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Experiencing housing instability, food insecurity, and financial stress can negatively impact retention in care and treatment adherence for people living with HIV. Expanding services that support socioeconomic needs could help improve HIV outcomes. Our objective was to investigate barriers, opportunities, and costs of expanding socioeconomic support programs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with organizations serving U.S. Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program clients. Costs were estimated from interviews, organization documents, and city-specific wages. Organizations reported complex patient, organization, program, and system challenges as well as several opportunities for expansion. The average one-year per-person cost for engaging new clients was $196 for transportation, $612 for financial aid, $650 for food aid, and $2498 for short-term housing (2020 USD). Understanding potential expansion costs is important for funders and local stakeholders. This study provides a sense of magnitude for costs to scale-up programs to better meet socioeconomic needs of low-income patients living with HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the complex interplay between reproductive autonomy, maternal-fetal health considerations, and legal regulations, particularly in light of recent Supreme Court decisions. It discusses the challenges obstetrician-gynecologists face in navigating ethical and legal responsibilities, especially in abortion-restrictive states, and emphasizes the need for stakeholder coalitions to address these complexities collectively rather than burdening individual healthcare providers.

The article discusses the task of radiologic technologists to know clotting disorders and image them best. Topics covered include the various symptoms and blood clots of patients with thrombotic disorders, and medical imaging's beneficial indication of the severity and blood clots' location in the patient's circulatory system, and support for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Also noted is the boost for positive patient outcomes when the health care team works together.

Background: International standardized criteria for eligibility, evaluable disease sites, and disease response assessment in patients with refractory, progressive, or relapsed high-risk neuroblastoma enrolled in early-phase clinical trials are lacking.Methods: A National Cancer Institute-sponsored Clinical Trials Planning Meeting was convened to develop an international consensus to refine the tumor site eligibility criteria and evaluation of disease response for early-phase clinical trials in children with high-risk neuroblastoma.Results: Standardized data collection of patient and disease characteristics (including specified genomic data), eligibility criteria, a definition of evaluable disease, and response evaluations for primary and metastatic sites of disease were developed. Eligibility included two distinct patient groups: progressive disease and refractory disease. The refractory disease group was subdivided into responding persistent disease and stable persistent disease to better capture the clinical heterogeneity of refractory neuroblastoma. Requirements for defining disease evaluable for a response assessment were provided; they included requirements for biopsy to confirm viable neuroblastoma and/or ganglioneuroblastoma in those patients with soft tissue or bone disease not avid for iodine-123 meta-iodobenzylguanidine. Standardized evaluations for response components and time intervals for response evaluations were established.Conclusions: The use of international consensus eligibility, evaluability, and response criteria for early-phase clinical studies will facilitate the collection of comparable data across international trials and promote more rapid identification of effective treatment regimens for high-risk neuroblastoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) Position Statement on sexual violence (SV) in sports, identifying it as a significant public health. Topics include the prevalence and consequences of gender-based violence (GBV) and the urgent need for sports and exercise medicine (SEM) professionals to receive training on recognizing, responding to, and supporting individuals who have experienced GBV.

