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Organizational involvement in stigmatized practices, that is, practices that attract substantial societal condemnation, is often challenging, inasmuch as it requires the successful management of stakeholder disapproval. In this regard, existing work on organizational stigma has highlighted the advantages of situating stigmatized practices within large, generalist organizations, because doing so allows for stigma dilution—that is, organizations can reduce stakeholder disapproval by increasing their relative engagement in uncontested practices, thereby straddling multiple categories in the eyes of audiences. This line of argument, however, runs counter to the empirical observation that stigmatized practices often remain overwhelmingly concentrated within smaller, specialist organizations, even though these are often not optimally positioned to cope with stigma. In this paper, therefore, we undertake an in-depth historical analysis of a revelatory case—abortion provision in the United States following the landmark Roe v. Wade U.S. Supreme Court decision—to build theory of how stigmatized categories can come to be populated predominantly by specialists. Building on primary and secondary archival materials, we identify three mechanisms that shaped category evolution and resulted in the de facto segregation of abortion into specialist organizations: the founding of freestanding facilities by values-driven providers, the exit of generalist organizations from the category, and the involuntary specialization of remaining providers, as customers no longer frequented them for other services and they soon became labeled simply as "abortion clinics." We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for the stigma literature and the generalizability of our theorizing to other settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses historical and archival materials related to the American West in the special collections of the St. Louis Mercantile Library in St. Louis, Missouri. The author notes how the library's geographic location aided the collection of historical materials for the library. The library's collections include personal narratives, and information on Western exploration, trade and railroads.

The article discusses collections in the Western History and Genealogy Department of the Denver Public Library in Denver, Colorado. The author notes that the department contain archival materials related to the American West and community histories for genealogy research. The library's history collection includes information resources, manuscripts and art related to mining, railroads and architecture in the American West.

The article discusses the collection of American West archival materials at the DeGolyer Library at Southern Methodist University. The library was established from the personal library of geologist Everette L. DeGolyer and expanded through donations by university alumni and associates. The library includes rare literature and manuscripts related to the American West.

The article discusses the Bancroft Collection, a collection of the Bancroft Library at the University of California in Berkeley, California. The collection, created from archival materials gather by publisher Hubert Howe Bancroft, focuses on the history of the American West. The collection includes information on American Indians, Western exploration, settlers and the Mexican-American War.

Trust in information found online matters now more than ever. The proliferation of fake news and "post-truths" makes it difficult for people to determine what is trustworthy. People even question digital versions of basic identity documents such as birth certificates, the processes that archivists use to preserve them, and attestations of their authenticity. Given the current landscape, we need to better understand trust in archival materials found online. Drawing from relevant literature, I developed a model to examine the relationship between trust in archives and trust in digital archival content, the Trust in Archives-Trust in Digital Archival Content (TIA-TDAC) Framework. This article outlines an empirical test of the TIA-TDAC Framework. Using measures of both levels of trust, I designed a survey to evaluate archives users and potential archives users' trust in a diverse range of digitized and born-digital materials from a broad range of archives in the United States. Results of the survey indicate both that the association of trust in archives with trust in digital archival content could be empirically measured and that the relationship between the two trust levels was positively correlated. The article also discusses future directions for research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article offers information on the Interference Archive launched by four artist-activists in 2011 in Brooklyn, New York that offers new approaches to the work of recovering anarchist. Topics covered include the anarchist materials included in the archive dedicated to the relationship between cultural production and social movements, how visitors to the archive can become collaborators, and the emphasis of the open-access archive on the analysis of images and sound.

Eight contributors reflect on the challenges and possibilities of archiving and recovering anarchist literature, practice, and thought in the United States. Their reflections show how recovering and researching anarchist periodicals intersects with broader concerns in archival practices and activism. The material and economic conditions under which most archives operate can have a direct impact on the research approaches to anarchism in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author considers the digitization of the American Antiquarian Society (AAS)’s Printers’ File, which contains the largest archive on the history of the printing trade, established by Isaiah Thomas, author of the 1810 "History of Printing in America." The Printers' File was created by librarian Avis Clarke who worked as a cataloger at AAS from 1927-1970. Topics include biographical information about Clarke, the labor involved in creating the catalog, and the efforts to create a digitized archive of typewritten work.

The article discusses the development of archival resources on the Golden Age of U.S. television. Emphasis is given to topics such as the archival processes of the Wisconsin Center for Theater Research, the preservation of papers and manuscripts, the historical and cultural value of television, and acquisition of collections.

