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Objectives: In this paper, we assess characteristics of health warning labels (HWLs) on waterpipe tobacco packages sold in the US and changes after the FDA’s minimum required warning statement went into effect in August 2018. Methods: We sampled 16 brands and 45 sub-brands/ flavors of the most popular waterpipe tobaccos 6 months before and 4 months after the FDA’s compliance deadline. HWL characteristics assessed included type (pictorial or text), message theme, location, and relative size. Results: Before the deadline, all packages had at least one text-only HWL that covered <25% of the surface, with most inconspicuously placed (such as side panel), and focusing on general health risks of tobacco rather than waterpipe-specific risks. After the deadline, only 1 of 10 brands had adopted the new required HWL, adding it to the existing one. Conclusions: HWLs were common on waterpipe tobacco packages in the US prior to the FDA mandate, but did not adhere to recommended standards of being pictorial, large (least 50% of the package), conspicuously placed, and using relevant, rotating message themes. The FDA’s required warning has not yet been adopted by most brands. Doing so may improve the efficacy of HWLs to reduce smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the study on the clinical features of patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in the U.S. It notes that the univariate analysis showed chemotherapy, corticosteroid use and clinical stage IV disease as risk factors for the invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) while only clinical stage IV disease was a risk factor using multivariate analysis. In addition, the study had 45 patients with IPA and conducted a retrospective analysis of the clinical notes from patients.

Past research indicates that many college students engage in heavy drinking and that these drinking patterns oftentimes lead to alcohol-related problems. The current study contributes to the literature on college drinking by investigating treatment-seeking attitudes among students in relation to their alcohol education background, alcohol environment, alcohol consumption, and perceived and actual drinking problems. A total of 878 students from five New York State colleges were randomly selected through the use of complete student telephone directories provided by students' respective college administrations for a telephone interview. The results revealed that alcohol education increases students' positive attitudes toward treatment, which may help them to reduce their heavy drinking and alcohol problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examined the effect of students' drinking behaviors in high school on their alcohol use and alcohol problems in college. Five colleges in New York State were randomly selected for the study. The telephone interview method was employed to survey college students during the spring semester of 1998. Within each participating college, students were randomly selected through the use of complete student telephone directories provided by the college administration. A total of 813 students were interviewed. Alcohol problems were measured with items from DSM-IV. Results indicate that both frequency and quantity of alcohol use in high school significantly affect students' alcohol consumption in college. Furthermore, the impact of alcohol use in high school on alcohol problems in college tends to be composed of a moderate direct effect and a relatively strong indirect effect via its impact on current alcohol consumption in college. Prevention efforts for drinking in college may need to start in high school to reduce or delay alcohol use by high school students. Additional assessment services and more readily available treatment services may be required to address potential alcohol problems among college students. Future research should examine the effect and longevity of students' alcohol problem symptoms after they graduate from college. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A structural model on parent/adult-child alcohol use patterns was examined. Three analytical blocks were specified: adult-children's alcohol use onset by types of alcoholic beverage, their current use of these alcoholic beverages, and parents' drinking patterns. The model was examined with data collected from drinking driving offenders in California and Maryland treatment programs. The findings indicate that parent/child alcohol use transmission is more gender specific than specific; fathers' drinking tends to affect sons' drinking and mothers' drinking tends to affect daughters' drinking. Beer use onset is the earliest and more effective in influencing future alcohol use than the onset of wine or liquor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although people with drug problems consume a large proportion of cigarettes smoked in the United States, few drug treatment facilities offer tobacco treatment. Our analysis of 405 facilities showed that most had the skills but few had policies, leadership, or financial resources to provide evidence-based tobacco treatment. For-profits reported significantly fewer tobacco treatment resources than nonprofits. The Affordable Care and Mental Health Parity acts will improve treatment access for drug-dependent persons. To realize these acts' full promise, policymakers should ensure that clients have access to tobacco treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many speculations, and some empirical indications in recent literature, that manufacturing firms are particularly prone to greenwashing, a practice by which such firms make misleading claims regarding their environmental performance or that of their products. Simultaneously, very recent evidence suggests that the representative investor has developed a preference for ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) investments, a so-called "warm-glow" preference. The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical explanation why the preference for warm-glow investing may disappear if investors perceive firms in a sector to be greenwashing. We hypothesize that given the ubiquitous contemporary focus on greenwashing, rational investors will factor this greenwashing into their investment decisions. To test this, we investigate patterns of association of ESG scores, and both operating and stock performance for 3,245 listed firms, over a period of two decades, comparing the manufacturing and services sectors in the United States, Europe, and major Asian markets. We find that warm-glow investment is present within the services sector across all regions, but in the manufacturing sector we find noticeable regional differences. In particular, we find ESG-performance patterns for manufacturing firms in the United States that we consider consistent with perceptions of greenwashing. The contribution of this paper is to provide a nuanced perspective on how investors preferences change in relation to industry perceptions. The novelty in our study is two-fold: on the one hand, bringing the problem of greenwashing to the emergent literature on warm-glow investing; on the other, introducing warm-glow investing to the emergent literature on greenwashing. [Display omitted] • We theorize industry differences in ESG impact on firm performance. • The absence of warm-glow investing is attributed to perceived greenwashing. • We discuss implications of perceived greenwashing for manufacturing firms. • Investors exhibit a warm-glow preference within the services sector only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Treatments for young patients with gastric cancer (GC) remain poorly defined, and their effects on survival are uncertain. We aimed to investigate the receipt of chemotherapy by age category (18-49, 50-64, and 65-85 years) and explore whether age differences in chemotherapy matched survival gains in patients with GC., Methods: Patients who were histologically diagnosed with GC were included from a Chinese multi-institutional database and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. There were 5,122 and 31,363 patients aged 18-85 years treated between 2000 and 2014, respectively. Overall survival and stage-specific likelihood of receiving chemotherapy were evaluated., Results: Of the 5,122 and 31,363 patients in China and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result data sets, 3,489 (68.1%) and 18,115 (57.8%) were men, respectively. Younger (18-49 years) and middle-aged (50-64 years) patients were more likely to receive chemotherapy compared with older patients (65-85 years) (64.9%, 56.7%, and 45.4% in the 3 groups from the China data set). Among patients treated with surgery alone, a significantly better prognosis was found in younger and middle-aged patients than their older counterparts; however, no significant differences were found in overall survival among age subgroups in patients who received both surgery and chemotherapy, especially in the China data set. The survival benefit from chemotherapy was superior among older patients (all P < 0.0001) compared with that among younger and middle-aged patients in stage II and III disease., Discussion: Potential overuse of chemotherapy was found in younger and middle-aged patients with GC, but the addition of chemotherapy did not bring about matched survival improvement, especially in the China data set.