BACKGROUND: Research suggests that video-based interventions such as video modeling (VM) and video prompting (VP) assist students with severe/profound disabilities, such as autism and intellectual disabilities, to learn academic skills. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates whether a VP intervention on a functional academic math skill would have similar effects for adolescent students with mild/moderate learning disabilities (LD). METHODS: A single subject multiple probe across subjects design was used. Five high school students (three female and two male) ages 16–17 viewed a video on an iPad to learn to calculate how much money an item would cost if a certain percentage of the price were deducted for a sale. RESULTS: A functional relation was found between use of the intervention and acquisition of the steps necessary to complete the calculation task. Three students maintained the skills, correctly answering most word problems on a post-test a month after completing the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study suggest that VP can be effective in teaching mathematic procedures to students with disabilities. Implications for practice and further research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some closed-end country funds trade at large premiums relative to their net asset values. This paper examines whether international investment restrictions raise country fund price net asset value ratios by segmenting international capital markets. We test whether a relation exists between announcements of changes in investment restrictions and changes in these ratios using weekly data from May 1981 to January 1989. The results provide evidence that some foreign markets are at least partially segmented from the U.S. capital market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, based upon a limited survey, summarizes the job functions, satisfactions, and problems of the newly designated heads of consumer affairs departments. It focuses on the need to meet certain long-term responsibilities, as well as the need to improve corporate day-to-day operations. Special attention is given to the conceptual problems faced by the new consumer affairs person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the perceptions of librarians with regard to artificial intelligence in academic libraries. An online survey of 24 questions was distributed through library distribution lists in Canada and the United States at the end of the summer in 2019. Findings suggest that librarians do not agree on a definition of artificial intelligence which is in keeping with this emerging field. The survey responses highlight the fact that academic librarians require more training with regard to artificial intelligence and its potential applications in libraries. Other important implications include a recognition that library patrons are interested in AI and that little to no programming about it has been offered in academic libraries. Very few studies have focused on academic librarians' perceptions of AI. This article highlights some useful practical implications for AI technologies in libraries and how AI could help improve library services and workflows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2007, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) eliminated the 20-F requirement to reconcile IFRS financial disclosures to U.S. GAAP. We find that this change in SEC regulation is associated with an overall decrease in the international asset allocation of U.S. institutional investors in European Union (E.U.) firms that are cross-listed on U.S. stock exchanges. We also find that U.S. mutual fund investors were more likely to invest in firms in countries with greater levels of investor protection and higher global visibility in the post-elimination period. A learning effect (measured as the length of time a firm is cross-listed on a U.S. stock exchange) is not, however, associated with U.S. institutional ownership. These results are robust to tests involving removal of OTC ADRs, firm-level controls, country controls, and financial controls resulting from the elimination of the 20-F reconciliation. Our results suggest that the increased information processing costs were not offset by information preparation cost savings. Our results indicate that the elimination of the 20-F reconciliation of IFRS to U.S. GAAP resulted in a loss of valuable information for U.S. institutional investors and thereby resulted in a divestment in cross-listed E.U. firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in young children worldwide (1-3). In the United States, RSV infection results in >57,000 hospitalizations and 2 million outpatient visits each year among children aged <5 years (3). Recent studies have highlighted the importance of RSV in adults as well as children (4). CDC reported RSV seasonality nationally, by U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) regions* and for the state of Florida, using a new statistical method that analyzes polymerase chain reaction (PCR) laboratory detections reported to the National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS) (https://www.cdc.gov/surveillance/nrevss/index.html). Nationally, across three RSV seasons, lasting from the week ending July 5, 2014 through July 1, 2017, the median RSV onset occurred at week 41 (mid-October), and lasted 31 weeks until week 18 (early May). The median national peak occurred at week 5 (early February). Using these new methods, RSV season circulation patterns differed from those reported from previous seasons (5). Health care providers and public health officials use RSV circulation data to guide diagnostic testing and to time the administration of RSV immunoprophylaxis for populations at high risk for severe respiratory illness (6). With several vaccines and other immunoprophlyaxis products in development, estimates of RSV circulation are also important to the design of clinical trials and future vaccine effectiveness studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have described the clinical impact of infection in alcoholic hepatitis (AH) but none have comprehensively explored the aetiopathogenesis of infection in this setting. We examined the causes, consequences and treatment of infection in a cohort of patients with AH.Methods: We undertook a retrospective cohort study of patients with AH admitted between 2009 and 2014 to seven centres in Europe and the USA. Clinical and microbiological data were extracted from medical records. Survival was analysed with Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards analysis to control the data for competing factors. Propensity score matching was used to examine the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics administered in the absence of infection.Results: We identified 404 patients with AH. Of these, 199 (49%) showed clinical or culture evidence of infection. Gut commensal bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli and Enterobacter species, were most commonly isolated in culture. Fungal infection was rarely seen. Cultured organisms and antibiotic resistance differed markedly between centres. Infection was an independent risk factor for death (hazard ratio for death at 90 days 2.33, 95% confidence interval 1.63-3.35, p < 0.001). Initiation of antibiotic therapy on admission in the absence of infection did not reduce mortality or alter the incidence of subsequent infections. Corticosteroid use increased the incidence of infection but this did not impact on survival.Conclusions: In this large real-world cohort of patients with AH, infection was common and was associated with reduced short-term survival. Gram-negative, gut commensal bacteria were the predominant infective organisms, consistent with increased translocation of gut bacteria in AH; however, the characteristics of infection differ between centres. Infection should be actively sought and treated, but we saw no benefits of prophylactic antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the negative impact of overtime on nurses and patients due to nurse fatigue from long work hours, inadequate sleep, and inadequate recovery time between shifts. Topics covered include prevalence of nursing overtime in the U.S. and Europe, an overview of published literature on nurse overtime, and the association between overtime and nurse outcomes such as needlestick and musculoskeletal injuries.