Der forverts, or the Jewish Daily Forward, was one of the most significant and influential alternative newspapers in U.S. media history. Through an examination of archival materials, I demonstrate that the commodification of the Forward's content led to the production of its readership as a commodity audience. Key leaders at the newspaper aimed to rationalize the contradictions between maintaining a socialist newspaper central to an oppositional political movement and the need for advertising revenue. This entailed reimagining the audience as ethnic consumers rather than working-class socialists. This history highlights long-standing contradictions that the alternative media must reconcile between serving counterhegemonic interests and institutional demands within a capitalist political economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societies undertake a variety of truth and accountability measures to deal with legacies of gross human rights violations. For those measures to be effective, courts, commissions, victims and their representatives, and the general public need access to official records and archives. Archival materials can shed light on specific acts of abuse, as well as the larger patterns of violence or repression in which those acts were embedded. In addition to domestic government archives, the classified records of "third countries"--states outside the jurisdiction in which a particular crime occurred--can be crucial in advancing truth and accountability. Nevertheless, the law seldom requires third countries to share their secret files, and voluntary disclosure remains relatively rare. This constitutes an important weak link in the international human rights regime. In this article, we argue for enhanced third-country disclosure of human rights files. We argue both for enhanced voluntary declassification and stronger legal norms to mandate the release of information about gross human rights violations, emphasizing the role of civil society organizations in driving both forms of disclosure. We use examples from Latin America and elsewhere to show the power of declassified U.S. documents and other third-country records to elucidate specific crimes and the bureaucratic systems and international cooperation behind them. We discuss the case of Libya to demonstrate the need for similar disclosure to illuminate abuses in the Middle East and North Africa and other regions suffering from droughts in truth and accountability. We then consider the benefits of disclosure to third countries and some means of addressing their national security and diplomatic concerns. We conclude by examining pathways for the development of stronger legal norms on third-country disclosure going forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the archival collection of Cuban Heritage Collection in Miami, Florida, focusing on how the materials in the collection show how Cuban immigrants and exiles adapted to life in Miami. Other topics include the aesthetics of immigrants in urban areas, Cuban immigrant artists and writers including Lydia Cabrera, Teresa María Rojas, and Ish Ledesma, and the racial geography of Miami.

This is the twelfth in a series of articles on archival collections of interest to mass communication historians. Readers of Journalism History are invited to suggest collections that they would like to see appear in future articles, and the editors would welcome volunteers to write such articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a report from U.S. Army surgeon Dr. Charles Augustus Leale, focusing on his treatment of former U.S. President Abraham Lincoln after he was shot by assassin John Wilkes Booth. Other topics include the discovery of the report in 2012 during research for the Papers of Abraham Lincoln collection, details of the events of April 14-15, 1865, and some biographical information on Leale.

This section presents updates on section meetings of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) as of April 2013. The SMPTE in Atlanta, Georgia met on February 11 with the topic "Reliability and Cost Considerations in Asset Archive System." A case study of "Game of Thrones," a fantasy series from HBO, was the subject of the SMPTE Hollywood, California Section meeting. The SMPTE Toronto Section conducted a joint meeting with the Toronto Final Cut Pro Users Group (TOFCPUG).

