituted by a party other than the patent owner. The proceeding is called an inter partes review proceeding. [1] While it may be considered a review, nevertheless it is a trial before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board and is litigation focused on the patent validity issues. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The study of ownership in the history of computing presents a rich opportunity to analyze the interplay between IP and technological development. Although historians of computing usually acknowledge the importance of this area, the broader history of ownership and computing has been generally overlooked. This Think Piece shows how historians of computing can draw from, and contribute to, work on the history of ownership. The author focuses on the period between the 1940s and 1980s, during which the legal frameworks for the ownership of machines and programs that we know today began to develop. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Multiple innovations will be required to navigate the challenging road to developing exascale systems. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The first in a series of three articles provides basic points to keep in mind when filing for a patent. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

By implementing a dynamic, iterative development process, technology transfer offices can earn additional value and recognition for their institution, bring commercially viable and valuable technologies to the marketplace, support local economic development, and earn funding to support future projects. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]