Background: There is a paucity of data on outcomes related to combined heart-lung transplantations (HLTs). Our objective was to identify variables associated withmortality and rejection in HLT. Methods: The United Network for Organ Sharing database was reviewed for HLT performed between 1993 and 2008. Long-term survivors (survival > 5 years) were compared with short-term survivors (survival < 5 years). Factors associated with rejection were examined. Risk-adjusted multivariable Cox's proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to examine variables associated with mortality and rejection. Results: Multivariable analysis revealed that recipient male gender was associated with mortality at 1 year (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.68, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-2.54, p = 0.01) and 5 years (HR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.05-1.89, p = 0.02). Preoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was associated with mortality at 1 year (HR: 7.55, 95% CI: 2.55-22.30, p < 0.01) and 5 years (HR: 3.14, 95% CI: 1.19-8.32, p = 0.02). Preoperative mechanical ventilation (MV) was associated with mortality at 1 year (HR: 3.51, 95% CI: 1.77-6.98, p < 0.01) and at 5 years (HR: 2.70, 95% CI: 1.51-4.85, p < 0.01). Multivariable analysis showed that male gender (HR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.03-3.09, p = 0.04) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) positivity in the recipient and donor (HR: 3.09, 95% CI: 1.59-6.01, p < 0.01) were associated with rejection. Clinical infection in the donor (HR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.16-3.61, p = 0.01) was also associated with rejection. Conclusion: Survival was affected by recipient male sex and need for preoperative ECMO or MV. Risk factors for rejection included male sex, CMV positivity in the donor and recipient, and donor with clinical infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts pertaining to retailing. They include "Economics of the Supermarkets," by W. G. McLelland, "Retail Trade Patterns: The U.S. and the South, 1929-1958," by Ralph W. Pfouts, and "Annual Vitamin Report," by Dr. Paul C. Olsen.

Two spatial verification methods are applied to ensemble forecasts of low-level rotation in supercells: a four-dimensional, object-based matching algorithm and the displacement and amplitude score (DAS) based on optical flow. Ensemble forecasts of low-level rotation produced using the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) Experimental Warn-on-Forecast System are verified against WSR-88D single-Doppler azimuthal wind shear values interpolated to the model grid. Verification techniques are demonstrated using four 60-min forecasts issued at 15-min intervals in the hour preceding development of the 20 May 2013 Moore, Oklahoma, tornado and compared to results from two additional forecasts of tornadic supercells occurring during the springs of 2013 and 2014. The object-based verification technique and displacement component of DAS are found to reproduce subjectively determined forecast characteristics in successive forecasts for the 20 May 2013 event, as well as to discriminate in subjective forecast quality between different events. Ensemble-mean, object-based measures quantify spatial and temporal displacement, as well as storm motion biases in predicted low-level rotation in a manner consistent with subjective interpretation. Neither method produces useful measures of the intensity of low-level rotation, owing to deficiencies in the verification dataset and forecast resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the need for association or balance between both types of earnings management including accruals and real earnings management for firms in the oil and gas industry under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. It informs that the U.S. executives need to decrease expenditures on their research and development, advertising, and maintenance in order to meet earnings benchmarks. It reports that the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission focuses on abusive earnings management.