Archives are institutions in which materials which have to be stored over a long period of time are maintained and brought into use. The archival material has administrative, financial, judicial, and more over, historical value. Thus, this material has the ability to shed light on the past and the future. Therefore, archives should be used as part of primary, high school and university education programmes. In particular, national archives abroad use different practices and techniques in order to extend the use of archives to educational programmes. Moreover, these national archives design practices and techniques according to the ages and area of interests of the students. In this study, entitled "The Use of Archives in Education: Examples from Abroad", the practices of national archives that have understood the importance of archives in education and have organized special programmes for teachers and students will be explained. These national archives include those in the USA, England, Scotland and Australia. Also in this study, in addition to the contributions of the four national archives to education, the ways in which we can improve the role of archives in Turkey for education will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since regaining independence in 1990, the history of Lithuanian emigration has become a significant object of scientific research but the old Lithuanian emigration to the USA from the end of the 19th century up to 1948 remains analyzed very little. One of the main reasons is the lack of archival materials. The aim of this study was to analyze the first attempts to collect and preserve the heritage of the old emigration. The limited amount of periodicals, archives and author's personal research show that the attempts to establish a heritage preservation institution failed due to the foreseen challenges of sustaining such organisation abroad. Some heritage has survived because it was gathered in personal archives and later transferred to religious institutions. A significant amount of activists saw it as an unreliable way of preservation; therefore, many of them entrusted their collections to other Lithuanian institutions during the 1918-1940 independence. Most of them were transferred to the Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas. The Soviet occupation of Lithuania in 1940 brought new challenges to preserving the heritage. With the wave of new immigrants who arrived to the USA after 1948, the World Lithuanians' Archive in Chicago was established, and the heritage of the old emigration was collected by collectors such as B. Kvirklys and K. Pemkus. Nevertheless, a significant amount of collections was lost after their owners' death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past forty years, research and publications in the library science and museum studies fields have illuminated the growing imperative of adopting green practices in cultural, educational, and public heritage institutions in the United States. These initiatives are part of a much broader and global issue known as environmental sustainability, or meeting the economic, environmental, social, and cultural needs of the present without compromising the same needs of future generations. Numerous books, articles, and professional organizations currently advocate for sustainable library and museum services and facilities, including green building construction and management, and ecologically-sensitive business operations. However, within the field of archival science, investigations have concentrated on facilities design and environmental control rather than on a holistic approach promoting simple, attainable, green initiatives that archivists can readily implement. This article examines the state of scholarship in these arenas and is further intended to broaden the scope of the green discussion within the archives community. It also offers a pragmatic framework of strategies and resources needed to incorporate more affordable, sustainable, and socially responsible archival management practices into the profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the nature and scope of archival reference and access education within a select number of Library and Information Science programs with specializations in archives and preservation that are accredited by the American Library Association. To do so, syllabi for archival courses offered in the 2009–2010 academic year were examined to produce a profile of the important topics, readings, and assignments in the area of archival reference and access. Implications of the findings for the archival profession and for master's level graduate archival education are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the themes of the author's book "Re-Dressing America's Frontier Past," which examines cross-dressing and gender identity in the 19th-century Western U.S. The author describes the pitfalls of the term "transgender" and his efforts to avoid using it in the book. Nineteenth-century sexologists' understanding of gender fluidity is then explained. The author comments on the relative dearth of archival materials pertaining to the history of sexuality and describes his historical research methods.

An essay is presented on medical history and the History of Medicine Division (HMD) of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), part of U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH). It examines the digitization of archives and information, commenting on several of the NLM's online resources and databases including the Directory of History of Medicine Collections, IndexCat, and Images from the History of Medicine (IHM).

The article offers information on the members of the American Choral Directors Association (ACDA) in the U.S. It states that the organization of ACDA archival materials is one of the duties of Christina Prucha as certified achivist for ACDA and her research interest include the management of small archives. It notes that music teacher Dan Davison suggests ways on how to work with middle-level male singers who experience choir for the first time.

The North Atlantic Population Project (NAPP) is a massive database of historical census microdata from European and North American countries. The backbone of the project is the unique collection of completely digitized censuses providing information on the entire enumerated populations of each country. In addition, for some countries, the NAPP includes sample data from surrounding census years. In this article, the authors provide a brief history of the project, describe their progress to data and plans for the future, and discuss some potential implications of this unique data resource for social and economic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the call of the journal for submissions of unpublished manuscripts related to the area of language study in the U.S. It outlines the requirements of the manuscripts in which articles should be written to make them accessible to a broad audience particularly those who are not familiar with the subject matter. It also mentions the two-step process of the journal in reviewing the submitted manuscripts.

This article recounts the media's role in one of the more controversial military and diplomatic actions of the Second World War, the American decision to install Admiral Jean Darlan as head of the Vichyite administration in North Africa in the wake of the Allied landings in 1942. Darlan's administration continued to enforce anti-Jewish directives, persecute political enemies, and indeed lock up many of those who had—at great personal risk—aided the Allies. Journalists learned of these actions, but their initial attempts to report on them were spiked by military censors. Eventually several correspondents were able to get word of these injustices into their reports from the field, and American policy began to change. Drawing on the published memoirs of several of the main actors, as well as State Department, U.S. Army and other archival material, this article traces these events in more detail as reported by four correspondents on the scene—A.J. Liebling, Ernie Pyle, John MacVane, and Drew Middleton. It calls into question the assumed amity between the media and the military during World War II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article profiles former Missouri congressman William L. Hungate and provides an overview of his personal archival materials which are held at the University of Missouri at St. Louis' Western Historical Manuscript Collection in St. Louis, Missouri. It overviews Hungate's personal history and chronicles his involvement in the U.S. Congressional investigations into U.S. President Richard Nixon's actions in the Watergate affair. The collection of Hungate property includes personal correspondence, Congressional memorandums, and tape recordings mostly dealing with his participation in the Watergate investigation.

