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Goals: To assess the current practice patterns of liver transplant centres in Canada and the USA regarding transplant eligibility. Background: Liver transplantation is an evolving field and today remains the only life-sustaining treatment for end-stage liver disease. Issues of allocation and transplant eligibility are important factors in the ethical practice of medicine. Study: Questionnaires were mailed to liver transplant programme directors in Canada and the USA inquiring about current practices regarding recipient eligibility. Results: This study demonstrates that there is consensus in the use of other eligibility criteria, including non-compliance, social status, abstinence from alcohol and methadone and cocaine use. Interestingly, literature is lacking to support the use of these parameters as eligibility criteria with the exception of alcohol. There is a lack in consensus regarding marijuana use, human immunodeficiency virus status, ability to accept blood transfusions and prisoner status. The literature suggests that liver transplantation in select patients who refuse blood transfusions results in good outcomes. Conclusions: Important decisions regarding transplant eligibility still have to be made empirically in the absence of scientific literature about various social issues. While consensus among transplant programmes is useful, it is important that we continue to use the evidence in the literature to revise these eligibility criteria, keeping in mind ethical principles applied to the access and allocation of a scarce resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]