This study documents the vicarious psychological impact of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti on Haitians living in the United States. The role of coping resources-family, religious, and community support-was explored. The results highlight the importance of family and community as coping strategies to manage such trauma. Este estudio documenta el impacto psicológico vicario que tuvo el terremoto de 2010 en Haití sobre los residentes haitianos que viven en Estados Unidos. Se explora el papel de los recursos de afrontamiento-apoyo familiar, religioso y comunitario. Lo resultados destacan la importancia de la familia y la comunidad como estrategias de afrontamiento para superar un trauma de esas characterísticas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study draws upon the insights of Michel Foucault to examine the contemporary immigration industrial complex in the United States. We focus on the involvement of private prison corporations in this complex, as well as the factors that have been essential to its creation and that perpetuate its continuance. We argue that four key aspects of the system (the legal apparatus, worldviews/ideas, private corporations, and webs of influence) converge to create an immigration industrial complex and that this complex functions as an economy of power that works to manage the existing system and discourages fundamental reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) continue to be a significant public health concern in the United States. It disproportionately affects persons in the Deep South of the United States, specifically African Americans. This is a descriptive report of an Emergency Department (ED)-based HIV screening program in the Deep South using the 2006 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations for rapid testing and opt-out consent. Between May 2008 and March 2010, patients presenting for medical care to the ED Monday through Friday between 10 am and 10 pm were approached for HIV screening. Patients were eligible for screening if they were 18 or older, had no previous history of positive HIV tests, were English-Speaking, and were not incarcerated, medically unstable, or otherwise able to decline testing. All patients were tested using the OraQuick® rapid HIV 1/2 antibody test. Patients with non-reactive results were referred to community anonymous testing sites for further testing. Patients with reactive results had confirmatory Western blot and CD4 counts drawn and were brought back to the ED for disclosure of the results. All patients with confirmed HIV positive via reactive Western blot were referred to the hospital-based infectious disease clinic or county health department. We tested 7,616 patients out of 8,922 approached. The overall test acceptance rate was 85.4%. 91.0% of patients tested were African American. The most common reason for refusal was recent HIV test. 1.7% of patients tested were confirmed HIV positive via Western blot. 95.2% of patients testing HIV positive were African American. The average CD4 count for patients testing positive was 276 cells/μl, with 42.0% of patients having CD4 counts ≤200 μl, consistent with an AIDS diagnosis. 88.4% of patients who had reactive oral swabs returned for Western blot results and 75.0% of patients attended their first clinic visit. We have been able to successfully carry out an ED-based HIV screening program in a resource-poor urban teaching facility in the Deep South. We define our success based on our relatively high test acceptance rate and high rate of attendance at first clinic visit. Our patient population has a relatively high undocumented HIV prevalence and are at advanced stage of disease at the time of diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the impact of deportation to Mexican deportees and the nature of their social and economic reincorporation in Mexico as compared to voluntary returnees. It also presents the impact of U.S. immigration policies such as the Immigration Reform and Control Act and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Individual Responsibility Act on migration flows. It presents findings from several research areas and the challenges encountered by both deportees and returnees.

This paper describes issues that need to be addressed to reform the U.S. healthcare delivery system, the solutions to some of these issues that are part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (as amended), and the implications for African Americans of some of the recently enacted reforms. These reforms take the first steps toward eliminating the insurance coverage gap that keeps many from receiving needed care. The necessary and simultaneous emphasis on cost containment of this legislation, however, may limit access to health care for African Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the global mental health movement, school mental health (SMH) promotion is an increasingly prominent approach and emerging field. Here, we chronicle the development three innovations in SMH in the United States, from the early idea stage through development, current status and future directions. The innovations are The Ohio Mental Health Network for School Success, a prominent state initiative that is attempting to build a cogent shared school-family-community system agenda for SMH in one state, Expanded School Mental Health in Baltimore City, a prominent local initiative that has grown from involvement in four to 105 schools in 20 years, and the Mental Health Planning and Evaluation Template, an internet-based and user-friendly approach for quality assessment and improvement of mental health promotion in schools. Each example includes challenges and opportunities, and collectively they represent powerful ideas for moving school mental health promotion from thought to action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyse the functional outcomes of adults following acquired brain injury attending an intensive outpatient neuro-rehabilitation programme relative to a comprehensive TBI day programme service in the United States. Method: Design: Retrospective audit of all admissions over a two-year period (2001–2003) to an outpatient neuro-rehabilitation service utilising an interdisciplinary team model. Setting: Outpatient neuro-rehabilitation service. Participants: 89 patients in receipt of 2+ therapies attending for intensive day neuro-rehabilitation programme. Main Outcome Measures: Routine FIM+FAM^{UK} scores were compiled on admission and discharge. The FIM+FAM^{UK} is a widely employed outcome measure of activity and participation comprising 30 items across a range of domains including self care, domestic skills, mobility, communication, cognitive and social abilities. The scale is divided into two broad domains of functioning (motor and cognitive). Data Analysis: Descriptive analysis of demographic, patient diagnosis, referral patterns and time since injury to attendance was undertaken. Analysis of FIM+FAM^{UK} admission and discharge scores was performed. Results: Complete admission and discharge scores were available for 65 patients. Significant mean improvements in motor (12.0 point change), cognitive (7.3 point change) and composite FIM+FAM^{UK} (19.3 point change) scores were observed indicating reduced functional dependence following an intensive period of outpatient neuro-rehabilitation. Conclusion: The FIM+FAM^{UK} measure demonstrated sensitivity to change across functional domains relevant to goal directed intensive outpatient interdisciplinary neuro-rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the issue of unschooling which refers to those families who primarily or entirely let children learn from their interests and daily life without any formal instruction. It describes how unschooling offers many families a wonderful oasis for children's development and for democratic living. It also demonstrates how unschooling may help American educators in making an educational change that America's schools so desperately need.