This historical narrative tracks the evolution and devolution of visual arts education from Dewey's progressive era pedagogy and the theory of the arts as experience through the modern accountability movement. Archival material, state curricular documents, and conversations with policymakers show an increasing focus on core subject areas of reading, writing, and mathematics at the expense of arts education. Texas House Bill 3, the third generation of accountability legislation in the Lone Star State, provides a case study of the status of arts education after more than fifteen years of high-stakes testing and accountability. Policy considerations are offered for arts education and its future standing within the public educational curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the author's experience conducting archival research on early American literature. It discusses issues that researchers encounter when dealing with archival material from this period and explores the role the researcher must play in bringing archival material to life. It examines issues related to the role of the archive in liberal societies and discusses problems related to determining the significance of material in early American literature archives.

In May 1988 a ceremony was held to celebrate the return of eleven wampum belts to the Six Nations Iroquois Confederacy in Grand River, Canada. Another commemoration took place in October 1989 when twelve wampum belts were returned to the Onondaga Nation in New York. They are the results of a long process of Native American activism that emerged in the 1960s and culminated in the passage of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) in 1990. The repatriation movement has not been without conflict. Questions about ownership, chain of custody, theft, responsibility, access and economy have been raised and remain unresolved. These same types of questions apply to the repatriation of Native American materials in archives. The archival community must address problems such as the following: Who owns and cares for the archival materials concerning Native Americans that are now scattered across institutions in this country? Under what circumstances were they collected? Who now determines access policies to these sensitive materials? The Protocols for Native American Archival Materials from 2007 presents guidelines regarding some of these issues. Using the return of the Six Nations Iroquois Confederacy and the Onondaga Nation wampum belts as case studies, this paper will examine some of the ethical issues involved in the repatriation of archival materials and how these issues are treated in the Protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses American woman author Gertrude Stein, focusing particularly on her 1934-1935 visit to Chicago, Illinois. The author uses unpublished archival materials from the personal papers of journalist Fanny Butcher of the newspaper "Chicago Tribune," as well as other primary source materials, to explore subjects including gender, literary celebrity, avant-garde, and the reception of literary modernism. Stein's negotiations with the University of Chicago regarding lectures to be given on campus are explored.

After the most recent round of earthquakes, mudslides, and fires, when Southern California was finally abandoned, many of the collections of the Huntington Library were brought to the ever-expanding Capital Archive here in Winnipeg. A friend in the Manuscripts Division called our attention to a particular file labeled 'Historiography: Correspondence' - donated anonymously but compiled, we think, by a professional historian of an earlier time (textual evidence dates the materials to 2008 or 2009, just before the end of the paper era). The strange thing about one set of 'letters' in the file is that they are printed continuously, on plain paper (rather than letterhead), as if meant to be taken together and read like an essay. We here at the Journal, as we flipped through these moldering leaves, felt somewhat frustrated at not being able to see the other half of the dialogue - if the letters are anything, they are one-sided, as it were, though whoever printed them used double-sided printing - but then we realized that there probably never was a real correspondent. Who would write such fake epistles, and footnote them, to boot? And was it the author himself who printed and filed them, or some friend or acquaintance who received them on email, or perhaps a curious stranger who downloaded them from a blog? We can't even venture a guess. Nor do we embrace the letters' 'argument', which seems to us divided between a familiar critique of academic writing and a loose-minded complaint about academic hierarchy. Yet we have chosen to publish them here as telling historical curiosities. We presume that our readership will agree that these letters at the very least present us with a snapshot of academic culture in the early twenty-first century, a time of important transitions, filled with its share of turmoil. As the letters remind us, it was an era of small, radical journals - like Rethinking History, whose full paper run we actually have here at our offices; perhaps these old issues might prove to be grist for a valuable dissertation? Winnipeg, September 2049 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

May 2009 marked the fiftieth anniversary of the National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections (NUCMC) program at the Library of Congress. NUCMC is a free of charge cooperative cataloging program, partnered by the Library and eligible repositories located throughout the United States and its territories, which provides and promotes bibliographic access to the nation's documentary heritage. The following questions will be answered in this article: Who qualifies for the program? How does the program work? What types of material are, and are not, cataloged by NUCMC? What type of descriptive information needs to be provided to NUCMC? In what ways does an institution benefit from participation in the program? How does the researcher benefit? Why is the program important? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article profiles Montana soldier and historian Lieutenant James H. Bradley. A discussion of Bradley's involvement with Fort Benton, Fort Phil Kearny and Fort Shaw, is presented. Bradley's participation in the Great Sioux War and campaigns against the Nez Perce Indians which were launched in 1877, are discussed. Bradley's involvement in the Civil War and six month imprisonment in a Confederate prison in Andersonville, Georgia, are examined. Historical manuscripts which were written by Bradley are discussed.