Although significant progress has been made to increase prenatal care access, national organizations concerned with health equity emphasize that eliminating disparities will require greater attention to quality of care, assessed from both the biomedical and patient perspectives. In this study, we examined narratives about pregnancy experiences from low-income primiparous African American, Mexican American, Puerto Rican, and White women who participated in focus groups conducted in 1996. We reanalyzed transcripts from these discussions, extracting passages in which women talked about the content and quality of their prenatal care experiences. Data were mapped to four domains reflecting patient-centeredness markers identified in the 2005 U.S. National Healthcare Disparities Report (NHDR). These markers include the extent to which the women perceived that their provider listened carefully, explained things, showed respect, and spent enough time with them. The narratives provided by the study participants suggest a critical and intuitive understanding of the NHDR patient-centeredness markers and some shared understanding across cultural groups. Implications for improving quality and its measurement in prenatal care are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to increased consumer demand, state governments are publishing more detailed information about the quality of nursing homes. In 2002, Ohio legislation mandated the publication of a Long-Term Care Consumer Guide that included information on nursing home resident and family satisfaction surveys. Using the 2002 Ohio Nursing Home Resident Satisfaction Survey as an example, this article addresses two research questions: (1) how can statewide resident face-to-face satisfaction interviews be implemented to maximize participation of residents and facilities and produce reliable and valid results, and (2) how satisfied are residents with their nursing home experiences, overall and by level of cognitive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: With the recent approval of the first thoracic endoprosthesis in the United States for the treatment of isolated descending thoracic aortic aneurysms, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of physicians interested in getting involved in this emerging technology. However, many of these physicians do not have extensive endovascular experience, are not familiar with the catheters and guidewires used for thoracic endografting procedures, or do not have access to a full complement of endovascular resources. Description: We discuss the basics of catheters, guidewires, and balloons necessary to perform thoracic endovascular procedures. Evaluation: Adequate radiographic visualization of the thoracic aorta and access vessels is essential for all phases of the thoracic endografting procedure. In addition, a vast array of catheters, guidewires, balloons, and sheaths have been designed to assist with endovascular access and delivery of various therapeutic modalities. Conclusions: Each of the different catheters and guidewires serve an important purpose in the conduct of thoracic endografting procedures, and it is important to have a full understanding of these devices to ensure the best results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Foreign parties to lawsuits in U.S. district courts are often faced with requests for discovery of matter located outside the United States. This article focuses upon the complex challenges facing U.S. and German parties when they engage in international discovery, and offers recommendations to mitigate these challenges. We propose the use of stipulations as a way to address and defuse conflicts over discovery issues in international litigation, preferably before problems have arisen. In Part II, the procedural backgrounds of the litigants are examined. Part III of the article then presents the differing approaches to fact-gathering in the United States and Germany. Part IV outlines the long-standing controversy over the extra-territorial application of United States laws. Part V examines the reluctance of U.S. district courts to ask the courts of other nations for international judicial assistance when discoverable matter is located outside the United States. Part VI sketches rules to which American and German parties to an international civil lawsuit in U.S. district court could stipulate, pursuant to FED. R. CIV. P. 29. These stipulations would then become the basis for a protective order of the court. The proposed rules are supposed to ensure cheaper, faster, and somewhat less adversarial proceedings. Also, German sovereign interests will be taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deals with the increasing use of computers in early childhood teacher education in the U.S. Information on Preparing Tomorrow's Teachers to Use Technology (PT3) grants; Concern on factors related to the incorporation of computers into teaching by teacher educators with average computer skills; Obstacles to computer infusion.

The Securities and Exchange Commission now requires auditors to review interim earnings reports on a timely basis. Previously, auditors could perform this review retrospectively, as part of the year-end audit. We investigate whether timely reviews are likely to increase the relevance and reliability of reported earnings, as reflected by the extent to which the earnings return relation is contemporaneous. We find that when the auditor reviews interim earnings on a timely basis, the association between quarterly returns and earnings (and between quarterly returns and unexpected earnings) is predominantly contemporaneous. When the auditor reviews interim earnings retrospectively, however, the association between quarterly returns and earnings is not entirely contemporaneous; with retrospective reviews, returns lead interim earnings. We conclude from these findings that timely reviews increase the likelihood that accounting earnings reflect economic events contemporaneously with returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines whether consolidation and mergers within the acute care hospital sector in the United States serves the public's best interest. Discussion on the medical rehabilitation industry; Information on mergers and acqusitions that have taken place within the industry; Implications for health care consumers.

Looks at the University of West Florida's computerized simulation course which serves as capstone for the Masters of Business Administration (MBA) program. Production; Marketing and distribution; Finance; Competition firms; Information processing technology; Other experiential exercises.

Focuses on the provisions of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) in the United States. Court cases reflecting the enforcement of ECOA; Moves of the Federal Reserve Board of undertaking regulatory review process of ECOA; Satisfaction of creditors on the legal requirements of ECOA.

Reports developments on Truth in Lending Simplification and Reform Act in the United States. Provision of a general set of rules in regulation Z; Discussion on the answers to questions under the law; Revision of the Simplification Act and regulation Z.

The article examines the gender differences in classroom interactions between science teachers and students in an effort to understand why women are underrepresented in physics and engineering courses in the U.S. Overall results indicate that female teachers warn male students significantly more than female students, while male teachers warn both genders with similar frequency. In physical science classes, male students receive significantly more behavioral warnings than female students. In chemistry classes, male and female students receive approximately the same number of behavioral warnings.

The article investigates two study sites in the University of Maryland at College Park and State University College at Buffalo in order to determine whether the completion of an environmental studies course has an effect on the excusability of environmental postures. There were no essential differences or changes in the measure of value judgment. Observations revealed that environmental studies courses have no impact on a person's attitude toward environmental issues. Findings provide evidence that students were absorbing knowledge gained from the courses with a support system for their views on the environment.

The article describes constructivist ways of learning science and mathematics in school in the U.S. The constructivists view mathematics and science as a body of knowledge to be taught, and a learner's activity, which also serves as instruments of problem solving. They consider problem centered learning as an approach in mathematics and science instruction. The author states that the emphasis of this approach is shifted from performance to competence. According to the author, teachers must establish settings for meaning and sets activities for students, for them to restructure an idea at a higher level. The research study is centered on learning with cooperative group learning and class discussion.

The article presents a study on classroom conditions and student behavior. The study recorded and analyzed classroom observational information for different levels of secondary science. It was noted that male students were more likely to take part in science classroom activities. They were more likely to be asked by teachers to carry out science demonstrations. Previous studies have yielded similar results for elementary and middle school students, but only few were focused primarily on science classrooms.

This article analyzes the attitudes of college students toward life insurance in the U.S. Campus recruiters had observed that they have difficulty in attracting college graduates to join the life insurance field. There are almost any numbers of possible explanations for this situation, but one plausible hypothesis is that students have a negative attitude toward life insurance. The research concluded that the less favorable attitude toward life insurance does not apparently indicate a closed mine on the subject.

Presents a study that examined the speech of natives of Nacogdoches, Texas. Features of a southern speech; Information on the diphthonization of vowels; Analysis of the southern consonant sound.

Focuses on the need for a manual of phonetics dealing with Southern American English. Difficulty in distinguishing rustic from cultivated speech; Background on the speech prejudices of the South; Features of the Southern pronunciation.