Digitization of content generated by those in academia—be they professors, lecturers, or administrative staff—has had a significant impact on the amount of space needed for storage on college and university campuses. What this paper attempts to address is some of the emerging technologies used for the storage of digital content and how these technologies have evolved since their origin with the American Memory Project in 1989, which is widely credited with starting the digital revolution in storage that is commonplace in offices and centers of higher education throughout the United States. The library's role in developing electronic storage for their own archival materials has had an ancillary effect in the field of digitization. The advances made by some libraries in creating more expansive storage devices that hold content other than text has benefited those in other fields as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores technological advances to archival research and their benefits to scholars studying the Reconstruction Era in the U.S. Historical documentation of the period and accessibility to manuscript material dating to the era is discussed. The holdings of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) in Washington, D.C. concerning property and position, census information, and claims for losses incurred during the U.S. Civil War are examined and archival search strategies are explored. Indexes, tax records, and applications for pardon and amnesty are also discussed.

The article discusses how present-day issues are transforming methods used in archives located in the U.S., along with the impact of advancing technology on the archival world. It highlights several issues including the terminology for groupings of archival objects, historical practices of archivists and the current technological changes to the documentation of archival collections. The existence of XML-based standard of archival finding aids Encoded Archival Context (EAC) is also mentioned.

An addition of seventy scribal publications that supplement the checklist of eighty-three texts published in the Proceedings of that American Antiquarian Society (115) in 2006 is a result of ongoing browsing in town and church histories and documentary collections. Recovering this evidence of circulating handwritten texts contributes to our understanding of the important though little understood role these communications played in seventeenth-century New England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents various photographs and documents of the American Institute of Organbuilders (AIO) in the U.S. It highlights the required regulations and adjustment of organ instrument action at time of installation including the manual and offset chests, and the relays and switches. Moreover, the duties and responsibilities of sub-contractors or salaried employees are also presented.

In this article, I extend the empirical discussion of the instrumental value of public opinion by exploring the uses of public opinion mail to advance the political goals of the Nixon White House, in particular in their rhetorical construction of public opinion. I draw on internal archival material from the Nixon White House demonstrating the Nixon administration's desire to use public opinion mail for rhetorical purposes and combine this archival analysis with a collected data set of public presidential statements referencing public opinion mail. I find that President Richard Nixon referred to public opinion mail to demonstrate the harmony of his position with the public interest, especially on salient issues, including the Vietnam War and the wage and price freeze, and to humanize his policy positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the shifts in Greek foreign and security policy in the period 1974-1981 based on recent archival material. It provides some insight into the factors that constrained and motivated the Greek conservative government's foreign policy decisions during the 1970s and particularly after the invasion of Cyprus. In an effort to preserve and enhance its overall relationship with the Western camp in spite of domestic political pressures, the Greek government shifted its policy in the direction of Europe, aspiring to European Community membership while retaining its NATO links to the extent that was politically feasible at the time. The article also sheds light into the perceptions, assessments and ensuing priorities of some of the core members of NATO, and examines how these countries addressed the complications raised by tense Greek-Turkish relations and Greece's withdrawal from the Alliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article assesses the significance of Arthur Schomburg's work in collecting books, manuscripts and art works to the recovery of black culture. His collection documented the experiences of African-descended people. The author argues that Schomburg was interested in the advancement of African-descended peoples. He believes Schomburg created an archive of Afrodiasporic history to challenge the epistemological foundations of racial science and the master narratives of Western history.

The article focuses on access to historic television (TV) materials. It says that the National Television and Video Preservation Foundation raises private funds and in-king laboratory grants to preserve TV and video materials in the U.S. It states that TV can be preserved by humanity through old and new technologies.

Within many archives and library special collections, genealogical researchers make up the largest user group. Most studies show that in North America and Europe, they can account for fifty to ninety percent of all users. The paper addresses the historical background of genealogy within our reading rooms and an expanding world of family history via archival and library websites, examining family history as presented on selected websites of archives and libraries in the United States, Canada, England, and Scotland. A website analysis focused on three main objectives: to establish the current state of our most public face presented to genealogical researchers; to identify current areas of best practice and those which require improvement; and to form a vision of what archives could offer on websites to family historians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article differentiates the special collections librarians and archivist from other research library collections and services in the U.S. The author mentioned that special collections librarians needs qualities and qualifications that are important for all professionals in twenty-first century research libraries. He believes that the skills acquired by special collections librarians can be related to format, function, subject, or language, depending on the needs of positions as varied as rare book catalogers, university archivist, metadata specialist, archival processor, conservator, reader services librarian, digital collections specialist, and curator of medieval manuscripts, photography and graphic arts.